Geophysical surveys to study a landslide body (north-eastern Sicily)

Almost the entire Italian territory is prone to hydrogeological risk mostly due to landslides and flooding. The high frequency of extreme weather events in areas prone to geological–hydraulic hazards contributes significantly to increasing the risk for cities and its infrastructure, but above all for the people living there. Therefore, it is vital to research into rapid monitoring techniques to be applied following a disaster such as a landslide, so that important background information, useful for planning interventions aimed at hazard mitigation, can be obtained. This work seeks to identify the depth of the sliding surface of a landslide affecting the municipal area of Tripi (village in the Messina province, Sicily), through two geophysical field surveys (MASW and HVSR) undertaken in the same area at an interval of about 5 years. The MASW surveys have enabled to reconstruct the distribution of shear wave velocity with depth. The HVSR surveys have provided information on resonant frequency and directional effects. The data integration obtained by the two methods allowed to reconstruct impedance contrast sections indicating the depth of the sliding surface of the landslide.

     

三峡库区典型滑坡地球物理实测及其意义:以万州区四方碑滑坡为例

滑坡是最严重的地质灾害之一,查明滑坡形态特征及滑坡形成机制对于滑坡体稳定性分析、滑坡灾害风险管理和政府治理决策等方面具有重要意义.前人研究滑坡形态及其形成机制较少结合地球物理实测方法,其工程地质剖面绘制多局限于点信息的获取方式,而结合地球物理实测方法有利于从线、面同时获取更丰富的滑坡体地质信息,更加准确量化滑移面埋深和透视滑床形态.鉴于此,以灾害频发的三峡库区万州区为研究对象,采用网格高密度电法实测区内不同深度地层的电阻率值,并以此生成二维电阻率剖面和构建滑床三维形态;同时,将剖面电性分布特征与钻孔资料及地质调查资料相结合,对滑坡区地层结构、滑移面埋深以及滑床形态等多个影响滑坡的重要因素综合分析.结果表明,在研究区开展网格高密度电法实测工作,可获取地层电性结构特征以及构建滑坡体三维形态;实测剖面显示四方碑滑坡属于古滑坡,且存在拉裂槽现象.将实测剖面获取的滑移面埋深和构建的三维滑床形态进行钻孔标定,可对滑坡体内部结构及物质组成进行“透视”,从而为滑坡形成机制分析提供依据,同时也给其他类似区域地质调查中的滑坡稳定性评价及预测预报工作提供理论指导和技术参考.通过高密度电法揭示三峡库区典型滑坡体三维形态特征的理论方法和技术路线成功引入滑坡形成机制分析,可为研究滑坡形成机制和理论提供新思路,具有推广意义.      

The El Achour (Algiers,Algeria) landslide delimitation using the H/V ambient vibration method

We present in this work investigations using seismic ambient vibration to delimitate the El Achour landslide (Algiers), upon which independent geotechnical studies were carried out. Acquisition campaign of ambient vibration on the El Achour site on June 2009 and June 2015, over a surface of about 2 ha, consisted of 64 records of ambient noise with a 10 to 20 m grid size. This approach consists of simple, light, and fast H/V acquisitions, in order to determine the extension of the unstable zone, the depth of the sliding surface, and to test the effectiveness of this method. Two peaks were interpreted as one being for the sliding surface and the other for the lithological interface. As results, in the stable area, they are satisfactory. Indeed, the points in this area are not intermediate peaks which could be related to potential sliding surfaces, which led us to think that we could delineate, using this method, the unstable area from the stable area. The HVSR method allows to determine the thickness of the geological formations and to highlight the lateral and vertical facies changes in broad area.     

基于自动安置排列的多道面波分析方法

横波速度由于更能直接反映岩石的物理性质,从而在许多工程、环境和地下水勘查中有重要作用.多道面波分析方法(MASW)是一种新技术,通过求得的一维近地表横波速度剖面构建一个二维横波速度场,从而准确探测近地表介质情况.针对该方法数据的采集,提出了一种检波器排列自动安置的技术(自动安置排列),即使用牵引车辆的液压驱动装置在几秒内自动安置几十个检波器,并将其与传统安置排列的方法做了比较,结果表明,自动安置排列技术可用于多道面波分析方法,而且可以大大减少多道面波分析方法的采集时间和费用.     

