植物属性地理的研究进展与展望

植物属性地理学是植物地理学的一个新兴研究方向,研究植物属性的地理分布规律。目前与植物属性地理相关的研究热点主要集中在植物属性的多尺度表达、植物属性的权衡关系和属性多样性与生态系统功能三个方面。比叶面积、叶干物质含量、叶氮含量、种子质量、植物高度、茎密度是最受关注的植物属性。植物属性需要在植物个体水平上进行测量,然后基于群落内物种相对优势度的加权平均上推到群落水平。植物属性权衡关系主要包括叶片经济型谱及属性与环境因子之间的权衡关系研究。全球植物属性数据库的丰富与共享,推动着植物属性地理学的蓬勃发展。当前的植物属性空间连续分布主要利用全球属性数据库和空间统计建模方法实现,但借助激光扫描和成像光谱技术直接对区域植物功能属性进行空间制图正成为植物属性地理学空间计算的新方法。植物属性的空间格局分析是植物属性地理学的重要内容之一,不仅有助于解释植物物种的适应性与分布、群落构建等问题,而且为预测全球气候变化对植物的影响提供了依据。用植物属性代替物种可以更好地解释植物分布和植物对环境适应的生理机制,所以在全球植被模型研究中开始尝试将基于物种的植被动态模型发展为基于属性的植被动态模型,这将会给全球变化下碳循环过程的模拟和陆面模式带来新的机遇和挑战。展望未来,植物属性地理学仍然需要发展新的研究手段,深化全球植物属性的空间分异规律及其与环境因子之间的关系研究,以及完善全球和区域植物属性数据库建设。     

Biogeographical patterns of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi diversity in China's grasslands

Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi(AMF) are universally mutualistic symbionts that colonize the fine roots of most vascular plants. However, the biogeographical patterns and driving factors of AMF diversity of plant roots in grasslands are not well investigated. In this study, we used high-throughput sequencing techniques and bioinformatics to evaluate the AMF richness of 333 individual plant roots in 21 natural grassland ecosystems in northern China, including the Loess Plateau(LP), the Mongolian Plateau(MP), and the Tibetan Plateau(TP). The AMF richness showed a significant parabolic trend with increasing longitude. In regional situations, the AMF richness in the grasslands of the MP(60.4 ± 1.47) was significantly higher than those of the LP(46.4 ± 1.43) and TP(44.3 ± 1.64). Plant traits(including plant families, genera, and functional groups) explained the most variation in the AMF richness across China's grasslands, followed by energy and water; soil properties had the least effects. The results showed the biogeographical patterns of the AMF richness and the underlying dominant factors, providing synthetic data compilation and analyses in the AMF diversity in China's grasslands.     

A basic assessment of residential plant diversity and its ecosystem services and disservices in Beijing,China

About 52% of the world's population now lives in urban areas, and 41% of urban land in developed countries is used for residential areas. The amount and quality of residential green space, an important element in urban residential infrastructure, is closely correlated to city dwellers' quality of life. The quality of green spaces is not only closely correlated to the ecosystem services they provide, but also to their disservices. In order to (i) examine how plant diversity and plant traits vary in different residential areas, (ii) determine the main socio-economic factors driving plant trait variations across different residential areas, and (iii) provide an overview on selected ecosystem services and disservices related to plant diversity, we investigated the flora and socio-economic properties of 83 residential areas in Beijing, China. We found a total of 369 plant species belonging to 99 families and 150 genera. With respect to plant traits, there were 90 annual species, 174 alien species, 169 pollen allergenic species, and 133 species with edible or pharmaceutical value. The number of perennial, alien, ornamental and edible plant species was largest in residential areas completed in the 1990s. The number of allergenic species was highest in residential areas completed prior to 1980. The Simpson, Shannon and Pielou indices for trees and shrubs were highest in areas completed in the 1990s, while those same indices for herbs were highest in residential areas completed prior to 1980. General Linear Model analyses revealed that richness increased with increasing housing price across all groups of species. Principal Component Analysis indicated that housing price and floor-area ratio are the variables that positively correlate with species richness for all groups of species.     

