激光测速粒子对复杂流动的响应研究——Ⅰ颗粒非恒定运动数学模型及其数值方法

流体激光测速的精度与示踪粒子的跟随特性即流体中异质粒子的非恒定运动特性密切相关。首先对粒子非恒定运动方程进行了探讨,着重考虑了在高颗粒雷诺数时该方程的修正问题,简要分析了该方程的数学属性,并构造了这类方程的数值计算方法。分析表明,高颗粒雷诺数下的粒子非恒定运动方程为非线性奇异积分方程,而当颗粒雷诺数小于1时,则线性化为第二类渥尔特拉(Volterra)积分方程。以几种均匀流中球形小颗粒的非恒定运动为算例,计算结果与其解析解及有关实验数据的比较表明,数值方法具有良好的计算精度。     

水科学进展第14卷(2003年)单位索引

北京大学　·激光测速粒子对复杂流动的响应研究———Ⅰ颗粒非恒定运动数学模型及其数值方法 (第 14卷　第 1期　 2 0 0 3年 1月 )　·激光测速粒子对复杂流动的响应研究———Ⅱ典型流场中粒子跟随性的数值分析 (第 14卷　第 1期　 2 0 0 3年 1月 )　·中国水系的盒维数及其关系 (第 14卷　第 6期　 2 0 0 3年 11月 )　·湖泊富营养化模型的研究现状与发展趋势 (第 14卷　第 6期　 2 0 0 3年 11月 )北京师范大学　·国际河流的水权及其有效利用和保护研究 (第 14卷　第 1期　 2 0 0 3年 1月 )　·吉林省水资源可持续利用研究 (第 14卷　第…     

水科学进展第14卷(2003年)总目录

第 1期方腔回流区水流运动特性三维数值分析张修忠　王光谦 ( 1)………………………………………………………………………二维明渠非恒定流的格子Boltzmann模拟程永光　索丽生 ( 9)………………………………………………………………………漫滩恒定明渠水流的三维数值模拟槐文信　陈文学　童汉毅　卓建民 ( 15 )………………………………………………………激光测速粒子对复杂流动的响应研究———Ⅰ颗粒非恒定运动数学模型及其数值方法黄社华　魏庆鼎 ( 2 0 )……………………激光测速粒子对复杂流动的响应研究———Ⅱ典型流场中粒子跟…     

基于GIS空间数据的滑坡SPH粒子模型研究

针对光滑粒子流体动力学方法（SPH）在滑坡模拟中建立粒子模型的难题,提出了基于地理信息系统（GIS）栅格数据的粒子排列与插入方法。根据该方法,建立了滑坡SPH粒子模型及相关粒子生成程序,进一步以结合摩尔-库仑破坏准则的SPH宾汉流体模型为核心,实现了运用SPH方法模拟滑坡破坏后三维运动的过程。该SPH模型在对唐家山滑坡的模拟中得到了验证,并预测了金坪子滑坡破坏后的影响范围。结果表明：基于GIS空间数据的滑坡SPH粒子模型具有可行性与良好的适用性。以GIS数据库为基础,开展滑坡灾害的模拟研究,将大大提高对滑坡等地质灾害的仿真分析,为滑坡灾害的预测与防治提供参考。     

利用混沌粒子群算法确定河流水质模型参数

将混沌寻优思想引入到粒子群优化算法中,提出了混沌粒子群算法,这种方法利用混沌运动的随机性、遍历性和规律性等特性对当前粒子群体中的粒子进行混沌寻优。通过这种处理使得粒子群体的进化速度加快,从而改善了粒子群优化算法摆脱局部极值点的能力,提高了算法的收敛速度和精度。并将混沌粒子群算法应用于求解分析瞬时投放示踪剂情况下的一维河流水团示踪试验数据以及确定河流水质参数的函数优化问题,结果表明,混沌粒子群算法的收敛性能明显优于粒子群优化算法。     

SPH法在大坝表孔泄流数值模拟中的应用

主要对光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)法进行研究,建立了大坝表孔泄流的光滑粒子模型。将SPH数学模型应用于拉西瓦水电站表孔泄流中,提出了采用补水边界的方法来满足库区恒定水位条件,模拟了表孔泄流的流场变化及粒子运动过程。通过与物理模型实测的压力值比较,堰表面压力变化基本一致。对模拟结果进行分析,表明光滑粒子流体动力学可用于高速水流的计算模拟研究。     