金沙江上游沃达滑坡发育特征与堵江危险性分析

金沙江上游沃达滑坡自1985年开始出现变形,现今地表宏观变形迹象明显,存在进一步失稳滑动和堵江的风险。采用遥感解译、地面调查、工程地质钻探和综合监测等方法,分析了沃达滑坡空间结构和复活变形特征,阐明了滑坡潜在复活失稳模式,并采用经验公式计算分析了滑坡堵江危险性。结果表明:沃达滑坡为一特大型滑坡,体积约28.81×106 m3,推测其在晚更新世之前发生过大规模滑动;滑坡堆积体目前整体处于蠕滑变形阶段,局部处于加速变形阶段;复活变形范围主要集中在中前部,且呈现向后渐进变形破坏特征,复活区右侧变形比左侧强烈。滑坡存在浅层和深层两级滑面,平均埋深分别约15.0,25.5 m,相应地可能出现两种潜在失稳模式:滑坡强变形区沿浅层滑带滑动失稳时,形成的堵江堰塞坝高度约87.2 m;滑坡整体沿深层滑带滑动失稳时,形成的堵江堰塞坝高度约129.2 m。沃达滑坡存在形成滑坡-堵江-溃决-洪水链式灾害的危险性,建议进一步加强滑坡监测,针对性开展排水、加固等防治工程。     

Application of MASW in road failure investigation

Multichannel analysis of surface waves (MASW) survey was conducted to measure shear wave velocities in order to ascertain the likely causes of road failure along LASU-IBA expressway in Alimosho local government area, Lagos, Nigeria. MASW data were acquired along the express road. The acquired dataset was processed and transformed into two-dimensional structure reflective of depth and surface wave velocity distribution within a depth of investigation using SurfSeis software. The MASW shear wave velocity data were compared to geophysical data that was acquired along the same profile. The comparison was also done with geotechnical data that had been acquired prior to the study some meters away from the study area. The correlation between N values to measured shear wave velocity using MASW was generated. The comparison illustrates the accuracy and consistency of MASW-derived shear wave velocity profiles. We concluded that (1) the low-velocity region that varies between 100 and 250 m/s at surface down to 4 m beneath the surface is characterized by loose/peat materials and may have been responsible for the road failure within the study area; this region depicts a very loose compaction area. (2) The MASW technique is a time–cost-effective tool for obtaining reliable shear wave velocity profiles, and (3) the MASW is particularly attractive in areas that cannot be readily assessed by other geophysical and geotechnical tools.     

Imagery of the metamorphic bedrock roof of the Sahel active fault in the Sablettes (Algiers) reclaimed area by ambient vibration HVSR

The Sablettes (Algiers) coastal reclaimed fringe region, located on the hanging wall of the Sahel active fault, is subject to different types of geological hazard such as flood and tsunami, coastal uplift, earthquake, liquefaction, landslide, and site effects. In this present work, we used ambient vibration HVSR for imaging the bedrock. The thickness of the sedimentary column under the backfill layer is unknown, and the coastal reclaimed areas are prone to strong amplification of seismic waves. The determination of the depth of the metamorphic base allowed us to establish a mapping of the bedrock roof surface. The 3D representation of this surface enabled us to present models of tectonic structures in this basement (i.e., fault, fold). This analysis will make it possible to make better evaluation of the amplification after having determined the depth of the metamorphic basement exceeding 240 m, which is supposed to have velocities close to those of the seismological basement, as well as the thicknesses of the different layers surmounting it.     

Landslide risk evaluation and hazard zoning for rapid and long-travel landslides in urban development areas

Risk evaluation for earthquake-induced rapid and long-travel landslides in densely populated urban areas is currently the most important disaster mitigation task in landslide-threatened areas throughout the world. The research achievements of the IPL M-101 APERITIF project were applied to two urban areas in megacities of Japan. One site is in the upper slope of the Nikawa landslide site where previous movements were triggered by the 1995 Hyogoken-Nambu earthquake. During detailed investigation, the slope was found to be at risk from a rapid and long-travel landslide induced by sliding surface liquefaction by earthquakes similar in scale to the 1995 event. A new plan to prevent the occurrence of this phenomenon was proposed and the plan was implemented. Another area is the Tama residential area near Tokyo. A set of field and laboratory investigations including laser scanner, geological drilling and ring-shear tests showed that there was a risk of sliding surface liquefaction for both sites. A geotechnical computer simulation (Rapid/LS) using the quantitative data obtained in the study allowed urban landslide hazard zoning to be made at individual street level.     