科尔沁沙地植物多样性对生产力的影响及分布格局

采用种丰富度和以Shannon-Wiener指数为计算方法的功能多样性和组成多样性为指标,探讨了植物多样性对科尔沁沙地草场生产力的影响以及其分布格局特征。结果表明,科尔沁沙地植被不同的物种多样性指数对系统生产力的影响以组成多样性最大,功能多样性次之,植物种丰富度最小。在小尺度上,组成多样性只存在一种格局且具有分形结构,其格局对干扰过程反应不明显;功能多样性有多种格局存在,对多种干扰过程反应敏感。从提高沙地草场生产力和增强系统的稳定性角度出发,草场改良的依据应建立在种的引进和引进种所产生的组成多样性上。     

甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠湿地植物群落物种多样性特征研究

 基于375个样方和150条样线的调查,对甘肃敦煌西湖荒漠-湿地生态系统植物群落物种多样性进行了研究。结果表明:①区内共记录植物26种,分属16科24属,芦苇（Phragmites australis）、多枝柽柳（Tamarix ramosissima）和胡杨（Populus euphratica）为绝对优势种,苏枸杞（Lycium ruthenicum）、疏叶骆驼刺（Alhagi sparsifolia）和胀果甘草（Glycyrrhiza inflata）为主要伴生种,其平均重要值依次为0.4728、0.4563、0.4342、0.2908、0.2594和0.2455。植物群落分多枝柽柳群落、胡杨群落、胀果甘草群落、疏叶骆驼刺群落、多枝柽柳沙包群落、苏枸杞群落、芦苇沼泽群落和芦苇群落8个类型。②植物群落物种多样性指数偏低（0.784～1.379）,多枝柽柳群落、胡杨群落和芦苇群落物种多样性指数最大（1.379、1.266和1.194）,群落之间差异显著（P＜0.05）;疏叶骆驼刺群落和苏枸杞群落次之（1.154、1.077）,胀果甘草群落、芦苇沼泽和多枝柽柳沙包群落最低（0.919、0.881、0.784）,各群落之间不存在显著差异。③灌（乔）木层是敦煌西湖植被主要层次,灌（乔）木层物种多样性指数（0.549～1.077）大于草本层（0.052～1.038）。④物种多样性指标H′、D、J和Ma随海拔梯度增加基本均显下降趋势,而指数C变化趋势则相反,表现为上升,均匀度指数变化幅度不显著。⑤物种多样性指标H′、D、J和Ma随经纬度升高变化趋势基本一致,均表现为先下降,后上升,再下降,而优势度指数C变化趋势则相反。     

云南喀斯特退化天坑木本植物功能性状变异特征及适应策略

以云南省沾益自然保护区内典型而宏大的喀斯特中度退化天坑——深陷塘为例,分析了该天坑地下森林的34种木本植物的8个功能性状的变异程度,并从种内和种间水平进一步探究功能性状变异与科类群、生活型、生长型和生态因子的关系及土壤因子对植物性状变异的解释效应。结果表明：天坑地下森林内分布的木本植物具有叶厚度大、比叶面积较小、叶干物质含量较高的特点;灌木植物性状种间变异普遍小于乔木,植物性状变异程度在常绿和落叶间相差不大,大部分叶性状的种内种间变异大于小枝性状;天坑内植物性状的平均种内变异系数达23.45%,相较于其他非喀斯特区域的植被类型,其性状种内变异幅度较低,表明喀斯特天坑区域的植物具有较小的形态可塑性;土壤养分是决定样地尺度上群落性状变异的主导环境因素,但物种系统发育历史及其生活史特性也是该地带性植被功能性状变异的内生动力。综上,表明天坑地下森林的木本植物物种在长期演化过程中,其功能性状及其变异程度受非生物环境因素、系统发育过程、生活史策略等的综合影响。研究结果可为负地形的喀斯特天坑的物种避难所价值提供材料和证据,为提升云南高原喀斯特生态脆弱区和自然保护区生态系统服务功能、科学开展天坑外部区域和地带性植被的生态恢复工作提供科学支撑。     

