云斑尖塘鳢和线纹尖塘鳢自交与杂交子一代幼鱼生长性状及杂交优势分析

分析了由云斑尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris marmoratus)、线纹尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris lineolatus)、云斑尖塘鳢(♀)×线纹尖塘鳢(♂)的杂交子一代3个实验组鱼的生长性状以及杂交子代的杂交优势。结果表明,养殖35 d后,云斑尖塘鳢与线纹尖塘鳢的杂交子一代幼鱼较云斑尖塘鳢幼鱼、线纹尖塘鳢幼鱼生长速率大;杂交尖塘鳢体质量为(1.6496±0.0501)g,比云斑尖塘鳢体质量(0.9353±0.1426)g和线纹尖塘鳢体质量(0.6690±0.0687)g差异显著(p<0.05);杂交尖塘鳢的全长为(53.63±0.83)mm,比云斑尖塘鳢全长(42.99±2.21)mm差异显著(p<0.05);从生长速率上看,杂交尖塘鳢幼鱼的杂种优势十分明显,平均为105.65%,超过云斑尖塘鳢亲本的超亲杂种优势为76.37%,超过线纹尖塘鳢亲本的超亲杂种优势为146.58%。在相同的人工养殖环境下,杂交使云斑尖塘鳢和线纹尖塘鳢幼鱼的生长得到了改良。     

云斑尖塘鳢幼鱼摄食特性的初步研究

研究了云斑尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris marmorata)幼鱼的摄食特性。结果表明:在幼鱼阶段,云斑尖塘鳢的摄食方式为主动掠食;个体全长10mm的日摄食量约为体重的11.66%,40mm的日摄食量约为体重的51.04%,69mm的日摄食量约为体重的55.30%;日摄食量与幼鱼全长呈正相关关系:A=11.3577+0.7664L(r=0.876);云斑尖塘鳢幼鱼的适口饵料鱼全长为其全长的25%～50%,幼鱼摄食15～17h后可完全消化饵料鱼;云斑尖塘鳢幼鱼昼夜摄食节律明显,一昼夜出现一个摄食高峰,高峰时段为19:00-01:00。     

3种塘鳢含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析与比较

对褐塘鳢(Oxyeleotris marmoratusBleeker)、尖头塘鳢(Eleotris oxycephalaTemminck et Schlegel)和线纹尖塘鳢(Oxyeleotris lineolatus)含肉率和肌肉营养成分进行了分析与比较。结果表明,含肉率以褐塘鳢为最高(51.26%),其次是尖头塘鳢(47.08%)和线纹尖塘鳢(42.53%)。3种圹鳢的蛋白质、灰分和水分含量基本一致,但粗脂肪的含量差异较大,最高为尖头塘鳢(0.33%),其次是褐塘鳢(0.23%)和线纹尖塘鳢(0.13%)。必需氨基酸含量大小依次是褐塘鳢(8.92%)>尖头塘鳢(8.83%)>线纹尖塘鳢(8.53%)。呈味氨基酸含量大小顺序是尖头塘鳢(7.72%)>褐塘鳢(7.65%)>线纹尖塘鳢(7.45%)。可见,三种塘鳢肉味鲜美、脂肪含量低、营养丰富,经济性状较好,值得推广养殖。     

3种塘鳢含肉率及肌肉营养成分分析与比较

对褐塘鳢（Oxyeleotris marmoratus Bleeker）、尖头塘鳢（Eleotrisoxycephala Temminck et Schlegel）和线纹尖塘鳢（Oxyeleotris lineolatus）含肉率和肌肉营养成分进行了分析与比较。结果表明，含肉率以褐塘鳢为最高（51．26％），其次是尖头塘鳢（47．08％）和线纹尖塘鳢（42．53％）。3种圹鳢的蛋白质、灰分和水分含量基本一致，但粗脂肪的含量差异较大，最高为尖头塘鳢（0．33％），其次是褐塘鳢（0．23％）和线纹尖塘鳢（0．13％）。必需氨基酸含量大小依次是褐塘鳢（8．92％）〉尖头塘鳢（8．83％）〉线纹尖塘鳢（8．53％）。呈味氨基酸含量大小序是尖头塘鳢（7．72％）〉褐塘鳢（7．65％）〉线纹尖塘鳢（7．45％）。可见，三种塘鳢肉味鲜美、脂肪含量低、营养丰富，经济性状较好，值得推广养殖。     

