吉林省中部半山区降水相态特征及温度预报指标初探

本文以吉林省辽源站为代表,并选取辽源市2008-2012年降水、高空和地面实况观测资料,分析研究吉林省中部半山区降水相态(指雨或雨夹雪转雪,下同)的影响系统及温度变化特征,结果表明:500h Pa低涡槽(包括低槽)、850h Pa切变或低涡槽、地面气旋(蒙古气旋、华北气旋)等影响系统共同作用是辽源市雨雪相变天气过程的典型形势,但低层系统对降水相态的影响较高层系统更为明显。分析降水相态的温度变化特征得出雨或雨夹雪转雪时的温度阈值和预报指标为:T700≤-5℃;T850≤-1℃;T地面≤1℃。     

潍坊地区初春一次罕见大暴雪天气的诊断分析

利用常规观测资料、FY–2E卫星TBB资料和NCEP/NCAR 1°×1°的6 h再分析资料,对2010年2月28日山东潍坊大暴雪过程进行动力学、热力学诊断和中尺度分析。结果表明：此次潍坊大暴雪是由西风槽、低涡、切变线及地面气旋等共同影响产生的;低空急流为暴雪区带来源源不断的水汽输送;风速风向辐合使大量水汽在暴雪区汇集,并使其产生强烈的上升运动,配合能量锋区导致不稳定能量释放;垂直螺旋度正值中心的位置和强度与暴雪强度和落区有很好的对应关系;雷达回波能很好指示短时降水的强弱和落区;中尺度对流云团范围和强度的不断变化对判断暴雪的发生发展有重要的指导作用。     

低层温度平流对华北雨雪天气过程的降水相态影响分析

利用常规地面、探空观测资料、NCEP FNL和GFS分析资料,通过对2012年11月3—4日华北地区雨雪天气过程的降水相态特征进行分析,发现涡旋外围的雨雪分界线基本与925 hPa的0℃等温线和925 hPa偏北与偏南风的流线辐合线相吻合;而涡旋中心附近的雨雪分界线则存在从涡旋西北象限向涡旋中心逆时针旋转的特征。气旋发展初期,降雪主要集中在850 hPa低涡的东北偏北象限到西北象限之间,低涡的东南象限为降雨。随着气旋强度增强,低层冷平流导致低涡西南象限温度下降,降雪落区逐渐沿气旋西侧的流场向南发展,最终呈现出气旋形状的分布特征。雨雪相态的转变取决于整个对流层低层(850~950 hPa)的温度平流状况。当900~850 hPa或者950~900 hPa出现较强暖平流时,即使其他层次存在明显冷平流,降水相态仍然可能以雨为主。低层涡旋西侧的西北冷平流是造成降雪的最重要原因,当低层气流转变为偏东风后,冷平流消失,降水相态转变为雨。     

影响东北的北上温带气旋暴雪的统计特征

利用2000-2016年常规观测、台站降水资料和NCEP的1°×1°再分析资料,对影响东北的北上温带气旋暴雪进行了统计研究。根据500 hPa环流形势分为低涡型、浅槽型和深槽型暴雪,并对这三种类型暴雪的气旋路径、强度变化、降水分布、水汽输送和热动力特征进行了详细分析。结果表明:低涡型和深槽型暴雪气旋路径为东北路,浅槽型暴雪气旋路径偏东,各类暴雪的气旋强度变化和降水分布因路径不同而有所差异;降雪最强时,低涡型和深槽型暴雪700和850 hPa都有低涡,浅槽型暴雪700 hPa为低槽。低涡型和深槽型暴雪中水汽通量散度辐合区与低层低涡气旋性闭合环流引起的辐合密切相关。浅槽型暴雪的水汽辐合源于槽前辐合;低涡型和深槽型暴雪发生在假相当位温暖舌中,浅槽型暴雪发生在较平直的假相当位温场中,深槽型和浅槽型暴雪的锋区要强于低涡型暴雪。降雪最强时,低涡型暴雪有1支高空急流,深槽型暴雪有2支高空急流,浅槽型暴雪高空急流有1支或2支。三类暴雪中心都位于北支高空急流入口区右侧或南支高空急流出口区左侧的位置。综合统计结果提出影响东北的北上温带气旋暴雪概念模型。     

