局部冲刷下群桩水平承载试验研究

基于典型冲刷坑形态,通过改变冲刷深度来模拟不同局部冲刷作用,对典型的9桩群桩进行了冲刷前、后水平承载试验,对相同参数的单桩进行了平行对比试验,详细分析了荷载-位移特性、桩身弯矩分布、群桩效率系数以及荷载分担比的变化规律。结果表明,随着冲刷深度增加,单桩和9桩基础水平承载力均呈现减弱趋势,水平群桩效率系数逐渐增大,承台约束作用效应更加明显,桩身弯矩增大,最大弯矩点位置向桩端移动,前排桩荷载分担比增大,中、后排桩荷载分担比减小;前排角桩受冲刷深度和水平荷载影响最大,设计时需采取有效的加强措施。     

波流共同作用下反斜桩局部冲刷特性试验研究

在波流环境中,反斜桩周围的涡流结构及波浪传播特性与垂直桩存在较大差异,进而影响到桩基局部冲刷进程。为了解波流共同作用下反斜桩局部冲刷特性,在波流水槽中针对不同倾角的反斜桩开展了局部冲刷试验,初步探究了局部冲深历时特性、影响因素及床面形态特征。研究结果表明：在清水冲刷条件下,反斜桩局部冲刷深度始终小于垂直桩;当桩身倾角增加时,平衡冲刷深度逐渐减小,相对时间尺度逐渐增大;冲刷坑宽度相对垂直桩更小,呈现“水滴状”形态,尾后沙丘呈现出更长的单峰“带状”结构,不规则性较为突出;局部冲深与弗劳德数之间存在着较高的相关性,但向上游倾角产生的波浪变形效应使得冲刷深度与流速比和Keulegan-Carpenter数的具体函数关系更难以确定。     

抗滑桩加固边坡三维数值分析中的几个问题

就当前抗滑桩加固边坡三维数值分析中存在的几个问题,开展了有针对性的研究。利用考虑桩-土-边坡相互作用的强度折减有限元程序,结合典型边坡算例,深入探讨了抗滑桩-边坡体系的计算模型尺度、设桩位置、桩间距（S）与桩径（D）之比（S/D）、桩长与桩底接触模式等因素对边坡稳定安全系数及临界滑动面的影响,以及不同桩头约束下抗滑桩内力分布等。研究表明,单桩取半、单桩、双桩取半、双桩、单桩加双桩取半5种尺度计算模型所得边坡的安全系数并无差异,模型尺度为0.5S时的计算工作量最小;抗滑桩加固于边坡中部可获得最大的安全系数,坡顶或坡脚处安全系数略高于无桩状态,总体上其安全系数与设桩位置的变化曲线近似为一抛物曲线;边坡安全系数随S/D的增加而减小,其最优的比值宜为S/D =2～6,此时桩间存在土拱效应;均质土坡中抗滑桩锚固深度宜为2/5桩长;其结果可为抗滑桩工程设计及规范修订提供参考。     

波浪作用下斜坡沙质海床上桩柱周围局部冲刷试验研究

在斜坡上桩柱引起的局部冲刷与平底条件下产生的冲刷存在差异。布置中值粒径为0.320 mm、坡度为1:16的斜坡沙床,开展规则波作用下桩柱周围的局部冲刷试验研究。试验主要考虑小Keulegan-Carpenter数（KC数）条件,探讨了波高、波周期和桩柱位置对局部冲刷的影响,并从最大冲刷深度和冲刷形态两个方面对比分析了斜坡与平底条件局部冲刷的异同。结果表明:斜坡上桩柱位置对局部冲刷有较大影响;在相同的KC数条件下,斜坡沙床上的最大冲深大于平底沙床;斜坡沙床的清水冲刷形态与平底沙床差异较大,而浑水冲刷形态相似。     

Numerical Simulation of Soil Squeezing Effects of a Jacked Pipe Pile in Soft Foundation Soil and in Foundation Soil with an Underlying Gravel Layer

