IPCC AR6的“产生影响的气候因子”评估框架

IPCC第六次评估报告（AR6）第一工作组报告提出了基于“产生影响的气候因子”（CID）的气候变化评估框架,以一组影响社会或生态系统的气候状态为基础进行气候变化评估。这个CID评估框架有7个类型,33个气候因子,每个因子可以针对被影响对象采用不同的评估指标。CID变化具有时间尺度差异性与不可逆性、突变性与临界点、凸现时间、复合性以及受影响主体依赖性等重要特征。基于CID的气候变化评估框架有助于更客观、中立、全面地评估气候变化给不同部门带来的影响和风险。     

SSP“双碳”路径下赣江流域径流变化趋势

根据共享社会经济情景（SSPs）分为“双碳”路径（SSP1-1.9、SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP4-3.4、SSP4-6.0）和“高碳”路径（SSP3-7.0、SSP5-8.5)。在碳达峰（2028—2032年）和碳中和（2058—2062年）两个时期,采用5个气候模式,7个情景驱动SWAT水文模型,分析赣江流域径流演变特征,主要结论如下：1961—2017年赣江流域观测到的年均气温以0.17℃/(10 a)的速率呈显著上升趋势（p<0.01),降水以17 mm/(10 a)的速率呈不显著上升。“双碳”和“高碳”路径下,2021—2100年赣江流域均呈现暖湿态,气温持续变暖,降水有所增加;碳达峰、碳中和时期,“双碳”路径下年径流呈现增加趋势;“双碳”路径下,月径流在汛期呈现增加趋势,枯水期在SSP1-1.9、SSP1-2.6、SSP2-4.5、SSP4-3.4下呈现增加趋势,在SSP4-6.0下呈现减少趋势。“双碳”路径下极端水文事件强度将可能小于“高碳”路径。     

中国七大地区“气候变化—作物产量—经济影响”综合评价

农业作为响应气候变化最敏感的领域之一,未来作物产量可能受到深刻影响。量化气候变化冲击作物产量导致的最终经济影响,需要综合"气候变化—作物产量—经济影响"开展链式研究。文中采用系统回顾和Meta回归分析方法整合了55篇文献的667项研究结果,推导出我国七大地区主要作物(水稻、玉米、小麦)产量与地区内未来温度和降水变化的定量关系,并将其作为农业部门的损失量代入改进的多区域投入产出模型,量化七大地区内与地区间遭受的经济波及影响(ERE)。结果显示:(1)气候变化对我国作物产量的影响主要体现在温度升高上,每升温1℃减产2.6%～12.7%,东北和西北地区作物受升温影响最显著;(2)气候变化导致的作物减产将对经济产生更严重的波及影响,GDP因作物减产每下降1%将额外产生17.8%的波及影响;(3)21世纪末,若不考虑CO_2肥效作用,作物减产导致的ERE将占GDP的-0.1%～13.6%(负值表示收益),最悲观情况下ERE与当前我国农业总产值相当(2012年为基准年);(4)不同地区受ERE影响程度的差异较大,因各区之间产业结构、贸易联系及经济发展程度存在差异,西南地区遭受本区及来自其他地区的ERE比华东地区高2.8～8.5倍。     

气候变化综合评估模型的损失函数研究进展

该研究从综合评估模型(IAM)的模型耦合视角出发,介绍了当前损失函数的研究进展,主要从损失函数的构建方法、损失函数与IAM气候模块和经济模块的耦合以及IAM与气候模式的耦合角度分析了损失函数的耦合功能及其存在的科学问题,探讨了损失函数的改进方向。通过文献梳理发现,损失函数的构建方法上,主要采用专家判断法、元分析法和统计学方法,但各有优缺点;与气候模式的耦合功能上,损失函数多以温升为气候变化因素,降水等气候变化信息无法表达,且由全球尺度的年平均值进行标定,不能体现区域的差异和季节的变化,无法直接描述极端气候事件造成的巨大损失;与经济模块的耦合功能上,基于生产部门的损失函数缺乏间接损失评估功能,缺乏对经济增长的动态影响机制。针对上述IAM中气候变化对经济影响的反馈机制的不足,需重点从细化区域气候变化因素影响和细分经济产业部门两个方向重构损失函数,紧密连接气候模式与经济模块,全面评估气候变化经济损失,并需要从技术上解决损失函数在耦合经济模块与气候模式时出现的时空尺度不匹配问题,最终为IAM与气候模式甚至地球系统模式的耦合提供重要的解决方案。     

新、旧气候态差异及对中国地区气候和极端事件评估业务的影响

利用1961—2020年中国区域2089个地面观测站资料,分析了1991—2020年和1981—2010年新、旧气候态下,平均气温、最高气温、最低气温和降水量等变量的空间变化特征,探讨对气候距平值、极端事件等评估结果的影响。结果表明：新气候态下,全国三类气温年和季节平均均一致升高,年降水增加,空间上气温偏高（低）、降水偏多（少）的特征将弱（强）化;华北东部、华东中部和北部以及青海西南部的年平均风速和日照时数距平增加;极端高温年减少,低温年增多,其中平均气温和最低气温受到的影响较最高气温更大;夏季南北方两条雨带极端强降水年的发生概率降低,冬季东北中部和南部、华北、华东北部、西北东部极端弱降水年概率显著增加;全国超过一半的站点极端日高温、低温和强降水事件的历史频次发生改变;新气候态还减弱了极端日高温事件的增速,加快了极端日低温事件的降速。     

