Modeling watershed-scale sequestration of soil organic carbon for carbon credit programs

Impending risks associated with climate change have forced the global community to devise tradable pollution permit or “cap and trade” approaches to control the release of greenhouse gases. In the U.S, soils have the potential to offset about 10 percent of annual CO₂ emissions; however, if carbon credits are to be included in greenhouse gas control programs, soil organic carbon (SOC) sequestration rates associated with agricultural land uses must be computed at a watershed scale. The Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) water quality model, the Water Erosion Prediction Project (WEPP) erosion model, and the CENTURY 4.0 a soil carbon model were used to simulate carbon sequestration rates for 160 crop-tillage rotations in 272 sub-basins of the Big Creek watershed (12,300 hectares). Under annual crops, only no-till in a corn-soybean rotation, on low to moderate slopes results in net gains in SOC. Substantial annual rates of SOC sequestration occur only under perennial crops such as Conservation Reserve Program (CRP; 0.14 t/ha without erosion; 0.08 with erosion), pasture (0.67 t/ha without erosion; 0.58 with erosion), hay (0.88 t/ha without erosion; 0.52 with erosion), and forest (2.66 t/ha without erosion; 2.49 with erosion). Erosion thus has a large effect on the spatial distribution of field-measured SOC by moving it down slope and increasing its spatial variability. Because of this, carbon credit programs should be based on field practices, thus targeting the locations where the sequestration of atmospheric carbon actually occurs and minimizing monitoring costs. Developing model-based estimates of SOC sequestration rates of field practices at many locations would thus greatly serve the needs of carbon crediting programs.     

“双碳”目标下中国服务业碳强度时空交互特征及跃迁机制

为实现国家自主贡献承诺,如期达到“碳达峰、碳中和”目标,中国服务业的低碳发展是必然趋势。基于多种空间分析方法,从时空交互视角研究了中国服务业碳强度差异格局、空间关联、动态演化及跃迁机制。结果表明：(1) 2005—2019年中国服务业碳强度的总体差异存在动态收敛趋势,在空间上也呈现显著的聚类现象,且空间集聚水平逐渐趋于稳定。(2)在服务业碳强度局部空间结构与依赖方向上,西北与东北地区波动性较强,东部沿海地区相对稳定;在碳强度时空跃迁的过程中整体表现出一定的转移惰性,具有较强的空间依赖或路径锁定特征,其中中部、西部的多数地区始终保持高碳强度属性,是制约中国服务业协同减排的关键区域。(3)服务业碳强度的时空网络格局主要以正向关联为主,表现出较强的空间整合性,但少数邻接省域仍存在一定程度的时空竞争。(4)各地区服务业碳强度时空跃迁的驱动模式存在差异,其中,东部沿海省份主要受人口—城镇化制约模式的影响,西北、西南和东北的多数地区主要受技术—规制驱动模式的影响。自东南至西北,中国服务业碳强度的跃迁模式逐渐呈现出“同向制约—反向发展—同向发展”的阶梯递变格局。因此,政府减排政策的制定不仅应统筹考虑...     

Urban carbon footprint and carbon cycle pressure: The case study of Nanjing简

Urban carbon footprint reflects the impact and pressure of human activities on ur- ban environment. Based on city level, this paper estimated carbon emissions and carbon footprint of Nanjing city, analyzed urban carbon footprint intensity and carbon cycle pressure and discussed the influencing factors of carbon footprint through LMDI decomposition model. The main conclusions are as follows： （1） The total carbon emissions of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, in which the carbon emission from the use of fossil energy was the largest Meanwhile, carbon sinks of Nanjing presented a declining trend since 2000, which caused the decrease of carbon compensation rate and the increase of urban carbon cycle pressure. （2） The total carbon footprint of Nanjing increased rapidly since 2000, and the carbon deficit was more than ten times of total land areas of Nanjing in 2009, which means Nanjing confronted high carbon cycle pressure. （3） Generally, carbon footprint intensity of Nanjing was on de- crease and the carbon footprint productivity was on increase. This indicated that energy utilization rate and carbon efficiency of Nanjing was improved since 2000, and the policy for energy conservation and emission reduction taken by Nanjing＇s government received better effects. （4） Economic development, population and industrial structure are promoting factors for the increase of carbon footprint of Nanjing, while the industrial carbon footprint intensity was inhibitory factor. （5） Several countermeasures should be taken to decrease urban carbon footprint and alleviate carbon cycle pressure, such as： improvement of the energy efficiency, industrial structure reconstruction, afforestation and environmental protection and land use control. Generally, transition to low-carbon economy is essential for Chinese cities to realize sustainable development in the future.     

