Event Stratigraphy, Biostratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy of Neoproterozoic in North China

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Biostratigraphy and Paleoecology of Maastrichtian Sediments in the Zagros Basin, Iran

To enable the lithostratigraphic and biostratigraphic study of the Gurpi Formation,within the ‘Dezak’ or Globigerina Marl,a stratigraphic section at Booraki,located to the NNW of Shiraz,SW Iran,through the late Cretaceous was examined.The formation consists of shale and greenish-gray marls interbedded with cream limestone,brown sandstones and siltstones with an exposed thickness of 160 m in the studied section.Samples were taken at regular intervals in all yielding 14 genera and 16 different species of benthic and planktic foraminifera that allowed determination of the age of the beds as Maastrichtian.To examine the paleoecology of the formation,some important ecological factors including water level,salinity,and oxygen regime change during the depositional courses of the formation were analyzed.The density of foraminiferans decreases from the base to top of the Gurpi Formation whereas the ratio of planktic to benthic Foraminifera(i.e.,P/B) and proportion of shallow-water fauna increase.These foraminiferal changes indicate an increase and decrease in depth,temperature,salinity and oxygen,respectively,at the base and top of the Formation.     

Biostratigraphy and Sequence Stratigraphy of the Tarbur Formation (Maastrichtian) from Iranian Zagros Foreland Basin, Southwest of Iran

Shallow carbonate deposits(Tarbur Formation)were formed in the Zagros foreland basin with dynamic tectonics during the Maastrichtian age.From the viewpoint of reconstruction of depositional conditions in these deposits,studies of biostratigraphy,microfacies,microtaphofacies,and sequence stratigraphy were performed in a single area at Tang-e Shabi Khoon,northwest of Zagros.Based on the identification of two assemblage zones consisting of benthic foraminifera in these strata,the formation was deposited during the middle to late Maastrichtian.The number of cycles in test size and type of coiling in Loftusia decreased from the study area toward the northwest of the Neotethys basin.The input of clastic sediments affected the distribution of Loftusia and rudists in the study area.Nine microfacies,six microtaphofacies,and one terrigenous facies(shale)were identified based on the sedimentary features.These deposits of the middle-late Maastrichtian were deposited on a homoclinal carbonate ramp.The platform can be divided into restricted and semi-restricted lagoon,shoal,and open marine environments.In the study area,the deposits of the Tarbur Formation were deposited during four third-order depositional sequences.Local fault activities affected the formation of depositional sequences in the study area.     

Carbonate Sequence Stratigraphy of a Back-Arc Basin： A Case Study of the Qom Formation in the Kashan Area, Central Iran

The Qom Formation comprises Oligo-Miocene deposits from a marine succession distributed in the Central Basin of Iran. It is composed of five members designated as A-F. Little previous work exists on the sequence stratigraphy. Based on an integrated study of sequence stratigraphy with outcrop data, wells and regional seismic profiles, the Qom Formation is interpreted as a carbonate succession deposited in a mid-Tertiary back-arc basin. There are two second-order sequences (designated as SS1 and SS2) and five third-order sequences (designated as S1-S5). Five distinct systems tracts including transgressive, highstand, forced regressive, slope margin and lowstand have been recognized. The relationship between the sequences and lithologic sub-units has been collated and defined (S1 to S5 individually corresponding to A-C1, C2-C4, D-E, the lower and upper portions of F); a relative sea level change curve and the sequence stratigraphic framework have been established and described in detail. The coincidence of relative sea level change between that of the determined back-arc basin and the world indicates that the sedimentary cycles of the Qom Formation are mainly controlled by eustatic cycles. The variable combination of the systems tracts and special tectonic-depositional setting causally underpin multiple sequence stratigraphic framework styles seen in the carbonates of the back-arc basin revealing: (1) a continental margin basin that developed some form of barrier, characterized by the development of multiple cycles of carbonate-evaporites; (2) a flat carbonate ramp, which occurred on the southern shelf formed by the lack of clastic supply from nearby magmatic islands plus mixed siliciclastics and carbonates that occurred on the northern shelf due to a sufficient clastics supply from the land; and (3) a forced regressive stratigraphic stacking pattern that occured on the southern shelf and in basin lows due to the uplifting of the southern shelf. Thick and widespread aggradational framework limestone usually occurs in the initial sequences (S1 and S3) of the supersequence, which led to preferential oil reservoir deposition but a lack of source and cap rocks, whereas the retrogradational and progradational framework limestone usually occurs in the later sequences (S2 and S4-S5) of the supersequence, which results in two perfect sets of source, reservoir and cap rock assemblies, so that the limestone in sub-member C2-C4 and the F-Member can be predicted as important objects for oil exploration.     