山西中部一次暴雪天气过程分析

利用常规气象观测资料和NCEP全球再分析资料,对2013年4月19日出现在山西中部的一次暴雪天气过程进行了综合分析。结果表明:高原槽、低空低涡切变线、地面回流以及河套气旋等的共同存在为暴雪天气提供了有利的流型配置;700 h Pa西南急流、850 h Pa偏东南急流和925 h Pa偏东急流为此次暴雪天气提供了强的水汽输送和补充;500 h Pa偏西北急流和850 h Pa偏东北强气流耦合加强,且高层正涡度输送以及低层辐合、高层辐散的倾斜垂直结构使得上升运动加强,触发低层不稳定能量释放,导致暴雪天气的发生。低层和近地层温度变化、0℃层高度下降、逆温层增厚以及垂直风切变加大是判断此次降水过程相态变化和降雪强度增强的重要指标。     

一次晚春暴雪天气成因分析

利用常规气象观测资料、山东省123个自动站资料及NCEP1°×1°再分析资料,对2013年4月19—20日山东晚春极端暴雪天气过程的成因进行分析,重点分析了产生暴雪的温度条件。结果表明:前期气温偏低是晚春暴雪发生的气候背景,回流天气形势为暴雪发生提供了天气背景,低空西南风急流和山东北部纬向切变线是导致暴雪发生的直接原因。回流型暴雪天气过程的水汽及水汽的辐合均集中于700~500hPa。高低空急流的动力耦合以及与纬向切变线相应的对流层中的正涡度柱为暴雪的产生提供了动力条件。回流暴雪发生在对流稳定性大气中,暴雪区上空有θse能量锋锋生。受阻于太行山东麓的东北风形成的冷池,是气温骤降的温度环境背景,暴雪发生前,存在于850~700hPa冷空气团中的弱下沉运动导致了0℃等温线呈"漏斗状"向下延伸,造成了暴雪区地面气温的骤降,是降水相态由雨迅速转为雪的直接原因。0℃等温线呈"漏斗状"向下延伸区对未来降水相态由雨转雪区和暴雪出现区有指示意义。     

贵州高原北侧锢囚锋上一次低涡形成过程

利用常规观测资料、地面加密自动站降水资料、多普勒天气雷达资料以及NCEP1°×1°再分析资料对2017年5月22—25日一次偏北路径冷空气影响下贵州高原北侧低涡的形成机制进行探讨。结果表明:(1)地形导致冷空气回流形成地形锢囚,锢囚锋上有低涡产生,位于地面至850 h Pa的大气低层,属于暖性浅薄中-β尺度系统;(2)低涡维持2 d,降水产生在低涡中心附近,雨强不大;(3)中高层波动强迫低层涡度发展而使低涡维持;当中高层转为西北气流时,涡度发展受抑制且冷空气侵入低涡而使其减弱消亡;(4)低涡形成过程可分为地形回流、锢囚发展和减弱消亡3个阶段,与西南低涡及锋面气旋在形成机制、降水落区和强度等方面存在明显差异。     

一次华北气旋造成北京特大暴雪天气过程分析

利用北京延庆站和海淀站风廓线产品、微波辐射计产品、北京市雷达产品(南郊和车道沟)、北京市58个称重雨量站观测资料、FY-2E卫星云图、常规气象资料综合分析2012年11月3到4日北京暴雪天气过程。分析表明：降水相态(雨、雪)由华北气旋的锋面性质和锋面位置决定;过程雨雪量由气旋的强度、持续时间和水汽通道维持时间决定;风廓线和微波辐射计产品资料在雨雪开始时间、雨雪相态转换方面有明显的指示性作用。     