土壤碳循环研究进展及干旱区土壤碳循环研究展望

土壤碳库动态及其驱动机制是陆地生态系统碳循环与全球变化研究的热点问题之一。随着各国对《京都议定书》的重视,农业土壤碳库变化及其源汇效应研究不断加强,但以往研究土壤碳循环主要是针对有机碳,较少考虑无机碳的作用和地位,干旱区土壤无机碳储量巨大,其在区域碳循环过程中的贡献日益显著,这使得干旱区土壤碳循环研究必须同时考虑土壤有机碳和无机碳的行为。国内外关于农业土壤有机碳动态的研究主要围绕农业土壤有机碳储量、固碳潜力等问题展开,研究区多为湿润、半湿润地区;国际上对农业土壤无机碳动态的研究主要集中在干旱区土地管理措施对土壤发生性碳酸盐碳的形成与转化方面,研究方法以稳定同位素技术为主,但目前关于中国干旱区农业土壤无机碳动态的研究还较为薄弱。因此,应加强干旱区绿洲土壤碳循环研究,深入分析干旱区绿洲土壤碳的源/汇效应;探讨土壤无机碳动态变化的机理。     

荒漠草原碳酸盐岩土壤有机碳向无机碳酸盐的转移

通过在内蒙古中西部四子王旗荒漠草原土壤剖面采集土样,拟分析测定土壤有机碳(SOC)含量、土壤无机碳酸盐(SIC)含量和SIC的δ13C值,探讨SOC向SIC的迁移转化过程及其转移量。结果表明:随深度增加,SOC含量逐渐降低而SIC含量依次增大,SOC与SIC含量具有明显的负相关关系。随土层加深,SIC的δ13C值降低,在30 cm深度时相对最低为-8.6‰,而后增大,在深度为60 cm时其值为-5.8‰。说明通过"SOC—CO2—SIC"的微碳循环系统SOC向SIC发生碳的转移。应用碳稳定同位素技术和模型结合SIC的δ13C值对该研究区SIC进行区分,发现30~50 cm土层次生碳酸盐(PC)所占比例为58.5%,50~60 cm土层为44.2%。应用δ13C值对该地区SOC向SIC的转化碳量进行估算,该地区30~60 cm土层每千克土壤中大约固定了SOC分解转化的4.97~5.9 g CO2。     

中原经济区县域碳收支空间分异及碳平衡分区

区域碳收支核算是当前全球气候变化与碳排放研究的核心内容之一.开展县域空间碳收支与碳平衡研究不仅有助于从理论上构建县级尺度碳效率和碳生态压力评估的方法,而且对于县域空间碳补偿及低碳发展策略的制定也具有重要的现实意义.本文采用2009 年中原经济区县域单元的各种统计数据及土地利用数据,对县域空间的碳收支状况进行了核算分析,并在碳平衡分区的基础上提出了中原经济区主体功能区优化的思路和政策建议.主要结论:① 中原经济区2009 年碳吸收和碳排放总量分别为1.3 亿t 和2.1 亿t.碳排放量基本呈现“从市辖区到周边县(市) 逐渐降低”的规律;碳吸收量的分布具有“西北低、东南高”的特点;②县域空间碳补偿率的分布具有显著的区域差异,人均GDP 越高的地区,其碳补偿率往往越低;反之,碳补偿率越高;③ 由于县域单元碳源/汇具有较大的空间差异,中原经济区县域空间的碳排放经济贡献率和碳生态容量存在明显不匹配现象;④ 基于碳平衡分析,本文将中原经济区县域空间划分为碳强度控制区、碳收支平衡区、碳汇功能区、碳总量控制区及低碳优化区等5 类区域,并在此基础上提出了中原经济区主体功能区优化的思路及低碳发展策略.     