巴楚地区下丘里塔格组层序地层及对储层影响

塔里木盆地巴楚地区下丘里塔格组主要为一套局限台地相沉积,广泛发育厚层状白云岩储层,是目前寒武系最为重要的油气勘探目的层.运用测井、地震资料,结合岩性组合特征综合分析,对巴楚地区下丘里塔格组进行了层序地层划分,确定出该组包含4个三级层序,层序内部主要表现为海侵体系域和高位体系域的组合.其中,高位体系域不完全发育.在层序分析的基础上,通过岩心薄片和钻井油、气、水显示资料综合分析,认为三级层序影响了巴楚地区下丘里塔格组白云岩储层发育,是储层发育的主要控制因素.下丘里塔格组(岩溶型)白云岩储层主要发育于层序界面下部的高位期,特别是有短期暴露界面下的高位晚期.     

鄂尔多斯盆地中部延安地区中侏罗统延安组高分辨率层序地层研究

利用高分辨率层序地层学方法,以延水河剖面研究为重点,详细剖析了中侏罗统延安组不同级次基准面旋回划分,建立了鄂尔多斯盆地延安地区延安组高分辨率层序地层格架。共识别出了36个短期、8个中期和3个长期基准面旋回。讨论了不同级次基准面旋回叠加式样与沉积相、沉积作用和构造作用等的响应关系,进一步通过基准面旋回层序研究了盆地的充填演化史。     

伊朗Kashan地区古近系库姆组层序地层及盆地演化特征

库姆组沉积时期伊朗Kashan地区为中伊朗盆地库姆盆地东南方向的弧后边缘海盆地,以浅海相的碳酸盐岩和碎屑岩沉积为主.受构造运动与全球海平面旋回变化控制,大部分地区的库姆组形成了5个三级层序S1～S5,上覆上红组底部蒸发岩层,在这5个三级层序之下,盆地沉降中心位置还可见S0a和S0b层序.对格架中层序地层特征的动态演化分析后认为,Kashan地区在库姆组及其上、下地层沉积时期经历了7次重要的地层演化阶段:低水位充填期、初次海侵期、沉降充填期、孤立泻湖期、再次海侵期、构造抬升期、完全孤立期.     

二连盆地层序地层单元统一划分及格架层序地层学

在剖析二连盆地层序地层学研究现存问题的基础上,将构造地层学、成因地层学和层序地层学的理论、方法结合起来,把具有区域对比意义的盆地世代界面和盆地原型界面分别作为一级层序和二级层序的界面,把盆地(或凹陷)原型的每一个裂陷-反转旋回(亚原型)作为三级层序,把沉降-充填单元作为四级层序,尝试在构造-地层格架约束下进行层序地层格架分析,而在层序地层格架约束下进行成因地层格架分析.其优点是既吸取了经典海相层序地层学的等时地层界面、层序旋回和可容空间分析等精髓,又摒弃了不适合陆相裂陷盆地的海平面升降变化及体系域等部分内容,便于建立全盆地统一的层序地层格架,也便于揭示各层序地层单元的沉积特征、沉积演化史和不同构造岩相带的油气成藏条件,有助于提高对有利储集相带和有利储集体分布规律及其区域性差异的认识,进而有助于建立有指导意义的成藏预测模式.通过二连盆地各凹陷的实际分析,建立了可对比的、有规律可循的、统一的分级层序界面系统及层序地层格架.      

鄂尔多斯盆地陇东地区延长组沉积相特征与层序地层分析

晚三叠世鄂尔多斯盆地是一个东缓西陡的不对称坳陷盆地。通过岩心、录井、测井等资料综合研究,识别出陇东地区延长组发育河流、三角洲、浊积扇和湖泊等4种沉积相类型,其中河流沉积和浊积扇发育在湖盆的西缘陡坡带,三角洲则在西缘和东部缘坡均有发育。根据层序地层学原理,将延长组划分出5个三级层序;延长组地层经历过5次大的湖泛,在层序演化上具有早期形成、中期鼎盛、晚期衰退的特点。利用恢复后的原始地层厚度,绘制的陇东地区延长组地层的F ischer图解,与本区5次显著的湖平面上升-下降旋回之间有很好的对应关系,这不仅证实了上述层序地层分析的正确性,同时揭示了F ischer图解在划分地层层序方面的潜在意义。     

