湖泊水质遥感研究进展

详述了湖泊遥感水质最新发展动态,如遥感水质模型的数学方法、与水质指标最敏感的波段以及TM、SPOT、MODIS、MERIS、AVHRR、CASI等传感器的适用情况,并分析了可能导致湖泊水质遥感模型误差的原因和解决办法。湖泊各项水质组分与光谱之间相互影响可认为是一种非常复杂的非线性关系,最适合用神经网络这样的黑箱模型来模拟。应当研究和选取敏感波段,用高光谱逐段分析与各种水质指标相关最密切的波段。湖泊水质遥感最终走向实用化必将其与水生态问题结合起来,作为一种监测手段,在水中藻类的时空分布、流域营养物质输送模型和湖泊水域水质模型等问题中得到广泛应用。我国学者使用超光谱数据源获得更为精确的监测成果还比较少,由于我国卫星可以用来进行水质遥感的波段比较宽,应当在新一代的资源环境卫星上加入更适合水质遥感的波段。     

内陆湖泊的水质遥感监测研究

介绍了内陆湖泊水质遥感监测的特点及遥感监测水质的机理,总结了国内外近年来用于内陆湖泊水质参数反演的3种常用方法：经验模型、生物光学模型和神经网络模型,并分析了3种模型的优缺点;同时指出了影响内陆湖泊水质遥感监测精度的关键因素;提出了内陆湖泊水质遥感监测研究重点和方向。     

遥感图像数字处理新方法-模拟反射率图像

随着遥感技术的飞速发展及图像分辨率的提高,对改善图像质量的处理技术要求越来越高,现有的处理手段已不能满足新的需求,其中遥感数据信息的完整利用尤为突出。TM数据有七个波段,一般只利用其中三个波段的信息,其它波段的信息没有被利用。基于TM数据的模拟反射率图则囊括TM数据七个波段的信息,信息利用完整,图像质量得到了很大提高。这里严格推导了基于TM数据构建模拟反射率图的原理和构建流程,并根据实验结果,总结了基于TM数据的模拟反射率图的特点主要有:①阴影区的分辨率得到了提高;②整体图像质量提高,图像处理由传统的不定量(拉伸)处理变为定量(特定处理工艺)处理;③信息利用完整;④对水体有一定程度的透视作用。     

油砂的光谱反射特征及其遥感应用

油砂作为21世纪以来世界能源的重要组成部分,已经有大量的地质工作者对其形成的地质特征、成矿带分布特征等进行了详细研究,并取得一定成果,但是对于遥感在油砂勘探中的应用少有研究。遥感技术识别不同地物的理论基础是同一波长位置处的反射率差异及反射率随波长的变化规律,因此本文通过分析油砂的实测光谱数据,得到其反射光谱的特征及规律。为实现在Landsat 8OLI卫星遥感影像上对油砂的识别,根据油砂实测光谱的研究,分别提出基于油砂光谱特征和相关性分析的Landsat 8遥感影像油砂识别模式,并将其应用在柴达木盆地冷湖和马海两个研究区。结果表明:利用遥感影像进行油砂找矿靶区圈定是可行的;本文总结出的基于相关性分析的油砂提取模式优于光谱特征分析模式;冷湖地区用比值方法进行油砂遥感信息增强效果较好,马海地区则差值方法较好。     

Prediction of water quality from simple field parameters

Water quality parameters like temperature, pH, total dissolved solids (TDS), total suspended solids (TSS), dissolved oxygen (DO), oil and grease, etc., are calculated from the field while parameters like biological oxygen demand (BOD) and chemical oxygen demand (COD) are interpreted through the laboratory tests. On one hand parameters like temperature, pH, DO, etc., can be accurately measured with the exceeding simplicity, whereas on the other hand calculation of BOD and COD is not only cumbersome but also inaccurate many times. A number of previous researchers have tried to use different empirical methods to predict BOD and COD but these empirical methods have their limitations due to their less versatile application. In this paper, an attempt has been made to calculate BOD and COD from simple field parameters like temperature, pH, DO, TSS, etc., using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) method. Datasets have been obtained from analysis of mine water discharge of one of the mines in Jharia coalfield, Jharkhand, India. 73 data sets were used to establish ANN architecture out of which 58 datasets were used to train the network while 15 datasets for testing the network. The results show encouraging similarity between experimental and predicted values. The RMSE values obtained for the BOD and COD are 0.114 and 0.983 %, respectively.     