产业转移背景下广东省工业碳排放的驱动因素及碳转移分析

随着全球气候变暖,工业碳排放量持续增加已成为全球关注的热点,由于工业产业升级和转移所引起的碳排放空间重塑也成为低碳发展研究的新方向。本文综合运用碳排放量物料平衡法及结构分解模型,核算2001—2017年广东省城市工业各行业的碳排放量,揭示其时空格局演变规律,同时在产业转移背景下,分析工业碳排放变化的驱动因素以及碳转移格局变化,以期从各市碳排放变化与市际间碳排放转移两个角度探讨低碳发展的有效策略。研究表明：2001—2017年期间,广东省的工业碳排放量整体呈现增加趋势,且地区差异也逐渐增大,呈现由中心向周边扩散的空间特征,由单核心演变为“T字型”的空间分布格局;工业产业发展带来的环境效应由经济规模、产业结构和技术强度综合决定,其中规模效应的作用强度最大、技术效应次之,结构效应的作用最弱;工业碳排放转移格局呈现由珠三角地区向外围转移的趋势,珠三角地区为高、中能耗工业碳排放主要转出地,粤东西北地区为高、中能耗工业碳排放主要转入地。     

碳中和目标下中国地区碳生态安全与生态补偿研究

碳中和目标不仅是气候治理的中国承诺,也是实现经济高质量增长的内生需求。基于生态足迹、投入产出的方法,利用能源消耗、土地利用及投入产出的相关数据,对碳中和目标下地区生态安全与生态补偿展开研究,结论如下：① 地区生态安全及协调水平持续下降,二者在区域上呈现趋同特征。2000—2017年间,全国整体ESI指数从1.08上升至3.06,ECI指数由1.413下降至1.261,24个省生态安全与协调发展等级出现不同程度下降。生态安全与协调发展表现出明显的趋同规律,安全等级低（或高）的地区对应协调水平也低（或高）。② 全国生态“欠账”增长迅速,地区补偿呈现东“补”西“偿”中“平衡”的结构特征。基于碳中和的近期实施与远期目标构建了“净零排放”与“净零贡献”两种生态补偿方案。在“净零排放”方案下,全国需支付的生态补偿从1334.57亿美元增长至83819.61亿美元,生态赤字增长迅速;该方案下,三大沿海经济区长期为补偿支付地区,但其支付的全国占比在逐渐下降;与之相对应黄河及长江中游地区补偿支付比例迅速上升。净零贡献补偿方案下,全国范围补偿会计平衡,地区补偿结构表明东部为补偿区,西部为受偿区,中部基本平衡。     

Three-dimensional modelling of soil organic carbon density and carbon sequestration potential estimation in a dryland farming region of China

Soil organic carbon density(SOCD) and soil organic carbon sequestration potential(SOCP) play an important role in carbon cycle and mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions. However, the majority of studies focused on a two-dimensional scale, especially lacking of field measured data. We employed the interpolation method with gradient plane nodal function(GPNF) and Shepard(SPD) across a range of parameters to simulate SOCD with a 40 cm soil layer depth in a dryland farming region(DFR) of China. The SOCP was estimated using a carbon saturation model. Results demonstrated the GPNF method was proved to be more effective in simulating the spatial distribution of SOCD at the vertical magnification multiple and search point values of 3.0×10~6 and 25, respectively. The soil organic carbon storage(SOCS) of 40 cm and 20 cm soil layers were estimated as 22.28×10~(11) kg and 13.12×10~(11) kg simulated by GPNF method in DFR. The SOCP was estimated as 0.95×10~(11) kg considered as a carbon sink at the 20–40 cm soil layer. Furthermore, the SOCP was estimated as –2.49×10~(11) kg considered as a carbon source at the 0–20 cm soil layer. This research has important values for the scientific use of soil resources and the mitigation of greenhouse gas emissions.     

电商快递包装箱的碳足迹空间分解和隐含碳转移研究

伴随电子商务等新兴消费业态的迅猛发展,其碳排放量已不容忽视。本研究从空间分解和隐含碳转移的角度,基于对电商快递包装箱全生命周期的碳足迹研究,识别其在原料、生产、利用各环节与电商行为的地理空间耦合,分析各阶段及总排放的省域尺度格局特征,以及伴随快递流的隐含碳转移网络格局。研究发现：原料阶段的碳排放多在木材原料商区位,生产阶段的碳排放和快递发货区位高度耦合,利用阶段的碳排放和快递收货区位相耦合。全国电商快递包装箱各阶段的碳排放在空间上高度集聚,原料阶段集中在广西,生产和利用阶段集中在广东、浙江、江苏,整体呈现出“东多西少、南多北少”的空间特征。碳排放总量较高的省区多由生产驱动,碳排放总量越少的省区则利用驱动越明显。隐含碳转移网络呈现出“少数省区净流出、多数省区净流入”的“轴辐式”结构特征,浙江、广东两省承担了80%左右的净流出,是绝大多数省区隐含碳流入的最大来源地,北京是净流入最大的省区。基于隐含碳转移进行碳排放责任辨析,是相关决策需要考虑的重要因素;绿色包装的减排贡献较大,亟待寻求技术突破;新兴消费业态的碳排放值得长期关注。     