青藏高原山区某公路滑坡滑动机理及其稳定性分析

以青海省南部省道红土山段滑坡为例,在分析区域地质概况和滑坡特征的基础上,对滑坡机理及影响滑坡的因素进行分析,确定滑坡滑动模式;选取合理的计算参数进行滑坡稳定性计算,根据计算结果对滑坡稳定性进行分析。得到以下结论:产生滑坡体病害的主要原因是滑坡所处区域冻土深度较大,区域冬夏温差大,地表水下渗后冻胀,次年夏初消融,这使粘性土及泥岩泥化,粘聚力降低,周而复始,滑体不断蠕动下滑。采用传递系数法对滑坡在不同工况下的稳定性进行计算,结果表明,在天然状态下滑坡浅层滑面处于蠕动变形状态,深层滑面基本稳定;在考虑暴雨和地震的条件下,滑坡处于不稳定状态。      

Three-dimensional analyses of the sliding surface distribution in the Huangtupo No. 1 riverside sliding mass in the Three Gorges Reservoir area of China

The Huangtupo landslide is one of the largest and most destructive landslides still deforming in the Three Gorges area of China. In recent years, most studies on this landslide have been based on the data obtained from an investigation conducted in 2001. To further elucidate the geological structure and evolution of the landslide, we began building a field test site in the area of the sliding mass with the fastest deformation velocity in 2009. A group of tunnels with a total length of 1.1 km has been excavated, and nine boreholes with depths between 76.8 and 127.1 m have been drilled into the sliding body. Additionally, relative monitoring devices, such as borehole inclinometers and crack meters, have been installed. Based on the findings of the previous investigation and the latest tunneling, drilling, and monitoring data, a spatial distribution model of the sliding surfaces of the Huangtupo No. 1 riverside sliding mass has been established using the discrete smooth interpolation (DSI) method. Significant differences are revealed between the previous proposed sliding surface and the latest monitoring data. We propose that the Huangtupo No. 1 sliding mass has two sliding surfaces. Thus, the sliding mass can be further divided into two secondary sliding bodies, which are named the No. 1-1 (east) and No. 1-2 (west) sliding masses. The No. 1-1 sliding mass slid first, and the material along the western boundary slid later, producing the No. 1-2 sliding body, which has a smaller volume and shallower depth. The areas, volumes, and thicknesses of each sliding body have been calculated using a digital 3D model.     

Integrated geophysical and geomorphological approach to investigate the snowmelt-triggered landslide of Bosco Piccolo village (Basilicata, southern Italy)

Most of Basilicata region in the southern Italian Apennines is characterized by landslides often developing in clayey–marly formations. Many events have been triggered by extreme rainfall or snowmelt. The most important happened (on February–March 2005) at Bosco Piccolo 5 km far from Potenza. This landslide developed subsequently to rapid snowmelt occurred during alternating short periods of high temperatures and intense and continuous snowfalls. This complex landslide affected 4 ha of surface and reached a maximum depth of 20 m inducing damage and collapse of about 80% of the buildings in the village. An integrated multidisciplinary approach has been adopted to study the landslide. A multitemporal aerial photo interpretation and detailed geomorphological surveys have been carried out. Combined Electrical Resistivity Tomography (ERT) and Self-Potential (SP) measurements have been performed and calibrated with boreholes stratigraphy. Such an integrated approach allowed us to partially reconstruct the geometry of the investigated body and to evaluate the effectiveness of drainage system planned for the area.     

Landslide hazard mapping along national highway-154A in Himachal Pradesh,India using information value and frequency ratio

For the socio-economic development of a country, the highway network plays a pivotal role. It has therefore become an imperative to have landslide hazard assessment along these roads to provide safety. The current study presents landslide hazard zonation maps, based on the information value method and frequency ratio method using GIS on 1:50,000 scale by generating the information about the landslide influencing factors. The study was carried out in the year 2017 on a part of Ravi river catchment along one of the landslide-prone Chamba to Bharmour road corridor of NH-154A in Himachal Pradesh, India. A number of landslide triggering geo-environmental factors like “slope, aspect, relative relief, soil, curvature, Land Use and Land Cover (LULC), lithology, drainage density, and lineament density” were selected for landslide hazard mapping based on landslide inventory. The landslide inventory has been developed using satellite imagery, Google earth and by doing exhaustive field surveys. A digital elevation model was used to generate slope gradient, slope aspect, curvature, and relative relief map of the study area. The other information, i.e., soil maps, geological maps, and toposheets, have been collected from various departments. The landslide hazard zonation map was categorized namely “very high hazard, high hazard, medium hazard, low hazard, and very low hazard.” The results from these two methods have been validated using area under curve (AUC) method. It has been found that hazard zonation map prepared using frequency ratio model had a prediction rate of 75.37% while map prepared using information value method had prediction rate of 78.87%. Hence, on the basis of prediction rate, the landslide hazard zonation map, obtained using information value method, was experienced to be more suitable for the study area.     