Turbidity as a proxy for total suspended solids (TSS) and particle facilitated pollutant transport in catchments

Transport of hydrophobic organic pollutants in rivers is mainly coupled to transport of suspended particles. Turbidity measurements are often used to assess the amount of suspended solids in water. In this study, a monitoring campaign is presented where the total concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), the amount of total suspended solids (TSS), and turbidity was measured in water samples from five neighboring catchments in southwest Germany. Linear correlations of turbidity and TSS were obtained which were in close agreement to the literature data. From linear regressions of turbidity versus total PAH concentrations in water, mean concentrations of PAH on suspended particles could be calculated and these varied by catchment. These values furthermore comprise a robust measure of the average sediment quality in a given catchment. Since in the catchments investigated in this study, PAH concentrations on suspended particles were stable over a large turbidity range (1–114 Nephelometric Turbidity Units), turbidity could be used as a proxy for total PAHs and likely other highly hydrophobic organic pollutants in river water if the associated correlations are established. Based on that, online monitoring of turbidity (e.g., by optical backscattering sensors) seems very promising to determine annual pollutant fluxes.     

高光谱技术提取植被生化参数机理与方法研究进展

概述了目前利用高光谱技术估测地表植被生化参数理论与技术的最新研究进展,着重介绍了前人为提高遥感精度不断改进从光谱数据中提取植被生化参数的一些方法和理论,重点论述了提高遥感信息的信噪比（SNR）、改进遥感数据的分析方法、植被物理参数的细化和逐步确定,是目前植被生化参数遥感估测研究的前沿领域和科学问题,为人们尽快全面了解高光谱技术在植被生化参数方面应用进展和方法拓展,提供了条件、概貌和综论。     

Application of Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 images data for water quality mapping in Mosul Dam Lake,Northern Iraq

Mosul Dam Lake is the main reservoir in Iraq, supporting the water demand of Mosul, Baghdad, and other cities. The aim of this study is to derive simple and accurate algorithms for the retrieval of water quality parameters for Mosul Dam Lake from Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 reflectance data. The water quality measurements were performed in situ during March and July 2011. These measurements included temperature, turbidity, Secchi disk, chlorophyll-a, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, total inorganic carbon, dissolved organic carbon, total dissolved solids, and pH. In order to properly use the values of reflectance bands, images enhancement techniques have been used. The field measurements were compared with reflectance values of Landsat 5 and Landsat 7 bands using different band combination of empirical algorithms. Generally, the results of analysis showed significant correlation between these models and water quality parameters with R ²?>?0.7 and p?R ²?>?0.9 and p?R ²?>?0.9, and values of the root mean square error ranged from 0.9 to 0.001. ArcGIS 10 was used to simulate the distribution values of water quality parameters calculated from spectral values of TM5 and ETM+ bands. The results of spatial analysis demonstrate that it is possible to use the TM5 and ETM+ images to evaluate the water quality for Mosul Dam Lake.     

植物日光诱导叶绿素荧光的遥感原理及研究进展

日光诱导叶绿素荧光（Solar-Induced Fluorescence,SIF）与植被光合作用关系密切,可能成为研究植物光合作用及相关参数的新型遥感手段。总结了SIF的提取算法、遥感模型、传感器以及在植被早期胁迫探测和光能利用率估算等领域应用的最新进展,并提出了SIF遥感有待解决的关键问题。     

