城市下垫面空气动力学参数的估算

为了定量描述北京城市下垫面的空气动力学特征,为模式提供准确的下垫面参数.利用气象塔大气湍流观测资料,结合Martano(2000)由单层超声风速、温度资料估算非均匀下垫面空气动力学参数的方法,计算了中国科学院大气物理研究所气象塔附近的下垫面空气动力粗糙度z0和零平面位移d,即z0为1.75 m和d为40.12 m.该结果与前人研究成果的比较结果表明最近的8年内,该处的零平面位移和空气动力粗糙度明显增大,这与该塔周围城市建设状况吻合.     

典型特大城市下垫面空气动力学特征参数的计算与分析研究

基于2012年12月—2013年11月上海徐家汇气象铁塔风和湍流观测资料及铁塔周边500m半径范围(平均建筑高度为39.5 m)下垫面信息,分别利用温度方差方法、风速标准差方法、涡度相关法和形态学方法计算典型特大城市下垫面零平面位移和动力学粗糙度。结果表明,温度脉动方差法计算的零平面位移与建筑物高度分布存在差异,但在58~208°方向与建筑顶面积系数呈现正相关(相关系数0.73),计算公式的经验参数、稳定度阈值和风速对计算结果影响较为显著;涡度相关方法和风速标准差方法计算的动力学粗糙度随风向分布趋势相似(相关系数0.94),并与零平面位移呈负相关关系。形态学方法与动力学方法之间数值和随风向的变化趋势均存在差异,风温观测仪器源区和形态学方法分析区域具有显著影响。     

基于MODIS资料的中国东部时间序列空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移高度估算

空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移高度是很多气候模型和陆面模式中的重要参数,采用气象学方法推导这两个参数对于大范围长时间序列的计算需要大量长期的野外观测,而遥感方法可以快速经济的提供大范围数据,在本研究中采用形态学模型,以MOD IS产品数据作为数据源,计算植被冠层面积指数,估算了中国东部2001—2003年归一化到植被高度的1 km空间分辨率时间序列空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移高度,结果表明空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移高度均存在季节变化特征,并对所采用的模型和参数估算的结果进行了讨论。     

复杂地形条件下零平面位移和空气动力学粗糙度的计算——以珠海南亚热带常绿阔叶林地区为例

空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移是影响陆面过程的重要参数。以往对空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移的计算往往针对均一程度较高的下垫面。以珠海南亚热带常绿阔叶林地区为例,探索了复杂地形下垫面空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移的计算。用拟合法和粗糙元法计算了该地区下垫面的空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移,并分析了两种方法的误差来源。计算结果表明,拟合法在这种复杂地形下的计算准确度并不理想,由于这种方法的代表范围较小,易受到周边地形影响而使测量结果不符合对数廓线的形式,从而得不到准确的结果。与拟合法相比,粗糙元法可以给出所计算下垫面的具体范围。粗糙元法计算结果的代表范围比拟合法大得多,因此,粗糙元法比拟合法更加能够反映的是该区域下垫面空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移的总体情况。另外,粗糙元法可以计算那些因为风速资料不足无法用风速廓线直接加以计算的区域的空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移。根据拟合法的计算结果,冬季315~45°范围内,z_0=2.96 m,d=22.48 m;45~135°范围内,z_0=1.26 m,d=8.81 m。春夏季315~45°范围内,z_0=3.90 m,d=27.00 m;45~135°范围内,z_0=1.51 m,d=14.83 m。根据粗糙元法的计算结果,东南西北四个方向1 km×1 km范围内z_0分别为0.94 m、1.28 m、1.30 m、2.08 m;d分别为13.87 m、18.79 m、19.12 m、30.61 m。     

城市下垫面空气动力学参数的确定

分析近10年北京325m气象塔常年观测资料,研究城市化发展对城市大气边界层动力学结构和特征的影响.结果表明,空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移总体是逐年递增的.气象塔西南方向的高层建筑群是20世纪90年代初期逐渐建成,在SW方向,空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移在90年代增加明显,增加的幅度1997年和1999年之间较大,这一点与气象塔西南方向城市化的加快相符合.而在NE、SE和NW方向,从1987年到1994年空气动力学粗糙度和零平面位移增加明显,1994年以后变化较小.     