“双碳”目标下全域土地综合整治的学理研究与实践路径

全域土地综合整治作为优化乡村国土空间的重要实践活动,既是人为土地利用的重要碳源之一,也对缓解土地利用碳排放具有积极作用。为解析其与“双碳”目标的互馈机制与耦合关系,剖析其对实现“双碳”目标的贡献作用,提出全域土地综合整治碳效应的学理研究问题与实践应用路径。结果表明：① 与传统土地整治相比,全域土地综合整治具有更强的战略性、综合性和系统性,作为面向全要素全空间的土地实践活动,其价值导向和实践方式更多元,与“双碳”目标联系更密切,固碳减排可操作性更强;② 基于文献计量研究发现,面向“双碳”目标的全域土地综合整治应在碳效应影响因素解析、碳核算体系构建、空间布局优化等方面开展学理研究和关键问题探索;③ 研究提出了综合规划引领、工程建设和建后管护的实践应用路径,全域土地综合整治通过调整技术方法体系、优化规划编制和实施等各环节,对实现“双碳”目标具有重要推动作用。研究为面向“双碳”目标的全域土地综合整治提供理论研究视角和实践参考,为全域土地综合整治助力“双碳”目标实现提供借鉴。     

Unravelling property relations around forest carbon

Market‐based interventions to Reduce Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) enable the carbon stored in land and forests to be traded as a new and intangible form of property. Using examples from Cambodia, the Philippines and Papua New Guinea, we examine the property negotiations underpinning this new forest carbon economy. We show that the institutions and land use negotiations needed to ‘produce’ forest carbon interact recursively with existing property claims over land and forests. Even where customary rights are formally recognized (PNG, Philippines), claims to forest carbon are still complicated by ambiguities and complexities surrounding rights to forested land. Meanwhile the new value attached to forest carbon can stimulate efforts to appropriate land and forest resources associated with it, creating new power relations and property dynamics. This interplay between forest carbon and underlying contested property claims in rural forest settings creates an unstable basis for forest carbon markets and raises questions about future access to forested land.     

Estimation of soil organic carbon reservoir in China

The paper respectively adopted physio-chemical properties of every soil stratum from 2473 soil profiles of the second national soil survey. The corresponding carbon content of soils is estimated by utilizing conversion coefficient 0.58. In the second soil survey, the total amount of soil organic carbon is about 924.18×108t and carbon density is about 10.53 kgC/m2 in China according to the area of 877.63×106 hm2 surveyed throughout the country. The spatial distribution characteristics of soil organic carbon in China is that the carbon storage increases when latitude increases in eastern China and the carbon storage decreases when longitude reduces in northern China. A transitional zone with great variation in carbon storage exists. Moreover, there is an increasing tendency of carbon density with decrease of latitude in western China. Soil circle is of great significance to global change, but with substantial difference in soil spatial distribution throughout the country. Because the structure of soil is inhomogeneous, it could bring some mistakes in estimating soil carbon reservoirs. It is necessary to farther resolve soil respiration and organic matter conversion and other questions by developing uniform and normal methods of measurement and sampling.     

Estimation of soil organic carbon reservoir in China

1 IntroductionResearch on global change has aroused many scientists' attention to the balance, storage and spatial distribution of carbon in the terrestrial ecosystem. The carbon stored in soil is 2.5-3 times as much as that stored in plants[1,2], so the distribution and conversion of carbon in humus has become one of the global research foci on organic carbon at present[3]. Organic carbon and nitrogen contents in soils are not only important components of soils but also the most important eco…     

Incorporation of inorganic carbon by Antarctic cryptoendolithic fungi

Fungi isolated from the cryptoendolithic community of the Ross Desert are capable of fixing inorganic carbon. Results suggest that lichen mycobionts and parasymbionts are adapted to different water regimes in the cryptoendolithic environment.     