A three-dimensional finite-element analysis was carried out using ABAQUS to evaluate the squeezing effects of a prestressed high-strength concrete (PHC) pipe pile, including land upheaval, lateral soil displacement, and soil stress field with depth-varying during pile-sinking. Field data used in the analysis were obtained from the settlement building project in Hefei City, Anhui Province, China. In coastal areas of China, PHC pipe piles are normally used for reinforcement of soft foundation. The changes of displacement with the increase of soil depth and radial distance during pile-sinking are simulated for both soft foundation and soft clay with an underlying gravel layer. The numerical simulation results show that there is little difference in land upheaval with soil depth during pile-sinking, and the obvious land upheaval occurs within 0.8 m from the center of the pile. The lateral soil displacement is evident within the area of 1.0 m from the axis of the PHC, decreases with the increase of radial distance during pile-sinking, and becomes negligible beyond 4.0 m. The existence of the gravel layer helps reduce soil squeezing substantially, and the soil squeezing effects during pile-sinking have less influence on the surrounding area of foundation with a gravel layer than that in a soft foundation soil without gravel layer.     

砂土中考虑冲刷的水平受荷桩等效应变楔方法

冲刷引起桩周土体的损失,研究冲刷效应对桩基水平承载特性的影响非常必要。基于桩前土体楔形受力的应变楔方法可以推导桩侧p-y曲线,进而分析水平受荷桩的受力变形特性,但只适于地表水平的情况。基于冲刷坑坑底以上土体的自重荷载对楔形体的开展范围进行深度等效,建立了冲刷条件下砂土中水平受荷桩的等效应变楔方法。通过与文献对比,验证了该方法的可行性。研究结果表明：冲刷深度增加,冲刷坑底宽度增大及冲刷坡角减小均会降低桩基水平承载性能。与仅考虑冲刷引起的桩侧极限抗力削弱的简化方法相比,本研究得到的桩基最大弯矩偏小。将冲刷坑底以上土层全部剥蚀的做法,忽略了冲刷深度内的土层作用,计算结果会偏于保守。     

Cyclic and seismic response of single piles in improved and unimproved soft clays

Presented in this paper are results of two centrifuge tests on single piles installed in unimproved and improved soft clay (a total of 14 piles), with the relative pile–soil stiffness values varying nearly two orders of magnitude, and subjected to cyclic lateral loading and seismic loading. This research was motivated by the need for better understanding of lateral load behavior of piles in soft clays that are improved using cement deep soil mixing (CDSM). Cyclic test results showed that improving the ground around a pile foundation using CDSM is an effective way to improve the lateral load behavior of that foundation. Depending on the extent of ground improvement, elastic lateral stiffness and ultimate resistance of a pile foundation in improved soil increased by 2–8 times and 4–5 times, respectively, from those of a pile in the unimproved soil. While maximum bending moments and shear forces within piles in unimproved soil occurred at larger depths, those in improved soil occurred at much shallower depths and within the improved zone. The seismic tests revealed that, in general, ground improvement around a pile is an effective method to reduce accelerations and dynamic lateral displacements during earthquakes, provided that the ground is improved at least to a size of 13D × 13D × 9D (length × width × depth), where D is the outside diameter of the pile, for the pile–soil systems tested in this study. The smallest ground improvement used in these tests (9D × 9D × 6D), however, proved ineffective in improving the seismic behavior of the piles. The ground improvement around a pile reduces the fundamental period of the pile–soil system, and therefore, the improved system may produce larger pile top accelerations and/or displacements than the unimproved system depending on the frequency content of the earthquake motion.     

Estimation of bearing capacity of open-ended model piles in sand

The plugging of pipe piles is an important phenomenon, which is not adequately accounted for in the current design recommendations. An open-ended pipe pile is said to be plugged when the soil inside the pile moves down with the pile, resulting in the pile becoming effectively closed-ended. Plugging is believed to result in an increase in the horizontal stresses between the pile and the surrounding soil, which results in an increase in skin friction. A total number of 60 model pile tests are carried out to investigate the behavior of plugs on the pile load capacity and the effects of plug removal. Different parameters are considered, such as pile diameter–to–length ratio, types of installation in sands of different densities, and removal of the plug in three stages (50, 75, and 100 %) with respect to the length of plug. The changes in the soil plug length and incremental filling ratio (IFR) with the penetration depth during pile driving show that the open-ended piles are partially plugged from the outset of the pile driving. The pile reached a fully plugged state for pressed piles in loose and medium sand and partially plugged (IFR = 10 %) in dense sand. For driven piles, the IFR is about 30 % in loose sand, 20 % in medium sand, and 30 % in dense sand. The pile load capacity increases with increases in the length of the plug length ratio (PLR). The rate of increase in the value of the pile load capacity with PLR is greater in dense sand than in medium and loose sand. Based on test results, new empirical relation for the estimation of the load carrying capacity of open-ended piles based on the IFR is proposed.     