中华乌塘鳢个体生殖力的研究

研究了湛江沿海中华乌塘鳢个体生殖力及其与生物学指标的关系。结果表明 :个体绝对生殖力为 840 0～ 3 3 2 70粒 ,个体相对生殖力FL 为 5 67 6～ 1 83 3 2粒 /cm ,Fw为 1 5 5 6～ 482 7粒 /g ;个体绝对生殖力与体长、体重、空壳重、卵巢重呈直线相关 ,与年龄呈二次函数相关 ,与成熟系数和肥满度相关关系不显著 ;个体相对生殖力FL 与各生物学指标正相关 ,Fw除了与卵巢重、肥满度和年龄相关关系不显著外 ,其余均显著相关     

黑脊倒刺鲃仔稚鱼摄食的习性与生长

研究了养殖条件下黑脊倒刺仔稚鱼摄食习性与生长,结果表明:仔鱼4日龄开口摄食,全长9.0~9.99mm;仔稚鱼的摄食具有明显的昼夜节律性;仔稚鱼个体间生长速度具有一定的差异性;其体重与摄食量的关系为y=0.064 4X+1.433 1,全长与日龄的关系为L=8.861 4×exp(0.042 9T),体重与日龄的关系为W=3.736×exp(0.151 3T),全长与体重的关系为W=1.7×10-3×L3.531 4。     

西施舌人工育苗及幼虫、稚贝生长研究

对西施舌 (Coelomactraantiquata)室内人工育苗进行了研究。结果表明 ,西施舌在广东的繁殖高峰期为 5～ 6月 ,用阴干加流水刺激的方法诱导亲贝排放精卵 ,其受精率和孵化率可达 98%左右。 1997年和 1999年两次育苗试验结果 :在盐度为 2 6 .0 0～ 32 .0 0、水温为 2 3～ 2 6℃条件下 ,幼虫在培育密度为 1～ 2mL- 1时生长较好 ,经 9～ 10d培育 ,可进入附着变态期 ,其壳长生长速度为14 .1μm·d- 1。稚贝阶段在日流水量为育苗水体的 1.5～ 2 .0倍时取得较好效果 ,其壳长生长速度为 112 .4 μm·d- 1。     

池养条件下军曹鱼早期发育阶段的生长和摄食

研究了军曹鱼(Rachycentron canadum)早期阶段的生长和摄食特性。结果表明:1~29日龄间,全长与日龄之间呈指数函数相关:y=3.6922e0.0995x(R=0.9913);体重与日龄间呈指数函数相关:y=0.0002e0.276x(R=0.9830);体重与全长之间为幂函数相关:y=5×10-6x2.786(R=0.9957);口径与日龄的关系为直线函数关系:y=0.1034x-0.0044(R=0.9939)。鱼苗早期阶段的生长速度存在显著性差异。军曹鱼早期鱼苗在3~6日龄时主要摄食原生动物、单轮幼虫和轮虫;7~12日龄时主要摄食桡足类无节幼体;13日龄以后主要摄食桡足类成体。仔、稚鱼阶段,军曹鱼的摄食活动呈现明显的昼夜节律,其饱满度指数均在12时前后出现最高峰,日摄食率分别为57.36%和14.78%。     

Effects of Calanoid Copepod Schmackeriapoplesia as a Live Food on the Growth,Survival and Fatty Acid Composition of Larvae and Juveniles of Japanese Flounder,Paralichthys olivaceus