不同尺度生态学中植物叶性状研究概述

植物叶性状与植物个体、群落、生态系统功能的基本行为和功能具有密切相关性,可反映植物适应环境变化所形成的生存对策。目前有关叶性状的研究非常多,从不同尺度（个体尺度、功能群尺度、群落尺度和区域及全球尺度）对叶的性状进行了研究。个体尺度叶性状的研究着重于揭示单个或多个植物种叶性状对不同环境因子（如温度、土壤水分等）的响应;不同功能群之间植物性状的分异表明环境因子对功能群而言存在选择压力（如低氮）,但在功能群内部,选择压力较弱;随群落结构的改变,群落叶性状平均值和建群种叶性状均存在显著变化;大尺度（区域和全球）的研究有助于定量化阐述叶性状分异规律及其与气候等环境因子之间的相关性。目前的研究没有从机理上阐述清楚植物叶性状对环境因子的响应、群落构建过程中植物叶性状的指示作用、叶性状分异的生物地理格局等,在未来的研究中应予以更多关注。     

新疆阜康市景观多样性模拟对空间尺度的响应

许多多样性模型仅注重模拟多样性单一方面的信息,忽略了空间尺度因素的作用。比较分析不同模型对空间尺度变化的响应是开展多尺度生态多样性模拟和评估的基础。本文以新疆维吾尔自治区阜康市为案例区,运用7个生态多样性模型对景观元多样性进行了模拟。分析模拟结果发现:①随着空间分辨率的粗化,景观元均匀性方面的多样性变化幅度大于丰富性;②Shannon多样性和Turner多样性在较小的空间尺度上具有一定的规律性;③Whit-taker模型和Margalef模型单纯考虑景观元类型数相对于个体数的变化,景观元类型数对后者贡献更大,前者模拟结果的规律性明显优于后者;④Mladenoff模型和Scaling生态多样性模型综合考虑了景观元多样性的两个方面,但景观元类型数对前者的影响更大,其模拟结果缺乏规律性;Scaling生态多样性模型同时考虑了空间尺度因素的作用,模拟结果具有很好的规律性,更适于多尺度生态多样性的模拟与评估。     

科尔沁沙地植物功能性状的尺度变异及关联

调查了科尔沁沙地流动沙丘、半固定沙丘和固定沙丘18个样地的物种组成,测定了28种植物的叶面积(LA)、比叶面积(SLA)和叶干物质含量(LDMC)等3个植物功能性状,并用性状梯度分析法对3个功能性状在群落水平上的变化进行了分解,研究了沙丘固定过程中的植物功能性状的尺度变异及其与生境变化的关系。结果表明:(1)随着沙丘的固定,群落平均LA逐渐增大,群落平均SLA及LDMC在半固定沙丘上最小;(2)群落平均SLA的生态位宽度随着沙丘固定程度依次减小,流动、半固定沙丘植物群落的适应能力较固定沙丘更强;(3)沙丘固定过程中物种性状值的变化与群落内共生植物种性状间变异的关联相比于群落间性状的变异更密切。沙丘固定导致了物种LA与LDMC较强的正相关关系,两性状在群落间的依赖性比群落内的强。物种在群落内和群落间采取不同的策略来适应沙丘固定过程生境的变化。     

旅游对武夷山景区灌木林物种多样性及其根系生物量的影响

采用对比样方调查法对武夷山旅游区内的武夷宫、大红袍、龙川瀑布和天游峰4个典型景区灌木林物种多样性指数、均匀度和丰富度指数、植被盖度及根系生物量等指标进行了调查与分析,并对旅游活动对灌木林的影响机理进行了探讨.结果表明:旅游活动对景区灌木林物种多样性指数具有显著影响(Shannon-weiner均匀度指数除外),对林下根系生物量虽有影响,但影响不显著.干扰区的灌木林物种多样性指数、盖度、总根系及细根生物量均小于非干扰区.4景区灌木林的干扰变化率依次为:物种多样性指数为武夷宫>天游峰>龙川瀑布>大红袍,盖度为大红袍>武夷宫>天游峰>龙川瀑布.总根系生物量为天游峰>大红袍>龙川瀑布>武夷宫,细根生物量为天游峰>龙川瀑布>武夷宫>大红袍.     