荷载作用下挤扩支盘桩支护特性数值模拟分析

采用室内试验和数值分析相互验证方法,对单排挤扩桩和悬臂直桩基坑支护的桩顶位移和受力特征进行了研究,进而对基坑双排挤扩桩支护特性进行了分析。试验结果表明,与悬臂直桩相比,挤扩桩支护桩顶位移小,挤扩桩支盘提供的抗倾覆力矩有效地改善了挤扩桩的工作性状;与单排挤扩桩相比,双排挤扩桩基坑支护结构刚度大,在桩身内力分配以及控制基坑变形等方面有较大优势,是深基坑工程中经济合理的支护形式。     

局部冲刷对风机支撑系统承载性能的影响

海上风力发电作为一种绿色能源越来越受到重视,单桩基础局部冲刷的研究受到广泛关注。建立了不同冲刷深度的海上风机系统模型,对各模型进行静力、动力分析。结果与前人冲刷模型试验吻合,随着桩基冲刷深度的增大,支撑系统的最大水平位移、最大水平应力和最大弯矩值逐渐增加。冲刷深度为两倍桩径时,最大水平位移、应力及弯矩分别比无冲刷条件下增加了3.61%、12.7%、10.3%。风机系统的自振频率随冲刷深度的增加而降低,高阶频率更易受影响。桩基冲刷对风机系统的动力特性有显著影响,塔顶水平位移时程曲线随冲刷深度不断上移。海上风机设计时必须考虑冲刷对支撑系统承载性能的影响。     

Influence of deep excavation on adjacent bridge piles considering underlying karst cavern: a case history and numerical investigation

This study investigates the disturbance of bridge piles caused by the adjacent deep excavation of a metro station in Guangzhou while considering the existence of underlying karst caverns. Ground treatment was adopted to reduce the effects of the deep excavation on the surrounding environment, including metro jet system (MJS) technology and karst treatment. Considering the presence of karst cavern and an inhomogeneous limestone layer, three-dimensional nonlinear finite element analysis (FEA) was implemented to investigate the excavation-induced effects on the surrounding ground and structures. Coupled pore fluid diffusion and stress analysis were adopted for the excavation simulation, and comparative analyses between the field data and FEA results were used to verify the numerical model. A series of parametric studies were conducted by varying the parameters of the MJS piles and karst cavern filling. This study reveals that: (1) increasing the Young’s modulus of the MJS pile leads to a decrease in ground and wall settlement; (2) the optimal buried depth of MJS piles is the depth that reaches the rock stratum; (3) the optimal MJS pile–wall distance is 0.225H (H denotes excavation depth); (4) increasing the piles diameter leads to a linearly decrease in wall and piles settlement; and (5) varying the Young’s modulus and permeability coefficient of the karst cavern filling has little effect on the surrounding environment. MJS treatment can be used as an effective measure for protecting the surrounding environment from disturbance by deep excavations.

     

嵌固段顶部拓宽型抗滑桩计算方法

针对边坡工程中可能出现的普通抗滑桩嵌固段顶端前侧地层抗力不足的问题,提出嵌固段顶部拓宽型抗滑桩结构。基于水平受荷的弹性地基梁模型,推导滑床为多层岩土体的嵌固段顶部拓宽型桩的内力、位移、地层反力计算公式。实例分析表明,当桩体局部拓宽宽度为原桩宽度2倍时,嵌固段顶端地层反力可减小约25%,桩体最大弯矩及剪力减少5%～10%。讨论了拓宽宽度与深度、桩体嵌固深度、桩间距等主要因素对拓宽型桩内力与位移的影响,结果显示：普通桩经嵌固段顶部拓宽后,桩身水平位移与嵌固段顶端前侧地层反力显著降低;拓宽宽度与深度、嵌固段深度的增加均能增强拓宽型抗滑桩的水平承载能力,但当拓宽宽度达到原桩2倍、拓宽深度超过嵌固段深度40%后,继续拓宽对桩体水平承载能力的增加效果不显著。     

Comparing the Response of Static Loading Tests on Two Model Pile Groups in Soft Clay