基于粒子图像测速系统(PIV)的砂箱模拟实验方法研究与实例分析

粒子图像测速系统(PIV),是指利用高分辨率相机获得一系列图像,再通过一系列计算分析得到图像上各点的速度矢量,从而获取运动对象速度场的无扰动流场测量技术系统。PIV已经被应用于中国地质大学(北京)构造模拟实验室的砂箱构造物理模拟实验中。详细介绍了利用PIV监测和记录砂箱模拟实验的过程,以及监测的各项参数-砂粒运动速率、切应变率、涡度等的数据处理和计算流程与方法,并应用实例分析说明了上述数据处理结果应用于构造变形几何学、运动学和动力学的定量模拟研究方法,模拟结果对于解释构造变形过程和机制具有重要的意义。     

构造应力作用下流体运动的动力学分析——构造流体动力学

本文从流体动力学的基本规律出发,应用渗流力学、岩土力学及弹性力学的理论及方法,推导出了考虑应力状态的可变形介质中流体运动的动力学方程,由该方程可以看出：应力状态是影响流体运动的一个非常重要的因素,它通过３种方式来影响流体的运动,其一是：应力的作用改变介质的渗透性能,从而影响流体运动;其二是：平均正应力的变化速率影响介质的含流体能力,它以源汇项的形式反映在方程中;其三是：应力的作用影响流场的初始状态及边界状态,通过影响定解条件反映在动力学方程中,从而影响运动特征。构造应力场对流体运动的最终影响是这３方面作用     

对MPS法在溃坝模拟中数值压力振荡问题的改进

为探索模拟大变形自由面流体运动的高精度数值计算方法,以溃坝水流运动为例,基于MPS法(Moving Particle Semi-implicit method,移动粒子半隐式法)建立了一个垂向二维改良MPS法数值计算模型。首先,为了改善传统MPS法中存在的自由表面粒子误判以及数值能量耗散问题,提出新的自由表面粒子识别方法和高精度的压力梯度模型。在此基础上,以Lobovsky'等的溃坝物理模型实验为例,探讨不同形式压力泊松方程源项对溃坝冲击压计算精度的影响,提出一个新的源项形式。数值结果分析表明,新自由表面粒子识别方法和高精度压力梯度模型可以有效地减少自由面粒子的误判概率,抑制水流运动计算中的数值能量耗散。而压力计算结果与实验结果的对比表明,所提出的压力泊松方程源项可以有效地减少数值压力震荡的幅度。     

弯型截止阀流场的PIV显示和数值模拟

为了解弯型进口截止阀的流场特性,用粒子成像流速仪(PIV)对弯型截止阀对称面模型进行了流场显示;此外,采用了RNGk ε紊流模型和贴体坐标对弯型进口和斜进口截止阀对称面流场进行了模拟。通过用粒子成像流速仪流场显示技术和数值计算,揭示了弯型进口和斜进口截止阀流场特性,数值计算的流态与实验结果也较为吻合。计算结果显示斜进口截止阀流态好于弯型进口截止阀的流态。     

无水滑的水下泥石流运动速度的实验研究

水下泥石流阻力与陆面中泥石流运动阻力的不同点在于上表面的掺混阻力和剪切阻力。由一系列的室内无水滑的水下泥石流和陆面泥石流实验研究得出:水下泥石流运动速度与相同条件下陆面泥石流运动速度之比随不同性质的泥石流,如粘性和稀性泥石流,由于其屈服应力的巨大差别,有很大的不同。由实验得到的由泥石流体的容重和量纲为一的泥石流屈服应力表达的水下无水滑泥石流运动速度和陆面泥石流运动速度用于无水滑水下泥石流运动速度计算较好。     

悬移质颗粒运动的脉动强度

应用图象处理技术,量测了直径d=0.1～1.5mm的塑料颗粒和d=0.1～0.3mm的玻璃球颗粒在明槽恒定均匀水流中运动的脉动强度.试验发现:(1)靠近床面处,粗颗粒的脉动强度大于细颗粒的脉动强度,在靠近水面处,规律则相反;(2)细颗粒的脉动强度只是相对水深y/h的函数,而粒径较大颗粒的脉动强度和y/h及摩阻流速都有关;(3)重颗粒的脉动强度小于相同粒径的轻质颗粒的脉动强度.     

A simple model for the prediction of the deflation threshold shear velocity of dry loose particles

A very important parameter in aeolian equations is the deflation threshold shear velocity, which quantifies the instant of particle motion. In this paper, a simple model is presented for the prediction of the threshold shear velocity of dry loose particles. It has the same functional form as the widely used models of Bagnold (1941) and Greeley & Iversen (1985), but differs in its treatment of the so‐called threshold parameter. As the new expression was based on the moment balance equation used by Greeley & Iversen, it includes a function for the aerodynamic forces, including the drag force, the lift force and the aerodynamic moment force, and a function for the interparticle forces. The effect of gravitation is incorporated in both functions. However, rather than using an implicit function for the effect of the aerodynamic forces as in the Greeley & Iversen model, a constant aerodynamic coefficient was introduced. From consideration of the van der Waals' force between two particles, it was also shown that the function for the interparticle cohesion force is inversely proportional to the particle diameter squared. The model was calibrated on data reported by Iversen & White (1982). The new expression compared, at least for terrestrial conditions, very well with the Greeley & Iversen model, although it is much simpler. It was finally validated with data from wind‐tunnel experiments on different fractions of dune sand and sandy loam soil aggregates. The soil aggregates were treated as individual particles with a density equal to their bulk density. The good agreement between observations and predictions means that, when predicting mass transport of particles above a given soil, minimally dispersed particle‐size distributions should be considered rather than the granulometric composition of the soil.     