黄河上游玛曲地区空气动力学参数的确定及其在陆面过程模式中的应用

为了定量描述黄河上游玛曲地区草地下垫面的空气动力学特征,为模式提供准确的下垫面参数,利用"黄河源区气候与环境综合观测研究站"2006年9月的湍流观测资料,结合Martano由单层超声观测资料确定下垫面空气动力学参数的方法,计算了黄河上游玛曲地区草原下垫面空气动力学粗糙度z0和零平面位移d,即z0为0.035 m,d为0.143 m。同时,将z0和d应用于陆面过程模式CoLM中,检验其对模式模拟性能的影响,结果表明,改进陆面参数后的模式对感热通量和潜热通量的模拟均有明显改善。     

高大建筑物影响城市粗糙副层流场特征的数值研究

用数值模拟方法研究了高大建筑物对城市粗糙副层气流场特征的影响。数值模式采用基于雷诺平均纳维—斯托克斯方程组的应用计算流体力学FLUENT软件,次网格湍流参数化选用k-ε闭合方案。建筑物用立方体表示,并规则排列于模拟区域内。通过改变高大建筑物的数量与位置,对建筑物阵列内及其上空的气流特征进行了多个算例的数值模拟。依据模拟结果计算获得建筑物区域的面积平均风速廓线,结果表明各算例的粗糙副层风速廓线各不相同。运用动力学方法由风速廓线计算出各算例的零平面位移高度和粗糙度,并与几种计算零平面位移高度和粗糙度的形态学方法进行了比较检验。结果表明两种形态学方法(Ba、Ma)计算所得的零平面位移高度与动力学方法计算结果很接近,但对于粗糙度而言,几种形态学方法的计算结果都明显偏高。     

北京城市下垫面动力学参数的计算与分析

采用北京325 m铁塔2008—2012年的单层超声观测资料,基于莫宁-奥布霍夫相似理论(Monin-Obukhov similarity theory)和前人提出的最小误差分析方法,计算了铁塔周边下垫面的零平面位移高度和动力粗糙度长度。结果表明,由于铁塔位于北京市区,其周边下垫面呈现极其复杂的非均匀性,所以对应铁塔周边不同的扇区,零平面位移高度和动力粗糙度长度各有不同。平均而言,在2008—2012年间,铁塔周边下垫面的零平面位移高度为34.4 m,动力粗糙度长度为1.16 m。此外,综合前人的计算结果发现,铁塔周边的零平面位移高度和动力粗糙度长度在2001年之前呈显著增加的趋势,而在2001年以后并未增长,这一现象与铁塔周边的城市化进程相对应。     

不同下垫面空气动力学参数的研究

文中利用中国科学院沙漠研究所与日本国家农业环境技术研究所合作于1990—1994年在中国内蒙古自治区奈曼市半干旱地区沙丘和植被区下垫面观测的微气象数据,根据Monin-Obukhov相似性理论,计算了重度干扰草原、中度干扰草原、轻度干扰草原、无干扰草原、沙丘、沙丘内地、草地、稻田、小麦田、大豆田和玉米田11种下垫面的空气动力学参数粗糙度长度z0,零平面位移d,摩擦速度u*,并分析了它们与水平风速u和Richardson数的关系,比较了不同人为干扰草原生态系统条件下的空气动力学特征。结果表明:地表生物量和覆盖率随着人为干扰强度的增加而减少。不同人为干扰下垫面的粗糙长度与生物量和植被高度以及地表起伏程度有着密切关系;Richardson数也是其影响因子。风速、粗糙度都与摩擦速度成正相关,但对于不同下垫面有所不同,从中可以看到草地对沙漠化有一定的防治作用。同一种下垫面不同时期的空气动力学参数也存在差异。这些结果对建立陆面过程和区域气候模式具有重要的意义。     

基于近地层垂直速度能谱尺度特征确定复杂下垫面零平面位移

本文利用位于南京市郊区的南京大学仙林校区SORPES观测站多层湍流观测数据分析了湍流谱特征,以白天不稳定条件下垂直速度能谱谱峰对应的长度尺度也就是离地高度为判据,探讨了运用该方法确定复杂下垫面零平面位移的可行性。统计分析表明,该方法确定的长度尺度呈现出较为一致的概率分布形状,概率最大的长度尺度对应于离地高度,在复杂下垫面情况下这个高度就是零平面位移高度到观测高度之间的距离,将观测点的离地高度减去这个距离就能得到零平面位移。本文同时运用不稳定条件下垂直速度方差在近地层中的相似关系来确定零平面位移,并与谱方法得到的结果进行对比。结果表明,谱方法和方差法得到的零平面位移非常接近。     