Static load test program was performed on a single pile and two 16-pile groups with equal and different pile lengths. The soil profile consists of sand fill to 0.5 m depth placed on a thick deposit of soft, normally consolidated and compressible clay. The closed end steel pipe piles in 60 mm diameter were installed from 1.5 m through 2.1 m depth within soft clay deposit. The center-to-center distance of piles in group is about 3 times of pile diameter. The strain gages were installed at one level above and two through four levels below ground surface. Tests were carried out about 7 days after driving by method of a series of load increments placed every 5-min until plunging failure occurred. The load at plunging failure for the single pile, the equal-length pile group and the different-length pile group were about 3, 40 and 48 kN, respectively. The movements at start of failure were about 12, 18, and 17 mm, respectively. The analysis of strain gage measurements indicates that the load distribution on piles in the different-length pile group has become significantly uniform.     

Beam–solid contact formulation for finite element analysis of pile–soil interaction with arbitrary discretization

This paper presents an embedded beam formulation for discretization independent finite element (FE) analyses of interactions between pile foundations or rock anchors and the surrounding soil in geotechnical and tunneling engineering. Piles are represented by means of finite beam elements embedded within FEs for the soil represented by 3D solid elements. The proposed formulation allows consideration of piles and pile groups with arbitrary orientation independently from the FE discretization of the surrounding soil. The interface behavior between piles and the surrounding soil is represented numerically by means of a contact formulation considering skin friction as well as pile tip resistance. The pile–soil interaction along the pile skin is considered by means of a 3D frictional point‐to‐point contact formulation using the integration points of the beam elements and reference points arbitrarily located within the solid elements as control points. The ability of the proposed embedded pile model to represent groups of piles objected to combined axial and shear loading and their interactions with the surrounding soil is demonstrated by selected benchmark examples. The pile model is applied to the numerical simulation of shield driven tunnel construction in the vicinity of an existing building resting upon pile foundation to demonstrate the performance of the proposed model in complex simulation environments. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

复合筒型风电基础单向流局部冲刷试验研究

复合筒型基础是一种新型的宽浅式海上风电基础,相对于桩基础等深基础,复合筒型基础周围地基的冲刷破坏对风机结构体系安全性的影响更加明显,因此,研究海流作用下复合筒型基础的冲刷特性很有必要。针对某工程实例,建设了冲刷试验场地,布置了典型测点,为复合筒型基础冲刷试验奠定了基础;采用系列比尺模型的方法,分别选取1:20、1:40、1:70三种比尺的模型,对海上风电复合筒型基础样机周围粉砂质海床的冲刷情况进行了试验研究;分析了各组试验冲刷平衡时间、模型周围冲刷坑的范围、最大冲刷深度,并且依据系列比尺模型试验原理计算出了实际工程中的冲刷深度。通过试验研究给出了实际工程复合筒型基础的最大冲刷深度,明确了单向流作用下复合筒型基础周围地基局部冲刷特性,填补了复合筒型基础冲刷试验研究的空白,为复合筒型基础的工程应用提供了指导。     

Effects of scour-hole dimensions and soil stress history on the behavior of laterally loaded piles in soft clay under scour conditions

Bridge pile foundations in the midst of water current are often subjected to scour, which induces the loss of soil support around the piles and thus results in a significant decrease of foundation capacities or even the failure of bridges. In the current practice, when the scour-affected behavior of the pile foundations is analyzed, either the whole scour-hole geometry or the possible changes in the stress history of the remaining soils is often ignored. In reality, however, scouring creates scour holes with certain dimensions around the pile foundations and the remaining soils that are not scoured away undergo an unloading process at the same time, which will increase the over-consolidation ratios of the remaining soils and accordingly changes of their mechanical properties. This paper examines the behavior of laterally loaded piles in soft clay under scour conditions by using the p-y method. The conventional p-y curves have been modified appropriately to reasonably reflect the effects of three-dimensional scour-hole geometry as well as the stress history of the soils, with the aid of integration of Mindlin’s fundamental solutions. A field test is used to serve as a reference case and to investigate the effects of stress history, scour depth, scour width, and scour-hole slope angle on the responses of laterally loaded piles in soft clay. The results indicate that neglecting the stress history effect can be unconservative for scour-affected pile foundations in soft clay, whereas neglect of the scour-hole dimensions and geometry would lead to over-conservative predictions/design of the laterally loaded piles under scour condition.     