川西岷江河谷典型大型—巨型古滑坡特征物探解译分析

在遥感解译、野外调查的基础上,采用高密度电法和电阻率测深法,并结合钻探对川西岷江河谷发育的尕米寺滑坡、俄寨村滑坡、格机寨滑坡等典型大型—巨型古滑坡的空间结构进行了勘探分析,有效确定了古滑坡的空间结构和滑带特征,并认为古滑坡的滑动面多具有高低阻相间的不稳定电性层,且滑坡前缘多位于不稳定电性层变薄收敛的地方。其中,俄寨村滑坡高低阻相间的不稳定电性层厚约0~45 m,为滑坡堆积层,古滑动面紧贴基岩面,滑动面平均埋深约30 m,弱风化基岩面埋深约5.6~61 m,强风化层厚约为3~12 m;尕米寺滑坡高低阻相间的不稳定电性层厚约2.5~43 m,为滑坡堆积层,沿剖面古滑动面平均埋深约35 m,在滑坡中部存在一圈闭的低阻异常体,推测为古河道,并与钻探结果相吻合,其埋深约56~96 m,弱风化基岩面埋深13.3~100 m,强风化及岩溶综合层厚一般约为5~20 m。基于古滑坡的地球物理勘探数据和解译结果,统计分析了川西岷江河谷地区大型—巨型古滑坡空间岩土体的地球物理物性参数,对指导该区滑坡调查分析具有重要的指导意义。     

西藏易贡滑坡源区坡体赋存的地质结构及其滑动模式

西藏易贡滑坡源区BH01、BH02与BH03斜坡体呈不稳定状, 严重威胁下游工程设施安全。为防控源区坡体再次高位滑动致灾, 亟待开展斜坡赋存的地质结构及变形趋势分析。文章基于2 m精度的Pleiades数字高程模型及地形影像, 厘定了定量地貌学、地质构造与滑坡学3方面证据, 确定易贡滑坡源区具有前缘叠瓦式逆冲断裂区单面山、逆冲断裂区块体、走滑断裂区块体、走滑断裂区北东向拉裂槽4个次级斜坡单元。现场地质调查发现源区坡体内发育倾向南东、南西两组主控结构面, 这两组结构面是滑坡前缘逆冲断裂、后缘走滑断裂渐进活动的结果。与山脊近直交的北东向拉裂槽可能与晚期东西伸展变形背景相关。研究认为在地质构造影响下, 易贡源区斜坡沿着北东向拉裂槽下延结构面呈现多级、多期次深层滑移, 具有岩质滑坡蠕滑-拉裂-剪断型滑动机制。依据源区拉裂缝扩展的深度判断, 源区BH02坡体具有潜在加速滑移风险, 且BH03坡体亦不稳定。      

帕隆藏布绞东滑坡堵江风险评估

文章以绞东滑坡为例,利用多期光学影像和Sentinel-1A降轨数据对绞东滑坡的崩滑时间和历史活动性进行了分析,根据分析结果将绞东滑坡斜坡区划分为三个区域,其中两个已滑滑区（A区、C区）和一个潜在滑区（B区）。在此基础上,通过滑坡碎屑流和岩体势能之间的计算方程反演了已滑滑坡的体积规模和滑体平均厚度,并基于已滑滑坡对潜在滑区可能造成的灾情进行了预测,认为潜在滑区在全部滑坡的情况下存在堵江风险。文中研究认为,在遥感手段识别滑坡活动性的基础上,利用遥感影像、DEM等数据,通过计算滑坡碎屑流和岩体势能之间的关系,可进行实测数据难以获取区域的滑坡规模与滑体平均厚度估算,进而进行险情评估,为滑坡防治提供指导。     

三峡库区典型滑坡地质与地球物理电性特征

滑坡属于地质灾害中的重要灾种之一,查明滑坡区的地质与地球物理特征,对分析滑坡形成机制、评价滑坡稳定性具有重要意义。鉴于此,本文将高密度电法引入三峡库区腹地万州区滑坡地质调查中,在区内四方碑滑坡、塘角1号滑坡和麻柳林滑坡进行地球物理探测工作,并结合钻孔资料对实测结果进行对比验证。实测结果表明：在地形复杂地区开展地球物理探测工作,通过数据反演与分析,可获取滑坡体地层结构及滑移面;结合相关地质资料,通过对比解译,可弥补单纯依靠钻孔信息来确定滑移面形态的不足;3个典型滑坡区地球物理实测资料揭露滑坡体和滑床地球物理电性特征表现为,由崩坡积物、第四系粉质黏土以及含水碎石块组成的滑坡体电阻率低于40 Ω·m,而由砂岩与泥岩组成的滑床电阻率高于40 Ω·m,高密度电法对基岩滑坡和土质滑坡都能获取较好的结果。     