水质监测中激光诱导荧光遥测技术的应用

激光诱导荧光(LIF)遥测是针对大面积水域富营养化状况进行原位、实时、快速测量的一种先进的监测技术。利用自行研制的水体污染LIF遥测系统对太湖水域进行了一次较为全面的测量,以测得的溶解有机物(DOM)荧光因子、瑞利散射因子和叶绿素a荧光因子分别代表各测量点的DOM浓度、浊度和叶绿素a浓度。同时以Skalar三维荧光成像仪测量各点DOM浓度,多参数水质分析仪测量浊度和叶绿素a浓度。对比分析了LIF遥测系统测量DOM荧光因子、瑞利散射因子和叶绿素a荧光因子与DOM浓度、浊度和叶绿素a浓度关系。结果表明LIF系统测得的DOM因子与三维荧光成像仪测量的DOM浓度值一致性较好(R=0.88733),而瑞利散射因子和叶绿素a荧光因子与多参数水质测量仪测得浊度值和叶绿素a浓度值线性相关性较差,相关系数分别为-0.39185和0.4552。对上述差异产生的可能原因进行了讨论,并阐述了LIF遥测技术在水质监测中的应用前景和潜在的应用限制。     

半干旱区内陆湖泊透明度高光谱估测模型研究——以松嫩平原查干湖为例

通过实测查干湖高光谱数据,建立透明度(Secchi Disk Depth,SDD)单波段估测模型、比值估测模型以及神经网络高光谱估测模型,并以确定性系数R2以及剩余残差RMSE为指标进行了验证.通过对单波段估测模型和比值估测模型进行比较发现,单波段模型估测结果与比值模型相差无几,而水体透明度经对数处理有利于模型精度提高,但是神经网络模型是三者中最优的.查干湖透明度高光谱定量估测模型的建立,有利于今后利用遥感影像,对查干湖水体透明度进行全面估测,对于研究和监测查干湖水体水质状况有重要意义.     

Application of empirical and semi-analytical algorithms to MERIS data for estimating chlorophyll a in Case 2 waters of Lake Erie

Lake Erie is biologically the most active lake among the Great Lakes of North America, experiencing seasonal harmful algal blooms (HABs). The early detection of HABs in the Western Basin of Lake Erie (WBLE) requires a more efficient and accurate monitoring tool. Remote sensing is an efficient tool with high spatial and temporal coverage that can allow accurate and timely detection of the HABs. The WBLE is heavily influenced by the surrounding terrestrial ecosystem via rivers such as the Sandusky River and the Maumee River. As a result, the optical properties of the WBLE are influenced by multiple color producing agents (CPAs) such as phytoplankton, colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), organic detritus, and terrigenous inorganic particles. The diversity of the CPAs and their non-linear interactions makes these waters optically complex, and the task of optical remote sensing for retrieving estimates of CPAs more challenging. Chlorophyll a, which is the primary light harvesting pigment in all phytoplankton, is used as a proxy for algal biomass. In this study, several published remote sensing algorithms and band ratio models were applied to the reflectance data from the full resolution MERIS sensor to remotely estimate chlorophyll a concentrations in the WBLE. Efficiency of the sensor and the algorithms performance were tested through a least squares regression and residual analysis. The results indicate that, among the suite of existing bio-optical models, the Simis semi-analytical algorithm provided the best model results for measures of algal biomass in the optically complex WBLE with R ² of 0.65, RMSE 0.85 μg/l, (n = 71, P < 0.05). The superior results of this model in detecting chlorophyll a are attributed to several factors including optimizing spectral regions that are less sensitive to CDOM and the incorporation of correction factors such as absorption effects due to pure water (a _w), backscatter (b _b) from suspended matter and interference due to phycocyanin (δ), a major accessory pigment in the WBLE.     

东中国海表层悬浮体浓度卫星遥感反演研究进展

用卫星遥感手段反演海洋表层悬浮体浓度(Suspended Sediment Concentration,SSC)来研究其分布和输运的方法已经被广泛使用。东中国海属于水文和光学性质较为复杂的二类水体,表层悬浮体浓度的分布规律和水体的固有光学特性时空变化大,增加了遥感研究的难度。在对前人的研究进行比较和总结后发现,根据实测SSC数据对不同区域、不同时间段(季节、潮汐周期)建立分段模型可以提高整体反演精度。在选择参与反演的波段时,河口和近岸等高SSC海域以及远岸低SSC海域有各自不同的最优波段组合。高SSC海域常使用水体反射率第二反射峰、第一反射峰前波段作正比波段组合参与反演,低SSC海域常使用水体反射率第一峰波段作正比、峰前波段作反比参与反演。同时,在反演模型中考虑泥沙粒径的影响可以显著提升反演精度,并且也有可能在浅海区突破现有遥感研究手段的水深限制。目前模型精度评价标准使用较为混乱,平均相对误差、平均绝对误差和均方根误差等可以作为综合精度评价指标,模型的稳定性则可以用误差敏感性分析方法验证。高时空分辨率的海色卫星传感器的出现使得海洋短时间尺度事件的研究成为海色遥感研究的趋势之一。     