考虑土拱效应的抗滑桩桩间挡土板压力计算方法

为合理计算抗滑桩桩间挡土板的内力与变形,采用弹性力学理论分析了桩间土拱效应,计算确定出土拱的平面形态呈中间凸起而两侧略微凹陷的曲线特征,在此基础上,引入Drucker-Prager强度准则以考虑中间主应力影响分析三维土拱效应,通过桩间土体的屈服函数分析确定了沿竖向变化的水平土拱矢高,进而计算出因桩间局部塌落拱的产生而作用于挡土板上的土压力,并按空间土压力分布模式与矩形简支板模型计算挡土板。实例分析结果表明,本文方法和数值模拟得到的沿深度方向土拱矢高值较为接近;本文方法与规范方法计算得到的板体最大弯矩值相近,其误差不超过3%。     

Fine coal covering for preventing spontaneous combustion of coal pile

In order to investigate the effect of fine coal covering around the bottom of coal stockpile on spontaneous combustion prevention, a two-dimensional math model was established to numerically simulate the fine coal covering coal pile and a coal pile temperature-rising experimental system was setup to study the two-dimensional heat and mass transfer characteristics of air diffusion in the horizontal direction and air heat convection in the vertical direction inside coal stockpiles covered by different thicknesses of fine coal. The results showed that (1) the fine coal located at the bottom of the coal pile can effectively inhibit air convection and diffusion, cut off oxygen replenishment, and prevent the temperature rise inside coal pile, and (2) thicker fine coal has more obvious effect. Finally, the field experiments on the fine coal covering coal piles for preventing self-ignition of coal pile were carried out successfully. The results showed that the uncovered or exposed coal piles self-ignited rapidly within a very short period (18 days), while the coal pile covered with 1 m fine coal lasted for 123 days with a maximum coal temperature of only 59.9 °C. The characteristics of temperature distribution and diffusion inside coal stockpile were studied, and the high-temperature region was found in the region 1.3 m high and 2–3 m deep in the coal pile. The effects of environment temperature and precipitation on self-ignition of coal pile were also analyzed in field experiment. The experimental results proved that the fine coal covering technology can effectively prevent the spontaneous combustion of coal stockpiles.     

Load transfer approach for laterally loaded piles

A two‐parameter model has been proposed previously for predicting the response of laterally loaded single piles in homogenous soil. A disadvantage of the model is that at high Poisson's ratio, unreliable results may be obtained. In this paper, a new load transfer approach is developed to simulate the response of laterally loaded single piles embedded in a homogeneous medium, by introducing a rational stress field. The approach can overcome the inherent disadvantage of the two‐parameter model, although developed in a similar way. Generalized solutions for a single pile and the surrounding soil under various pile‐head and base conditions were established and presented in compact forms. With the solutions, a load transfer factor, correlating the displacements of the pile and the soil, was estimated and expressed as a simple equation. Expressions were developed for the modulus of subgrade reaction for a Winkler model as a unique function of the load transfer factor. Simple expressions were developed for estimating critical pile length, maximum bending moment, and the depth at which the maximum moment occurs. All the newly established solutions and/or expressions, using the load transfer factor, offer satisfactory predictions in comparison with the available, more rigorous numerical approaches. The current solutions are applicable to various boundary conditions, and any pile–soil relative stiffness. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

A hypoplastic macroelement formulation for single batter piles in sand

Batter piles are widely used in geotechnical engineering when substantial lateral resistance is needed or to avoid the interference with existing underground constructions. Nevertheless, there is a lack of fast numerical tools for nonlinear soil‐structure interactions problems for this type of foundation. A novel hypoplastic macroelement is proposed, able to reproduce the nonlinear response of a single batter pile in sand under monotonic and cyclic static loadings. The behavior of batter piles (15°, 30°, and 45°) is first numerically investigated using 3D finite element modeling and compared with the behavior of vertical piles. It is shown that their response mainly depends on the pile inclination and the loading direction. Then, starting from the macroelement for single vertical piles in sand by Li et al (Acta Geotechnica, 11(2):373‐390, 2016), an extension is proposed to take into account the pile inclination introducing simple analytical equations in the expression describing the failure surface. 3D finite element numerical models are adopted to validate the macroelement that is proven able to reproduce the nonlinear behavior in terms of global quantities (forces‐displacements) and to significantly reduce the necessary computational time.