Is the analysis of plant community structure better than common species-diversity indices for assessing the effects of livestock grazing on a Mediterranean arid ecosystem?

Grazing in arid Mediterranean ecosystems brings about changes in species diversity, but the best way to measure such changes is unclear. In this study we compared various methods in order to identify indicators that might be useful for the management and conservation of grazed arid Mediterranean ecosystems.Changes in community structure and composition were compared along a previously studied grazing gradient in Cabo de Gata-Nijar Natural Park. Plant diversity was measured by calculating diversity (Shannon information index), evenness (Pielou index) and richness (species number). Rarefaction curves were used to measure plant species richness and the results were compared with traditional richness values. Community structure was measured as the percentage of bare ground and the coverage of overall perennial grasses, Stipa tenacissima L., perennial shrubs and annual plants. Our results showed that the proportion of bare ground, the cover of perennial shrubs and the relative abundance of S. tenacissima are good indicators of grazing effects on vegetation. Overall plant community structure was more sensitive to the grazing gradient than were the diversity indices. Finally, the adequacy of standardized methods for comparing species richness (i.e. rarefaction curves) along a grazing gradient are discussed.     

土地利用分类对景观格局指数的影响

基于景观格局指数的空间格局分析是当前景观生态学研究的重要基础内容,不仅数据源准确度、尺度效应显著影响景观格局指数,土地利用类型划分也对景观格局指数具有显著影响,但我们对这种影响的总体理解尚很缺乏。本研究选取24种常用景观格局指数,以深圳市宝安区为试验区,探讨景观格局指数随土地利用分类系统变化的基本规律。研究结果表明,土地利用分类对景观格局指数的确具有显著影响。而根据景观格局指数对土地利用类型数目变化响应的可预测性,可将其分为三类：① 第一类指数随土地利用分类系统变化的可预测性强,能用简单函数关系 (对数函数关系、S形曲线、反比曲线关系) 来表达,包括斑块数目、斑块密度、边界密度、平均斑块面积、景观形状指数、平均斑块形状指数、周长面积比分维数、平均斑块分维数、聚合度、Shannon多样性指数、Simpson多样性指数和修改Simpson多样性指数;② 第二类指数随土地利用分类系统变化可预测性较差,表现为典型的分段 (或阶梯形) 变化,存在多种可能 (S形曲线、直线、反比曲线与复合曲线关系),包括斑块面积标准差、斑块面积变异系数、最大斑块指数、面积加权平均斑块形状指数、面积加权平均斑块分维数、分离度和斑块结合度;③ 第三类指数由于在度量相关空间格局特征时考虑了土地利用类型数多少的影响,随土地利用分类系统变化呈无规律变化,难以用一种简单函数或分段函数来预测其变化行为,包括蔓延度、Shannon均匀度指数、Simpson均匀度指数、修改Simpson均匀度指数和优势度指数。这些指数随土地利用分类系统变化的变化规律,使试验区不同时期、不同土地利用分类系统下的空间格局比较成为可能。     

荒漠草地植物多样性对肥料添加的响应

选择古尔班通古特沙漠南缘典型丘间低地荒漠草地,采用完全随机区组设计,通过设置8个肥料添加处理（CK、N、P、K、NP、NK、PK、NPK）,研究了荒漠草地植物多样性对不同肥料添加处理的响应,得出以下结论:（1）研究区植被丰富度指数在P、NP、PK肥添加的作用下显著增加,而其余处理对其影响不显著, NK处理使研究区植被丰富度指数下降;多度指数在不同肥料添加下表现出与丰富度指数相同的特征;（2）不同施肥处理对荒漠草地的生物多样性有不同程度的影响:P肥、NP肥的添加使Simpson指数、Shannon-Weiner指数和Pielou指数与对照（CK）相比显著增加（p＜0.05）,表明P肥添加、NP肥添加是增加新疆荒漠草地生物多样性的有效措施;（3）植被丰富度指数在年际间的变化表现为:2009年开始施肥,2010年丰富度指数下降,2012年丰富度指数上升,即随着施肥时间的推移,同一块样地丰富度指数呈先下降后增加的趋势,均匀度指数随时间呈上升趋势。     