Some economics of ‘dangerous’ climate change: Reflections on the Stern Review

The Stern Review on the Economics of Climate Change concluded that there can be “no doubt” the economic risks of business-as-usual (BAU) climate change are “very severe” [Stern, 2006. The Economics of Climate Change. HM Treasury, London, p. 188]. The total cost of climate change was estimated to be equivalent to a one-off, permanent 5–20% loss in global mean per-capita consumption today. And the marginal damage cost of a tonne of carbon emitted today was estimated to be around $312 [p. 344]. Both of these estimates are higher than most reported in the previous literature. Subsequently, a number of critiques have appeared, arguing that discounting is the principal explanation for this discrepancy. Discounting is important, but in this paper we emphasise that how one approaches the economics of risk and uncertainty, and how one attempts to model the very closely related issue of low-probability/high-damage scenarios (which we connect to the recent discussion of ‘dangerous’ climate change), can matter just as much. We demonstrate these arguments empirically, using the same models applied in the Stern Review. Together, the issues of risk and uncertainty on the one hand, and ‘dangerous’ climate change on the other, raise very strongly questions about the limits of a welfare-economic approach, where the loss of natural capital might be irreversible and impossible to compensate. Thus we also critically reflect on the state-of-the-art in integrated assessment modelling. There will always be an imperative to carry out integrated assessment modelling, bringing together scientific ‘fact’ and value judgement systematically. But we agree with those cautioning against a literal interpretation of current estimates. Ironically, the Stern Review is one of those voices. A fixation with cost-benefit analysis misses the point that arguments for stabilisation should, and are, built on broader foundations.     

基于自然的解决方案：中国应对气候变化领域的政策进展、问题与对策

基于自然的解决方案（NbS）在应对气候变化领域的重要作用日益受到国际社会的关注。本文将NbS在应对气候变化领域的生态系统划分为森林、草地、农田、湿地、海洋、城市,采用传统环境政策工具分类,将六大生态系统的政策工具划分为命令控制型、经济激励型、自愿参与型三类。在此基础上,梳理构建NbS在我国应对气候变化领域的政策框架。结果表明,我国初步形成了以命令控制型政策为主,重视通过经济激励型政策引导,并逐步完善自愿参与型政策的NbS政策体系。然而,NbS在我国应对气候变化领域的政策仍存在诸多问题,包括NbS尚未成为应对气候变化的主流措施、缺乏自上而下的管理机制、未形成理论与实践的有机统一、资金来源单一、技术支撑和能力建设薄弱、公众参与度有待进一步加强等。为发挥NbS在我国应对气候变化领域的潜力,建议将NbS纳入我国下阶段国家自主贡献更新文件中,争取提出有关NbS的定量承诺,推动NbS成为应对气候变化的主流措施,构建自上而下的管理机制,建立多元化的资金投入机制,加强从理论到实践、从路径到政策的研究,提升能力保障和公众参与度。     

Compounds, creativity and complexity in climate change communication: The case of ‘carbon indulgences’

This article deals with climate change from a linguistic perspective. Climate change is an extremely complex issue that has exercised the minds of experts and policy makers with renewed urgency in recent years. It has prompted an explosion of writing in the media, on the internet and in the domain of popular science and literature, as well as a proliferation of new compounds around the word ‘carbon’ as a hub, such as ‘carbon indulgence’, a new compound that will be studied in this article. Through a linguistic analysis of lexical and discourse formations around such ‘carbon compounds’ we aim to contribute to a broader understanding of the meaning of climate change. Lexical carbon compounds are used here as indicators for observing how human symbolic cultures change and adapt in response to environmental threats and how symbolic innovation and transmission occurs.     

NDVI-based increase in growth of temperate grasslands and its responses to climate changes in China

This study analyzes the temporal change of Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) for temperate grasslands in China and its correlation with climatic variables over the period of 1982–1999. Average NDVI of the study area increased at rates of 0.5% yr⁻¹ for the growing season (April–October), 0.61% yr⁻¹ for spring (April and May), 0.49% yr⁻¹ for summer (June–August), and 0.6% yr⁻¹ for autumn (September and October) over the study period. The humped-shape pattern between coefficient of correlation (R) of the growing season NDVI to precipitation and growing season precipitation documents various responses of grassland growth to changing precipitation, while the decreased R values of NDVI to temperature with increase of temperature implies that increased temperature declines sensitivity of plant growth to changing temperature. The results also suggest that the NDVI trends induced by climate changes varied between different vegetation types and seasons.     

Experiences of modernity in the greenhouse: A cultural analysis of a physicist “trio” supporting the backlash against global warming

This paper identifies cultural and historical dimensions that structure US climate science politics. It explores why a key subset of scientists—the physicist founders and leaders of the influential George C. Marshall Institute—chose to lend their scientific authority to this movement which continues to powerfully shape US climate policy. The paper suggests that these physicists joined the environmental backlash to stem changing tides in science and society, and to defend their preferred understandings of science, modernity, and of themselves as a physicist elite—understandings challenged by on-going transformations encapsulated by the widespread concern about human-induced climate change.