Calculating optical water quality targets to restore and protect submersed aquatic vegetation: Overcoming problems in partitioning the diffuse attenuation coefficient for photosynthetically active radiation

Submersed aquatic vegetation (SAV) is an important component of shallow water estuarine systems that has declined drastically in recent decades. SAV has particularly high light requirements, and losses of SAV have, in many cases, been attributed to increased light attenuation in the water column, frequently due to coastal eutrophication. The desire to restore these valuable habitats to their historical levels has created the need for a simple but accurate management tool for translating light requirements into water quality targets capable of supporting SAV communities. A procedure for calculating water quality targets for concentrations of chlorophyll and total suspended solids (TSS) is derived, based on representing the diffuse attenuation coefficient for photosynthetically active radiation, K_d(PAR), as a linear function of contributions due to water plus colored dissolved organic matter (CDOM), chlorophyll, and TSS. It is assumed that K_d(PAR) conforms to the Lambert-Beer law. Target concentrations are determined as the intersection of a line representing intended reduction of TSS and chlorophyll by management actions, with another line describing the dependence of TSS on chlorophyll at a constant value of K_d(PAR). The validity of applying the Lambert-Beer law to K_d(PAR) in estuarine waters was tested by comparing the performance of a linear model of K_d(PAR) with data simulated using a more realistic model of light attenuation. The linear regression model tended to underestimate K_d(PAR) at high light attenuation, resulting in erroneous predictions of target concentrations at shallow restoration depths. The errors result more from the wide spectral bandwidth of PAR, than from irrecoverable nonlinearities in the diffuse attenuation coefficient per se. In spite of the failure of the Lambert-Beer law applied to K_d(PAR), the variation of TSS with chlorophyll at constant K_d(PAR) determined by the more mechanistic attenuation model was, nevertheless, highly linear. Use of the management tool based on intersecting lines is still possible, but coefficients in the line describing the dependence of TSS on chlorophyll at constant K_d(PAR) must be determined empirically by application of an optical model suitably calibrated for the region of interest. An example application of the procedure to data from the Rhode River, Maryland, indicates that approximately 15% reduction in both TSS and chlorophyll concentrations, or 50% reduction in chlorophyll alone, will be needed to restore conditions for growth of SAV to levels that existed in the late 1960s.     

新疆西准噶尔包古图斑岩铜矿蚀变岩石的光谱特征及其意义

地物的光谱特征是遥感识别地物的主要依据,不同地物的反射光谱具有其特定的吸收特征谱带。利用ASD和PIMA反射光谱测试仪对新疆西准噶尔包古图斑岩铜矿Ⅱ号、Ⅴ号斑岩铜矿岩体的蚀变围岩(地表采样与钻井采样)进行测试,并对结果进行分析总结。根据反射光谱特征谱带获得蚀变矿物的种类,确定了岩体的蚀变矿物组合,得到反射光谱的吸收谷在ASTER数据中所处的波段;对反射光谱曲线进行数学积分,获得ASTER数据中的强吸收波段。将以上2种分析得到的吸收性波段组合应用于蚀变遥感异常信息提取,结果表明蚀变遥感异常与野外地质特征吻合程度较高。反射光谱分析表明确定岩石矿物的反射光谱特征谱带是进行遥感信息提取工作的前提,波段组合选取对提取蚀变遥感异常信息非常重要。     

我国海洋光学遥感应用科学研究的新进展

20世纪90年代以来,我国航天遥感事业的发展促进了海洋光学应用科学的发展,特别是通过近几年来,国家“863”高新技术计划的实施,在该方面有了新进展。文章将着重介绍光学遥感信息的大气校正、光学遥感海洋环境信息提取、光学遥感在赤潮与溢油监测等3个方面的应用科学新进展,并提出了在我国进一步深入开展海洋光学遥感应用科学技术研究的建议。     