甘肃省碳排放变化及影响因素分析

采用甘肃省人口、经济发展、能源消费等数据,通过相关方法对1997-2008年的碳排放总量、碳排放强度及其三大产业的碳排放进行了估算,并利用岭回归函数对STIRPAT扩展模型拟合,进一步分析影响甘肃省碳排放的因素。结果表明： （1）从1997-2008年甘肃省能源消费的碳排放量和人均碳排放量均呈逐年增长的趋势。碳排放量由1997年的1 767.14×104 t增加到2008年 4 341.64×104 t。人均碳排放量由1997年的0.7 t /人增长到2008年的1.65 t /人,且以煤炭消费的碳排放为主,占各能源碳排放的比例达到70%以上。（2）碳排放强度从1997-2001年呈波动变化,2001年以后则呈逐年下降趋势,总体上从1997年的2.214 t/104元下降到2008年的1.364 t / 104元。（3）三大产业的碳排放呈逐年上升趋势,且以第二产业的贡献为主。（4）人口增长、经济发展对碳排放影响较大,而生活水平的提高更加剧了碳排放的增长。     

城市化对碳排放影响研究进展

城市化是全球发展的趋势,而城市化进程对温室气体尤其是二氧化碳排放的影响受到学术界的广泛关注.本文在全面系统梳理国内外文献及相关研究成果的基础上,从碳排放研究的起源与发展、研究内容与研究方法等方面对当前国内外研究现状进行了归纳和评述.从中看出:国内外的研究内容主要集中于城市化和碳排放的关系、城市化对碳排放影响的宏观及微观因素,以及城市化对碳排放的作用机理等方面;研究方法以定量分析为主,除基础的IPAT模型、STIRPAT模型之外,时空地理加权回归模型、指数分解、结构分解、多指标面板数据聚类分析等方法也广泛应用.总体而言,城市化进程对碳排放的影响是一个长期且复杂的过程,涉及诸多因素,目前的研究已逐渐深入、研究方法也多有创新,但仍需丰富研究视角、完善研究体系,更好地为城市化发展策略提供科学依据,为低碳城市发展奠定基础.     

Tree biomass and soil organic carbon densities across the Sudanese woodland savannah: A regional carbon sequestration study

Mean tree biomass and soil carbon (C) densities for 39 map sheet grids (1° lat. × 1.5° long.) covering the Acacia woodland savannah region of Sudan (10–16° N; 21–36° E) are presented. Data from the National Forest Inventory of Sudan, Harmonized World Soil Database and FAO Local Climate Estimator were used to calculate C densities, mean annual precipitation (MAP) and mean annual temperature (MAT). Above-ground biomass C and soil organic carbon (SOC, 1 m) densities averaged 112 and 5453 g C m⁻², respectively. Below-ground biomass C densities, estimated using root shoot ratios, averaged 33 g C m⁻². Biomass C densities and MAP increased southwards across the region while SOC densities were lowest in the centre of the region and increased westwards and eastwards. Both above-ground biomass C and SOC densities were significantly (p < 0.05) correlated with MAP (r_s = 0.84 and r_s = 0.34, respectively) but showed non-significant correlations with MAT (r_s = −0.22 and r_s = 0.24, respectively). SOC densities were significantly correlated with biomass C densities (r_s = 0.34). The results indicated substantial under stocking of trees and depletion of SOC, and potential for C sequestration. Up-to-date regional and integrated soil and forest inventories are required for planning improved land-use management and restoration.     

碳排放强度及其变化——基于截面数据定量分析的初步推断

经济发展和环境破坏的双重挑战使碳排放成为社会关注的焦点.以世界112个独立经济体截面数据为依据,利用统计分析和计量经济学方法,建立人均碳排放、单位GDP碳排放与人均收入、城市化率、工业化率和服务业比例等影响因素之间关系的优选模型,概括总结出经济社会发展与碳排放强度关系的四阶段、五类型模式.随着人均收入水平的提高,碳排放...     

中国陆地土壤有机碳库的估算

土壤是陆地生态系统的核心之一,土壤有机碳库是陆地碳库的主要组成部分,在陆地碳循环研究中有着重要的作用,因而了解土壤碳循环是研究中国陆地生态系统碳循环的基础,确定土壤有机碳的储量、空间分布、对土壤碳循环的研究具有重要意义。根据中国和线次土壤普查得到的土壤各类型分布面积,采样数据、土壤有机质含量,运用ＧＩＳ技术,来估算土壤碳库。经过计算,中国陆地生态系统土壤有机碳总量为１００１．８×１０＾８ｔ,平均碳