川滇黔桂地区泥盆系层序地层分析

根据层序关键界面、体系域叠置关系及内部构型特征,结合生物地层资料,右江盆地泥盆系可划分为17个三级层序,其中下统 7个、中统 5个、上统 5个,包括 9个Ⅰ型层序、8个Ⅱ型层序,代表17次三级相对海平面变化产物。在此基础上,对不同沉积背景的层序进行了对比,建立了相应的层序格架模型。结果表明,不同沉积相带的层序内部构型和成因格架存在一定的差异,但由于海平面变化这一共同因素的影响,它们仍可进行对比和追踪。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘本溪组-太原组层序地层特征

在垂向沉积序列、岩性组合、泥岩样品的地球化学测试、测井响应等综合研究的基础上,在鄂尔多斯盆地东缘本溪组-太原组中识别出区域不整合面、区域构造体制转换面、沉积体制转换面、海侵面等层序界面类型.本溪组-太原组形成于陆表海背景之下,陆表海基底平缓,层序结构大多为二元体系域结构,在构造变动、区域海平面下降及差异性压实作用等因素的控制下形成了以K1砂岩和桥头砂岩为代表的低位体系域河道下切充填.建立了区域层序地层格架以及陆表海背景下的缓坡盆地边缘Ⅰ型层序地层模式和陆表海背景下的缓坡Ⅱ型层序地层模式.     

雪峰山西侧地区中上寒武统——层序地层学特征及层序格架

综合利用沉积学、岩石矿物学、碳同位素地球化学等分析手段,对研究区中-上寒武统层序地层学特征进行了分析。结果表明:中-上寒武统可以划归为1个二级层序和5个三级层序,在二级层序时限范围内,浅水相区经历了由局限台地潮坪→开阔台地→局限台地潮坪的沉积演化,斜坡过渡带则经历了由台地边缘→前缘缓斜坡→台地边缘的演化,研究区东南部的深水相区则由深陆棚→盆地→浅水陆棚组成。三级层序海侵体系域中沉积的颗粒白云岩、叠层石礁以及晚期高水位体系域中形成的溶孔白云岩、岩溶角砾白云岩的层位具有重要的油气勘探潜力,是值得关注和研究的领域。     

贵州威宁哲觉地区上二叠统宣威组露头层序地层

本文运用露头层序地层学方法，以贵州威宁哲觉剖面为基础，首次将该区晚二叠世沉积的陆相煤系地层宣威组划分为两个三级层序，介绍了其层序界面和三类副层序，探讨了层序界面与地层界线之间的关系和层序体系域与煤层聚集之间的关系。     

Facies analysis and depositional environments of the OligoceneeMiocene Asmari Formation,Zagros Basin,Iran

The Asmari Formation(a giant hydrocarbon reservoir)is a thick carbonate sequence of the Oligocenee Miocene in the Zagros Basin,southwest of Iran.This formation is exposed at Tang-e-Lendeh in the Fars interior zone with a thickness of 190 m comprising medium and thick to massive bedded carbonates.The age of the Asmari Formation in the study area is the late Oligocene(Chattian)eearly Miocene(Burdigalian).Ten microfacies are defned,characterizing a gradual shallowing upward trend;the related environments are as follows:open marine(MF 8e10),restricted lagoon(MF 6e7),shoal(MF 3e5),lagoon(MF 2),and tidal fat(MF 1).Based on the environmental interpretations,a homoclinal ramp consisting of inner and middle parts prevails.MF 3e7 are characterized by the occurrence of large and small porcelaneous benthic foraminifera representing a shallow-water setting of an inner ramp,infuenced by wave and tidal processes.MF 8e10,with large particles of coral and algae,represent a deeper fair weather wave base of a middle ramp setting.     

塔里木西部古生代层序地层特征

塔里木西部在古生代地质演化过程中,由于构造活动、海平面升降变化、沉积物供应速率等因素变化,造成了不同形式和不同级别的沉积间断,其产物---不整合面是建立该区层序地层格架的关键。研究区古生代大体经历了(寒武-奥陶纪)海进→(志留-泥盆纪)海退)→(石炭纪)海进→(二叠纪)海退的沉积旋回,形成了特征各异的层序序列。研究表明,其中Ⅰ级不整合面(层序面)有前震旦系顶界面、奥陶系顶界面和古生界顶界面。根据地面剖面、钻井和地震资料以及不整合面的特征和级别,首次在古生界识别出2个Ⅰ级层序、6个Ⅱ级层序和12个Ⅲ级层序。Ⅰ级层序是在不同的构造背景和沉积条件下形成的。Ⅱ级层序尽管特征各异,但一般均有四种基本叠置方式组成,即退积、进积、加积和上超。Ⅲ级层序一般由层序界面、海侵面和最大海泛面所限定的体系域组成,均发育TST和HST,有时出现SMST和LST。不同的体系域和沉积相控制着烃类生储盖层的分布,TST与生油层和储集层的形成有关,而HST多与盖层和储集层的形成有关。     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部山西组高分辨层序地层学研究