The physical character of subaqueous sedimentary density flows and their deposits

The complexity of flow and wide variety of depositional processes operating in subaqueous density flows, combined with post‐depositional consolidation and soft‐sediment deformation, often make it difficult to interpret the characteristics of the original flow from the sedimentary record. This has led to considerable confusion of nomenclature in the literature. This paper attempts to clarify this situation by presenting a simple classification of sedimentary density flows, based on physical flow properties and grain‐support mechanisms, and briefly discusses the likely characteristics of the deposited sediments. Cohesive flows are commonly referred to as debris flows and mud flows and defined on the basis of sediment characteristics. The boundary between cohesive and non‐cohesive density flows (frictional flows) is poorly constrained, but dimensionless numbers may be of use to define flow thresholds. Frictional flows include a continuous series from sediment slides to turbidity currents. Subdivision of these flows is made on the basis of the dominant particle‐support mechanisms, which include matrix strength (in cohesive flows), buoyancy, pore pressure, grain‐to‐grain interaction (causing dispersive pressure), Reynolds stresses (turbulence) and bed support (particles moved on the stationary bed). The dominant particle‐support mechanism depends upon flow conditions, particle concentration, grain‐size distribution and particle type. In hyperconcentrated density flows, very high sediment concentrations (>25 volume%) make particle interactions of major importance. The difference between hyperconcentrated density flows and cohesive flows is that the former are friction dominated. With decreasing sediment concentration, vertical particle sorting can result from differential settling, and flows in which this can occur are termed concentrated density flows. The boundary between hyperconcentrated and concentrated density flows is defined by a change in particle behaviour, such that denser or larger grains are no longer fully supported by grain interaction, thus allowing coarse‐grain tail (or dense‐grain tail) normal grading. The concentration at which this change occurs depends on particle size, sorting, composition and relative density, so that a single threshold concentration cannot be defined. Concentrated density flows may be highly erosive and subsequently deposit complete or incomplete Lowe and Bouma sequences. Conversely, hydroplaning at the base of debris flows, and possibly also in some hyperconcentrated flows, may reduce the fluid drag, thus allowing high flow velocities while preventing large‐scale erosion. Flows with concentrations <9% by volume are true turbidity flows (sensu 4 ), in which fluid turbulence is the main particle‐support mechanism. Turbidity flows and concentrated density flows can be subdivided on the basis of flow duration into instantaneous surges, longer duration surge‐like flows and quasi‐steady currents. Flow duration is shown to control the nature of the resulting deposits. Surge‐like turbidity currents tend to produce classical Bouma sequences, whose nature at any one site depends on factors such as flow size, sediment type and proximity to source. In contrast, quasi‐steady turbidity currents, generated by hyperpycnal river effluent, can deposit coarsening‐up units capped by fining‐up units (because of waxing and waning conditions respectively) and may also include thick units of uniform character (resulting from prolonged periods of near‐steady conditions). Any flow type may progressively change character along the transport path, with transformation primarily resulting from reductions in sediment concentration through progressive entrainment of surrounding fluid and/or sediment deposition. The rate of fluid entrainment, and consequently flow transformation, is dependent on factors including slope gradient, lateral confinement, bed roughness, flow thickness and water depth. Flows with high and low sediment concentrations may co‐exist in one transport event because of downflow transformations, flow stratification or shear layer development of the mixing interface with the overlying water (mixing cloud formation). Deposits of an individual flow event at one site may therefore form from a succession of different flow types, and this introduces considerable complexity into classifying the flow event or component flow types from the deposits.     