水热条件共同驱动新疆湿地植物丰富度空间分布格局

在地理空间尺度上,气候因素（如热量、降水量等）一直被认为是物种多样性的主要驱动因素。然而,气候因素能否解释湿地植物多样性格局仍不清楚。研究探讨了环境因素尤其水分和热量条件对湿地物种分布的影响,具体包括经度、纬度、海拔、年平均降水量、年平均气温、年平均蒸发量和年平均日照时数总计7个指标,研究对象涉及新疆3个二级流域的26处湿地公园,应用结构方程模型分析了各指标对湿地植物丰富度影响的相对大小及其相互作用关系。另外,还利用莫兰指数（Moran’s I）对各变量残差进行了空间相关性分析,以评估空间相关性的影响。结果表明：（1）结构方程模型总计解释了41.8%的物种丰富度变异,以年平均降水量对物种丰富度总效应最高,为0.47,其次是年平均日照时数,为-0.42,其中年平均降水量为正效应,年平均日照时数为负效应。其他各指标对物种丰富度的效应均不显著。（2）年平均降水量对植物丰富度的影响主要表现为直接效应,占总效应的92.86%,年平均日照时数对植物丰富度的影响主要是间接效应,占总效应的54.76%。（3）空间相关性分析表明年平均降水量和年平均日照时数的残差均不存在空间相关性,莫兰指数在-0.15～...     

Heterogeneity as a measure of spatial pattern for monitoring agricultural landscapes

The Norwegian monitoring programme for agricultural landscapes is a sample-based programme that aims to document the current state and patterns of change in the agricultural landscape for the entire country. For this broad geographical coverage an indicator approach is the most cost-effective methodology. Landscape metrics are used as indicators in the monitoring programme based on the assumed importance of landscape composition and spatial pattern for a number of countryside interests. However, although indicators have been used successfully over a long period of time in various disciplines, their use in landscape monitoring is relatively new and there is little empirical data with which to assess their validity. This paper provides information on the performance of landscape diversity and landscape heterogeneity indices as estimated by specific biodiversity measures. Preliminary results show increasing numbers of breeding bird species and numbers of vascular plant species with increasing landscape diversity and heterogeneity, two indices that capture information on landscape content and structure. Overall, the heterogeneity index provided a better surrogate for species richness than the diversity index.     

玉龙雪山植物物种多样性和群落结构沿海拔梯度的分布格局

生物多样性沿海拔梯度的变化是多样性环境梯度格局研究中的一个热点问题。在对滇西北玉龙雪山2 900 m~4 200 m间沿海拔梯度进行的群落调查基础上,对植物物种多样性和群落结构的垂直分异格局进行了分析。结果表明:1)在16个样地中共记录植物物种261种,分属78科,158属,其中木本植物36种,灌木植物71种,草本154种。2)沿海拔梯度,森林群落的最大树高、最大胸径、平均树高和平均胸径等群落结构指标均呈单峰分布格局。3)随着海拔的升高。木本和草本的物种丰富度,先增加后下降;而灌木层的物种丰富度随着海拔的上升呈明显下降格局。4)木本层和灌木层的β多样性(Cody指数)随海拔升高,总体呈减小趋势,而草本层β多样性显示出单峰分布的垂直格局。     

科尔沁沙地中南部34种植物叶功能性状及其相互关系

以科尔沁沙地中南部34种主要植物为研究对象,分别测定叶片鲜重(FW)、干重(DW)、干物质含量(LDMC)、面积(LA)和比叶面积(SLA),比较不同生活型(一二年生草本、多年生草本、灌木)和功能型(C₃、C₄植物)的叶片性状的差异性,探讨沙地植物叶片性状相互之间的内在联系及其对环境的适应性。结果表明:一二年生草本的LDMC(0.23 g·g^-1)显著小于多年生草本(0.31 g·g^-1)和灌木(0.32 g·g^-1);而一二年生草本的SLA(22.14 m²·kg^-1)显著大于多年生草本(17.18 m²·kg^-1)和灌木(13.41 m²·kg^-1)。一二年生和多年生C₄植物的LDMC显著大于C₃植物;多年生C₄植物SLA显著大于C₃植物;C₃植物的LDMC表现为一二年生草本<多年生<灌木。沙地植物的叶鲜重、叶干重和叶面积三者间极显著正相关,植物叶干重与SLA显著负相关;C₄植物和多年生植物叶干重与SLA显著负相关。沙地不同生活型、功能型植物叶片的功能性状差异明显,沙地灌木和多年生植物能够较强的适应干旱环境,一二年生草本则具有较强的保持体内营养和获取土壤资源的能力。     