依据4个露头剖面、35口井的岩心和302口井的测井资料，按照基准面旋回的原理对鄂尔多斯盆地东北部山西组进行了高分辨率层序地层划分。作为晚古生代长期基准面下降旋回的组成部分，山西组构成一个中期基准面旋回(MSC2)，自下而上划分为五个短期旋回(SSC1、SSC2、SSC3、SSC4、SSC5)；探讨了各短期旋回的层序结构、叠加样式和空间变化；建立了研究区山西组高分辨率层序地层对比格架。通过对基准面旋回期间体积分配和相分异的分析，讨论了短期基准面旋回过程中有利储集砂体的沉积相类型和控制因素；指出中期基准面旋回的早期的短期基准面上升半旋回形成最有利储集砂体，沉积微相为三角洲平原分流河道和三角洲前缘水下分流河道。应用单因素综合作图法，研究了储集砂体的空间展布。     

Sedimentary facies and sequence stratigraphy of the Asmari Formation at Chaman-Bolbol, Zagros Basin, Iran

The Oligocene–Miocene Asmari Formation of the Zagros Basin is a thick sequence of shallow water carbonate. In the study area, it is subdivided into 14 microfacies that are distinguished on the basis of their depositional textures, petrographic analysis and fauna. Based on the paleoecology and lithology, four distinct depositional settings can be recognized: tidal flat, lagoon, barrier, and open marine. The Asmari Formation represents sedimentation on a carbonate ramp. In the inner ramp, the most abundant lithofacies are medium grained wackestone–packstone with imperforated foraminifera. The middle ramp is represented by packstone–grainstone to floatstone with a diverse assemblage of larger foraminifera with perforate wall, red algae, bryozoa, and echinoids. The outer ramp is dominated by argillaceous wackestone characterized by planktonic foraminifera and large and flat nummulitidae and lepidocyclinidae. Three third-order depositional sequences are recognized from deepening and shallowing trends in the depositional facies, changes in cycle stacking patterns, and sequence boundary features.     

山东平邑盆地官中段沉积环境和层序地层特征

本利用古生物、地球化学、岩石学和构造背景等证据证实该区为内陆湖泊沉积环境。然后,主要依据野外露头剖面和钻井地质剖面,对平邑盆地下第三系官中段湖相含膏碳酸盐岩进行了层序地层学的初步研究。根据准层序和层序界面标志,在平邑盆地官中段中识别出四个层序和十二个准层序。每个层序又包括高水位、湖侵和低水位三个体系域。对每个层序和体系域边界的识别标志和沉积特征进行了详细论述,并且建立了湖相含膏碳酸盐层序地层学模     

鄂尔多斯盆地西南部延长组高分辨率层序地层划分

本文基于高分辨率层序地层学及沉积学的相关理论,以汭水河剖面、42口井的岩心资料以及97口井的测井资料为依据,对鄂尔多斯盆地西南部延长组进行了层序地层划分。结果显示,研究区内的延长组可划分为4个长期旋回,11个中期旋回。四次长期旋回的最大湖泛面位置分别对应于长9、长7、长4+5及长1油层组。研究发现盆地西南部地区延长组主要的旋回结构样式包括A/S小于1时,以上升半旋回为主的非对称结构;A/S接近1时,上升和下降旋回均保存完整的对称型结构及A/S大于1时,以下降半旋回为主的非对称结构。从南北向和东西向层序地层年代格架剖面分析可以发现,研究区内延长组内部不存在大型的或者区域性的沉积间断和不整合面,研究区延长组上部由于后期的构造抬升作用而被剥蚀,与上覆侏罗系呈假整合接触。     

西藏江孜盆地的层序地层分析与沉积充填演化

在区域性盆地研究的基础上,通过对沙拉岗锑 (金 )矿区沉积相与层序地层分析,初步识别出Ⅰ类和Ⅱ类不同性质的层序界面,划分出 8个三级层序,包括 2个Ⅰ类层序和 6个Ⅱ类层序,所有层序均具有清晰的三分结构。将江孜盆地斜坡背景的沉积充填演化划分为四个阶段:相对陡的陆源斜坡阶段、相对平缓的陆源斜坡阶段、硅质海底扇阶段、陆源海底扇阶段