Derivation of the aerodynamic roughness parameters for a Sahelian savannah site using the eddy correlation technique

Vertical exchange of heat, moisture and momentum above the earth's surface depends strongly on the turbulence generated by surface roughness. This roughness is best specified through the roughness length and the zero plane displacement. The ratio of windspeed to friction velocity was measured at four heights using the eddy correlation technique at a fallow savannah site in the Sahel. The change in this ratio with height was used to derive the zero plane displacement and the roughness length of the surface, together with an estimate of the error in each parameter. These were estimated as 0.93 ± 0.35 m and 0.17 ± 0.01 m, respectively. The method appears to be a more robust alternative to wind profile derivation.     

非单一水平均匀下垫面空气动力学参数的确定

文章介绍了一种利用单一高度风速、温度湍流资料确定空气动力学参数的方法。该方法无须进行风速廓线的测量，可以应用于非单一水平均匀下垫面和非中性层结，避免了主观性。用该方法计算了北京城市北部边缘325 m气象塔附近的零值位移d和地表粗糙 z0。结果表明:该处下垫面零值位移d和地表粗糙度z0与风向有很强的依赖关系，与气象塔周围的城市建设相对应。     

峨眉山地区近地层微气象特征研究

基于2019年12月至2020年11月峨眉山站梯度塔资料、辐射观测资料和地表通量资料,采用涡动相关法对峨眉山地区近地层的地表通量和蒸散发量的变化进行分析,并估算了零平面位移、空气动力粗糙度、空气热力粗糙度、动量通量输送系数和感热通量输送系数等重要的空气动力学和热力学参数.研究表明:近地面风速呈现高层高、低层低的特征,且...     

Impact of surface variations on the momentum flux above the urban canopy

Based on the momentum flux–wind profile relationship of the Monin–Obukhov Similarity (MOS) theory, the observational data from the urban boundary layer field campaign in Nanjing are used to calculate the friction velocity ( $ {u_*} $ ) at the top of the urban canopy and the calculated results are evaluated. The urban surface roughness parameters (the roughness length z ₀ and zero-plane displacement height z _d) are estimated with the Ba method (Bottema’s morphological method). Two different regimes are employed for the calculations. In the homogeneous approach, z ₀ and z _d are averagely derived from the surface elements in the whole study area; while in the heterogeneous approach, z ₀ and z _d are locally derived from the surface elements in the corresponding upwind fetches (or source areas). The calculated friction velocities are compared to the measurement data. The results show that the calculated friction velocities from the heterogeneous approach are in better agreement with the observed values than those from the homogeneous approach are. This study implies that the local roughness parameters can properly represent the dynamical heterogeneity of urban surface, and its application can significantly improve the performance of parameterizations based on the MOS theory in the urban roughness sublayer.     

Improvements of the coupled WRF-Lake model over Lake Nam Co,Central Tibetan Plateau

A series of model sensitivity simulations are carried out to calibrate and improve the Weather Research and Forecasting Model coupled with a one-dimensional lake model (WRF-Lake) based on observations over Lake Nam Co. Using the default lake model parameters, the solution of WRF-Lake exhibits significant biases in both the lake thermodynamics and regional climatology, i.e., higher lake surface temperature (LST), earlier onset of summer thermal stratification, and overestimated near-surface air temperature and precipitation induced by the lake’s excessive warming and moistening impacts. The performance of WRF-Lake is improved through adjusting the initial lake temperature profile, the temperature of maximum water density (Tdmax), the surface roughness length, and the light extinction coefficient. Results show that initializing the water temperature with spring observation mitigates the LST overestimation and reduces the timing error of the onset of thermal stratification. By further adjusting Tdmax from 4 °C to the observed value of 3.5 °C, the LST increase from June to mid-July is enhanced and the buildup of thermal stratification is more accurately predicted. Through incorporating the parameterized surface roughness length and decreasing the light extinction coefficient, the model better reproduces the observed daily evolution of LST and vertical lake temperature profile. The calibrated WRF-Lake effectively mitigates the overestimation of over-lake air temperature at 2 m height and precipitation over regions downwind the lake. This suggests that an improved lake scheme within the coupled WRF-Lake is essential for realistically simulating the lake–air interactions and the regional climate over the lake-rich Tibetan Plateau.