Palaeolimnological records of shallow lake biodiversity change: exploring the merits of single versus multi-proxy approaches

Shallow lakes are among the most threatened ecosystems in the world and many contemporary studies have demonstrated declines in biodiversity due to anthropogenic forcing. Mostly, however, these studies have not covered the full period of human-induced diversity change in lakes which is typically over decades-centuries. Here we provide two examples of palaeoecological studies focussed on reconstructing biodiversity changes in contrasting shallow lake environments that demonstrate the efficacy of the approach—a shallow UK lake and a suite of floodplain lakes (called billabongs) in the Murray-Darling basin, Australia. In the Murray-Darling billabongs, complex sedimentary processes operate, sediment chronologies are less certain and replication of sites is needed to confirm patterns. The combination of sediment records from 10 billabongs showed that diatom diversity changes pre- and post-European (>1850) disturbance were inconsistent; however, reductions in diversity were more common and appear to reflect reductions in macrophyte abundance. At Felbrigg Lake, a multi-proxy study with strong chronological control demonstrated divergent responses of macrophyte, diatom, cladoceran and chironomid richness and diversity to a century of eutrophication. Eutrophication of the site was qualitatively inferred from changes in the macrophyte community in turn reconstructed from plant macrofossils. Benthic cladocerans showed a consistent decline in richness through the record, reflecting the gradual reduction in their macrophyte associated habitat over the past century. Diatom richness and diversity responses were complex, with increases in diversity and richness linked to both increases and decreases in macrophyte species richness and abundance. Chironomid richness and diversity patterns were less consistently linked to eutrophication. The loss of the dominant zooplanktivore (perch) in the 1970s was reflected in the richness and diversity profiles for all groups. Our study reveals clear potential for using sediment cores to infer biodiversity change in shallow lakes and shallow lake regions. However, given the contrasting patterns of diversity change for the different biological groups both in Felbrigg Lake and between Felbrigg and the billabongs, caution is required when interpreting whole-ecosystem biodiversity changes (or the absence of change) based on single as opposed to multi-proxy studies.     

Community succession along a chronosequence of vegetation restoration on sand dunes in Horqin Sandy Land

Species diversity influences plant community structure and function. This paper examines the patterns and dynamics of species diversity along a chronosequence of vegetation recovery on sand dunes in a semi-arid region to assess the probability of vegetation recovery via succession, and provides some implications for revegetation practices in this region. Species richness and diversity indices gradually increased with succession, except for a decline in the community of 18 years, which is attributed to the strong dominance of Artemisia halodendron. In each stage of the restoration process, there was a dominant species with particular life history traits which contribute to the dominance of this species. Species replacement and habitat changes were the main drivers of succession, while plant species and community succession drove the process of vegetation recovery. Results showed that restoration via succession holds promise for vegetation recovery and desertification control within protected, fenced enclosures.     

皖江滩地杨树抑螺防病林下植物多样性分析

以时空互代的方法,对皖江段滩地不同林龄的杨树人工林林下植物多样性进行了调查。结果表明:①杨树人工林林下以草本植物为主,居于前4位的优势科分别是菊科(9种)、禾本科(6种)、豆科(5种)、蓼科(5种),优势种以萝藦、菱叶鹿藿、无辣蓼、葎草为主。木本植物有桑科桑树、蔷薇科野蔷薇;②滩地造林后,林下植物的丰富度、多样性指数、均匀度指数均高于无林滩地上以芦苇为主的群落;③随着人工林林龄的增加,多样性指数表现出了先降低后上升的趋势,3年生的人工林丰富度(S)、多样性指数(D,H′)最高,20年生的人工林均匀度指数最高。滩地造林后植物多样性有一定程度增加,但成林后植物多样性又逐年减少。