基于层次分析法的水库蓄水后滑坡易发性评价

水库库区地形地质和水位地质条件复杂,蓄水后受降雨和库水位变动影响容易产生滑坡、崩塌等次生地质灾害,严重威胁水库安全运行和附近居民安全. 本文依托层次分析法,以某蓄水水库为研究对象,在充分收集其地形地质和水文条件资料的基础上,选取地形地貌、地层岩性、坡度、坡向、地灾点密度、地灾点面积、降雨、库水变动幅度和地震强度等9个致滑因子,构建评价矩阵和滑坡危险性计算评价方法. 依据评价成果划分4个滑坡危险性等级,借助MapGIS软件生成库区潜在滑坡危险性分区图. 该分区图与遥感解译的库区滑坡体分布点高度吻合,验证了评价模型的合理性.     

复杂滑坡三维离散建模方法及其在茂县滑坡中的应用

针对3DEC软件在建立滑坡模型前处理功能上的不足,本文提出了一种基于MATLAB平台构建复杂滑坡数值模型的前处理方法。以滑坡发生前后的地形数据为基础,通过Distmesh工具箱进行滑坡区域的三角网格剖分与高程插值,生成三棱柱体构建滑床与滑体。同时借助Multi-Parametric Toolbox几何库中的函数生成Voronoi多面体来模拟滑坡路径上的基底物质,编写相应函数以获取块体的拓扑信息,并依据3DEC的语法规则将其转化输出为3DEC可读取的命令文本文件,实现了复杂滑坡模型的快速建立。最后以四川省茂县新磨村滑坡为例,详细叙述了滑坡数值模型的建模步骤。数值模拟结果表明,该方法建立的模型能够较好地重现滑坡运动过程、沿程铲刮现象以及最终堆积形态,验证了该方法的可行性和实用性。     

The performance evaluation of information value,density area,LNRF, and frequency ratio methods for landslide zonation at Miandarband area,Kermanshah Province,Iran

Landslide is one of the natural disasters which causes a lot of annual damage directly or indirectly in the world. Many planned areas, especially in hilly regions, are prone to different types of landslides; therefore, landslide susceptibility maps become an urgent issue, so that landslide damages and impact can be minimized. The best method for studying landslides, which has long been of interest to researchers, is hazard zonation. In this method, due to the affecting factors in landslide occurrence, study areas are classified into areas with low to very high risk. Different methods have been developed for this purpose. In this paper, the four bivariate statistical methods namely information value, density area, LNRF, and frequency ratio are used to investigate the hazard zonation of landslide in Miandarband located north of the Kermanshah Province. The density ratio (D _r) and Qs values for information value, density area, frequency ratio, and LNRF methods used in this study were calculated to be 2.245312, 0.98146; 2.857816, 1.071185; 2.858085, 0.783945; and 2.418375, 1.070928, respectively. The results indicate that although there are minor differences, the frequency ratio method compared to the density area method that was used for the study of landslide zonation presents better results.     

间歇型降雨对堆积层斜坡变形破坏的物理模拟研究

为研究间歇型降雨作用下缓倾堆积层斜坡的变形破坏特征,以樱桃沟滑坡为例,进行了降雨作用下斜坡变形破坏的物理模拟研究。试验结果表明：前期降雨作用下坡体变形特征表现为前缘滑移沉陷、中部滑移、后缘沉陷、坡体裂缝生成,且前缘裂缝扩张明显,后期降雨作用下坡脚区域首先发生滑塌,然后依次向后缘传递发生逐阶滑塌破坏;降雨入渗易在基岩面上储存,形成暂态地下水位、高孔隙水压力区域和坡向渗流场,基岩面附近土体饱水时间长,软化程度高,抗剪强度弱化显著,边坡易沿基覆界面土层发生滑坡;坡体滑动易发生在降雨间歇期,触发特征表现为雨后坡体暂态饱和区水分和坡表积水持续下渗,导致地下水位上升滞后于降雨,造成坡体内浮托力、渗透力和孔隙水压力增大,有效应力降低,诱发滑坡。