     

青藏高原东部土壤冻融过程中地表粗糙度的确定

利用黄河源区气候与环境综合观测研究站2006年10月—2007年4月的湍流观测资料和一种新的方法,计算了青藏高原东部玛曲地区土壤冻融过程中的地表粗糙度。结果表明:所用的计算粗糙度的方法是可行的,玛曲土壤未冻结阶段、冻结阶段和融化后阶段的地表粗糙度分别为3.23×10-3m,2.27×10-3m和1.92×10-3m,地表粗糙度呈逐渐减小的趋势。三阶段地表粗糙度有明显区别,以前将冬季前后的粗糙度取为定值的计算会导致一定的误差。     

海气界面动量通量算法的改进

COARE（Coupled Ocean-Atmosphere Response Experiment）算法是国际上较先进的计算海气界面通量的算法。最新的COARE 3.0算法包含TY01方案和O02方案两种考虑真实海浪状态的海面空气动力学粗糙度方案;当有效波高和谱峰周期缺省时,利用Taylor01风浪特征量参数化方案可对它们进行参数化。在此基础上引入自主设计的WHP（Wind-wave significant wave Height and dominant wave Period）风浪特征量参数化方案和三种海面空气动力学粗糙度方案,即SCOR方案、GW03方案、PYP07方案以及更简单的Andreas12、Vickers15摩擦速度算法,利用NDBC（National Data Buoy Center）浮标数据、解放军理工大学风浪流水槽实验数据,针对中高风速条件（10 m/s≤U₁₀≤25 m/s）比较上述方案对摩擦速度的预测效果。结果表明:WHP方案在COARE 3.0算法中的应用效果优于Taylor01方案,且新引入的SCOR、GW03、PYP07海面粗糙度方案对风浪特征量的观测误差敏感性更小、稳定度更高;水槽实测数据的对比结果表明,WHP方案结合SCOR海面粗糙度方案计算的摩擦速度与实测值最接近;引入其他三种实测数据的检验结果表明,原始COARE 3.0算法会低估摩擦速度,而WHP方案结合SCOR海面粗糙度方案能更准确地预测摩擦速度随10 m风速的增长趋势。      

Near Wall Flow over Urban-like Roughness

In this study, comprehensive measurements over a number of urban-type surfaces with the same area density of 25% have been performed in a wind tunnel. The experiments were conducted at a free stream velocity of 10 m s^-1 and the main instrumentation was 120 ° x-wire anemometry, but measurement accuracy was checked using laser Doppler anemometry.The results haveconfirmed the strong three-dimensionalityof the turbulent flow inthe roughness sublayer and the depths of the inertial sublayer (log-law region) and roughness sublayer for each surface have been determined. Spatial averaging has been used to remove the variability of the flow in the roughness sublayer due to individual obstacles and it is shown that the spatially averaged mean velocity in the inertial sublayer and roughness sublayer can,together, be described by a single log-law with a mean zero-plane displacement and roughness length for the surface, provided that the proper surface stress is known. The spatially averaged shear stresses in the inertial sublayer and roughness sublayer are compared with the surface stress deduced from form drag measurements on the roughness elements themselves.The dispersive stress arising from the spatial inhomogeneity in the mean flow profiles was deduced from the data and is shown to be negligible compared with the usual Reynolds stresses in the roughness sublayer. Comparisons have been made between a homogeneous (regular element array) surface and one consisting of random height elements of the same total volume. Although the upper limits of the inertial sublayer for both surfaces were almost identical at equivalent fetch, the roughness sublayer was much thicker for the random surface than for the uniform surface, the friction velocity and the roughness length were significantly larger and the `roughness efficiency' was greater. It is argued that the inertial sublayer may not exist at all in some of the more extreme rough urban areas. These results will provide fundamental information for modelling urban air quality and forecasting urban wind climates.     

Determination of the zero plane displacement in an urban environment

A method to estimate the zero plane displacement is presented that is based onin situ turbulence measurements. As it does not depend on flux-gradient relations. It can be applied over non-homogeneous surfaces if they are dynamically but not thermally distorted. The zero plane displacement at an urban site is found to vary considerably with wind direction. The results compare well with estimates from conventional methods using the heights and distribution of the upwind roughness elements.