三门峡市回流形势下“雷打雪”天气的物理成因

利用高空与地面观测资料、1°×1°的NCEP再分析资料和多普勒雷达资料,从天气形势、物理量场和回波演变特征等方面对三门峡市2013年2月3日回流形势下"雷打雪"天气过程进行了分析。结果表明:500 hPa和700 hPa的低槽是这次暴雪伴雷电天气过程的主要影响系统,地面倒槽与回流冷空气的共同作用是造成此次过程对流发展旺盛的直接原因。地面温度对降水相态的变化有明显的指示意义:在降水相态转变前的1 h内的纯雨阶段,地面温度基本维持在1~2℃之间;在降水相态转变时,地面温度会降至0℃及以下;在固态及固液态混合降水期间,地面温度基本维持不变。逆温层及"上干冷、下暖湿"的垂直结构是判定此次不稳定能量强度的重要依据。雷达风廓线资料显示出此次过程中雷电活动发生在低层冷暖平流交汇处、风切变逐渐加大时,随着风速切变的稳定,以及暖平流的向上扩展,雷电活动结束。     

辽宁地区雨雪转换天气的判别和分析北大核心

利用2011—2020年辽宁地区逐小时地面观测数据和定时高空观测数据,统计分析纯雪、雨雪转换两类降水天气特征。结果表明,辽宁地区2011—2020年雨雪转换日数与纯雪日数比值为1∶5,沿海地区多于内陆,雨雪转换时主要有5种天气类型:空中槽型、北上气旋型、低涡切变型、冷平流型、回流型,其中,空中槽型雨雪转换日数最多,占总日数的42.8%;冷平流型和回流型相对较少,分别占9.4%和7.8%。地面2 m气温、0℃层高度、抬升凝结高度、抬升凝结高度气温与地面2 m气温差、700~850 hPa位势高度差、850~1000 hPa位势高度差等6个气象因子对鉴定辽宁地区降水相态有一定参考意义。利用高分辨的欧洲细网格资料对2021年2月28日雨雪天气过程的降水相态进行诊断分析,结果表明,雨雪相态的转变对对流层低层温度平流非常敏感,0℃层高度、冰雪层厚度、粒子降落行程与降水相态之间关系密切;当0℃层高度降低(由920 hPa到950 hPa),云中冰雪层增厚(由430 hPa增至530 hPa),液态水层变薄(由20 hPa到10 hPa),云中冰雪物下落到地面的行程缩短(由780 m降至410 m),下落环境温度降低(由3.5℃到0.5℃),降水相态由雨转换为雨夹雪或雪。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Retrieval of outgoing longwave radiation from COMS narrowband infrared imagery

Hourly outgoing longwave radiation(OLR) from the geostationary satellite Communication Oceanography Meteorological Satellite(COMS) has been retrieved since June 2010. The COMS OLR retrieval algorithms are based on regression analyses of radiative transfer simulations for spectral functions of COMS infrared channels. This study documents the accuracies of OLRs for future climate applications by making an intercomparison of four OLRs from one single-channel algorithm(OLR12.0using the 12.0 μm channel) and three multiple-channel algorithms(OLR10.8+12.0using the 10.8 and 12.0 μm channels; OLR6.7+10.8using the 6.7 and 10.8 μm channels; and OLR All using the 6.7, 10.8, and 12.0 μm channels). The COMS OLRs from these algorithms were validated with direct measurements of OLR from a broadband radiometer of the Clouds and Earth's Radiant Energy System(CERES) over the full COMS field of view [roughly(50°S–50°N, 70°–170°E)] during April 2011.Validation results show that the root-mean-square errors of COMS OLRs are 5–7 W m-2, which indicates good agreement with CERES OLR over the vast domain. OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All have much smaller errors(～ 6 W m-2) than OLR12.0and OLR10.8+12.0(～ 8 W m-2). Moreover, the small errors of OLR6.7+10.8and OLR All are systematic and can be readily reduced through additional mean bias correction and/or radiance calibration. These results indicate a noteworthy role of the6.7 μm water vapor absorption channel in improving the accuracy of the OLRs. The dependence of the accuracy of COMS OLRs on various surface, atmospheric, and observational conditions is also discussed.