Effects of particle size of mono-disperse granular flows impacting a rigid barrier

Understanding the interaction between complex geophysical flows and barriers remains a critical challenge for protecting infrastructure in mountainous regions. The scientific challenge lies in understanding how grain stresses in complex geophysical flows become manifested in the dynamic response of a rigid barrier. A series of physical flume tests were conducted to investigate the influence of varying the particle diameter of mono-dispersed flows on the impact kinematics of a model rigid barrier. Particle sizes of 3, 10, 23 and 38 mm were investigated. Physical tests results were then used to calibrate a discrete element model for carrying out numerical back-analyses. Results reveal that aside from considering bulk characteristics of the flow, such as the average velocity and bulk density, the impact load strongly depends on the particle size. The particle size influences the degree of grain inertial stresses which become manifested as sharp impulses in the dynamic response of a rigid barrier. Impact models that only consider a single impulse using the equation of elastic collision warrant caution as a cluster of coarse grains induce numerous impulses that can exceed current design recommendations by several orders of magnitude. Although these impulses are transient, they may induce local strucutral damage. Furthermore, the equation of elastic collision should be adopted when the normalized particle size with the flow depth, δ/h, is larger than 0.9 for Froude numbers less than 3.5.     

The feasibility of a slip velocity model for predicting the enrichment of chromite in a Floatex density separator

The Floatex density separator (FDS) is an industrial separator and works on the principle of hindered settling where the settling rate of a particle in suspension is affected by nearby particles. This phenomenon of hindered settling has been described by various authors using the concept of particle slip velocity. The feasibility of one such slip velocity model proposed by Galvin et al. to predict the separation of chromite in a plant scale FDS was examined. Previously this model was validated only at lab scale with synthetic mixture of various density particles. In order to use this model, the feed chromite ore was characterized and quantified into different density mineral classes and their percentages were estimated by using mineralogical grain count method. The performance of FDS was then predicted using slip velocity model in terms of weight recoveries and composition of different minerals in the FDS underflow product.     

基于HBP本构模型的泥石流动力过程SPH数值模拟

泥石流断面内流速垂向分布是研究其流量、冲击力和沟床侵蚀过程的关键。然而,受限于测量装置布设条件,泥石流现场实测及水槽试验中常用的分层流速仪等设备仅能采集断面内少量样本点的流速数据,导致基于实测结果拟合回归的线性分布模型难以准确描述泥石流速度分布规律。对此,本文依托大比例尺泥石流水槽试验开展研究,利用所构建的基于HBP本构的光滑粒子流体动力学(SPH)数值模型反演泥石流三维动力过程,通过分层统计算法对大量粒子速度数据进行分析处理,获得了断面内速度垂向分布规律,并据此提出了基于对数函数的泥石流流速垂向非线性分布模型。为验证所提出模型的准确性,利用其他多组水槽试验数据进行了对比分析,结果表明,本文提出的对数分布模型比传统线性分布模型能够更准确地拟合速度剖面,并在模型参数敏感性方面具有更强鲁棒性。     

不同粒度颗粒在非恒定管流中跟随性试验

管道中固液两相流水击对管道和输送系统可能产生严重的破坏,而固液两相在这种非恒定流中的运动特性是计算最大水击压力变化的重要依据。采用粒子图像测速技术（Particle Image Velocimetry,PIV）,通过试验研究水击发生时,水平圆管中不同平均流速、颗粒粒径条件下,流体介质和粗颗粒在管道断面的速度分布以及粗颗粒跟随性的变化规律。研究结果表明:①在水击发生的不同时刻,圆管流中粗颗粒的流速在管道断面分布呈不规则的抛物线型分布,主要表现为靠近管道壁面底部的颗粒流速略小于靠近管道顶部流速,当颗粒粒径大于1.5 mm,平均流速小于2.5 m/s时,粗颗粒表现出明显的沉降特性;②粗颗粒的跟随性与颗粒受力有密切关系,其中颗粒速度与流体速度的变化量是影响颗粒受力的重要参数;③基于试验数据拟合得到了水击条件下粗颗粒跟随性系数k的经验公式,并分析了颗粒粒径、管道直径、两相流平均流速以及水击发生时间等不同参数对粗颗粒跟随性系数的影响,公式计算值与实测值之间的误差在5%以内。     

非定常不稳定液固两相流动中旋涡对颗粒运动影响的数值研究

构建起双向耦合的液固两相流动旋涡动力学模型与数值方法;应用离散涡方法,计算非定常不稳定水流场;采用Lagrange方法模拟颗粒运动,颗粒对流体的反作用通过修正涡泡运动速度来实现。利用所建模型,计算了两种St数的泥沙粒子在圆柱绕流场中的运动。结果证明了液固两相流动中颗粒运动与旋涡存在着明确的相关结构:(1)当水沙混合物中的泥沙颗粒碰上旋涡时,泥沙颗粒被卷入旋涡中,被卷入旋涡中的泥沙颗粒在运动过程中始终分布于旋涡区;(2)均匀水沙混合物绕圆柱流动,由于流体流过圆柱时产生剧烈分离流动,使得在尾迹流内中等St数 (St～o (1))的泥沙颗粒从均匀水沙混合物中分离出来而往旋涡区聚集。