长春市南湖叶绿素a浓度高光谱估测模型研究

利用野外高光谱仪(ASD Field Spec radiometer)在长春南湖进行了反射光谱测量和同步水质采样分析,通过研究水体藻类叶绿素a浓度与其高光谱反射特征之间的相关关系,采用单波段反射率、反射率比值法和一阶微分法分别建立了叶绿素a的高光谱定量模型。结果表明:三者与叶绿素a线性相关程度都比较高,决定系数在0.70左右,而且其显著水平P<0.01,都可以用于叶绿素a的定量遥感,其中单波段模型效果最好。为今后利用高光谱传感器在南湖进行叶绿素a浓度大面积遥感反演提供了研究基础。     

大气校正方法及其在高光谱影像Hyperion中的应用

利用遥感影像反演地物反射率,大气校正必不可少。对于高光谱影像,其信噪比与多波段遥感影像相比非常低,消除大气的影响显得尤为重要。在大气辐射传输模型Modtran4.0基础上,给出了一种直接、有效的大气校正参数计算方法。结合MODIS/TERRA大气温湿度廓线产品,使用此方法计算了高光谱影像Hyperion大气校正参数,并用于Hyperion影像的部分波段的反射率反演,与卫星过境时地面同步实测的典型地物反射率以及高光谱大气校正软件ACORN的计算结果进行比较,获得了比较好的结果。研究表明,大气辐射传输模型和卫星遥感大气参数产品相结合用于遥感影像的大气校正是可行的。     

黑河流域遥感—地面观测同步试验：科学目标与试验方案

介绍了黑河流域遥感-地面观测同步试验的科学背景、科学问题、研究目标以及观测试验方案和观测系统布置.总体目标是,开展航空-卫星遥感与地面观测同步试验,为发展流域科学积累基础数据;发展能够融合多源遥感观测的流域尺度陆面数据同化系统,为实现卫星遥感对流域的动态监测提供方法和范例.以具备鲜明的高寒与干旱区伴生为主要特征的黑河流域为试验区,以水循环为主要研究对象,利用航空遥感、卫星遥感、地面雷达、水文气象观测、通量观测、生态监测等相关设备,开展航空、卫星和地面配合的大型观测试验,精细观测干旱区内陆河流域高山冰雪和冻土带、山区水源涵养林带、中游人工绿洲及天然荒漠绿洲带的水循环和生态过程的各个分量;并且以航空遥感为桥梁,通过高精度的真实性验证,发展尺度转换方法,改善从卫星遥感资料反演和间接估计水循环各分量及与之密切联系的生态和其他地表过程分量的模型和算法.由寒区水文试验、森林水文试验和干旱区水文试验,以及一个集成研究--模拟平台和数据平台建设组成.拟观测的变量划分为5大类,分别是水文与生态变量、驱动数据、植被参数、土壤参数和空气动力参数.同步试验在流域尺度、重点试验区、加密观测区和观测小区4个尺度上展开.布置了加密的地面同步观测、通量和气象水文观测、降雨、径流及其他水文要素观测网络;使用了5类机载遥感传感器,分别是微波辐射计、激光雷达、高光谱成像仪、热红外成像仪和多光谱CCD相机;获取了丰富的可见光/近红外、热红外、主被动微波、激光雷达等卫星数据.     

基于遥感方法反演悬浮泥沙分布

基于遥感理论,采用地物光谱仪与光电测沙仪对同一水样同步测量的方法,确保建立相关关系数据的同步性;由地物光谱仪测得的光谱值推算出遥感反射率,并等效计算ETM₊图象相应波段的遥感反射率;由光电测沙仪测出悬浮泥沙浓度;通过对等效算出的ETM₊各个波段遥感反射率和悬浮泥沙浓度这两组数据的相关分析,得到4种形式的经验模型.结果表明,TM₄与TM₁波段光谱值的比值与悬浮泥沙浓度之间的相关系数最高,故应用该模式进行研究区域悬沙浓度反演.