Zooplankton constitutes a major part of the diet for fish larvae in the marine food web, and it is generally believed that copepods can meet the nutritional requirements of fish larvae. In this study, calanoid copepod Schmackeria poplesia, rotifer Brachionus plicatilis and anostraca crustacean Artemia sp. were analyzed for fatty acid contents, and were used as live food for cul- turing larval Japanese flounder, Paralichthys olivaceus. The total content of three types of HUFAs （DHA, EPA and ARA） in S. po- plesia was significantly higher than that in the other two live foods （P〈O.O1）. Three live organisms were used for raising larvae and juveniles of Paralichthys olivaceus respectively for 15 and 10 d. Then the growth, survival and fatty acid composition of the larvae and juveniles were investigated. The results showed that the larvae and juveniles fed with copepods （S. poplesia） had significantly higher growth rate than those fed with the other two organisms （P〈0.01）. The survival of the flounder larvae fed with copepods was significantly higher than that of the others （P〈0.01）, and the survival of the juvenile fish fed with copepods was higher than that fed with Artemia （P〈0.05）. The contents of three types of HUFAs （DHA, EPA and ARA） and the ratio of DHA/EPA in larval and juve- nile flounder P. olivaceus were analyzed. The results showed that the contents of DHA, EPA and ARA in the larvae and juveniles fed with S. poplesia were higher than those fed with a mixed diet orArtemia only, and the ratio of EPA/ARA in larvae and juveniles of P. olivaceus fed with S. poplesia was lower than that in the case of feeding with a mixed diet or Artemia only. The present data showed that copepod is the best choice for feeding the larvae and juveniles of fish considering its effects on the survival, growth and nutrition composition of the fish.     

短期饥饿对奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼生长和几种消化酶的影响

研究在(27.0±1)℃条件下,奥尼罗非鱼(Oreochromis niloticus×O.aureus)幼鱼[初始体重为(2.49±0.31)g]短暂饥饿处理后再投喂的补偿生长。结果显示:在恢复生长时期,饥饿3、6、9和12d处理组的特定增长率和摄食率显著高于对照组(P<0.05);各处理组的饲料转化率与对照组差异不显著(P>0.05);胃蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶和脂肪酶的活力变化趋势相同,均随先饥饿再饱食的顺序先下降后上升,而淀粉酶活力变化趋势不明显;恢复投喂后,各组奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼的消化酶活性均恢复到对照组水平。表明饥饿3d组的奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼在恢复生长中具有超补偿能力,饥饿6d组幼鱼具有完全补偿能力,饥饿9和12d组幼鱼具有部分补偿能力。奥尼罗非鱼幼鱼短暂饥饿后出现的补偿生长效应主要通过增加食欲、提高摄食率实现。     

Comparisons of Salinity Adaptation in Terms of Growth,Body Composition,and Energy Budget in Juveniles of Rainbow and Steelhead Trouts (Oncorhynchus mykiss)

This study examined the effect of different salinities(0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25 and 30) on the growth performance and energy budget of juveniles of two different ecotypes of Oncorhynchus mykiss, landlocked rainbow trout and anadromous steelhead trout. In the 42 d experiment, fish were cultured in three replicate tanks per salinity treatment(eight fish per tank). At the end of the experiment, the growth of rainbow and steelhead trouts was significantly higher at salinities of 5 and 10, respectively, than at all other salinities. The protein, lipid and energy content of both ecotypes declined with the increase of salinity. Based on their energy budgets, the percentage of energy consumed for growth by rainbow and steelhead trouts were significantly higher at salinities of 5(34.00% ±1.69%) and 10(43.76% ± 1.29%), respectively, than at all other salinities. The percentage of energy consumed for respiration by rainbow and steelhead trouts was lower at salinities of 5(54.90% ± 1.77%) and 10(46.73% ± 0.62%), respectively, than at all other salinities. Our results indicated that the salinity adaptation ability of juvenile steelhead trout was slightly better than that of juvenile rainbow trout, and salinities of 10 and 5, respectively, were most suitable for growth of these two fishes.     

A Study on the Meat and Bone Meal and Poultry By-product Meal as Protein Substitutes of Fish Meal in Practical Diets for Litopenaeus vannamei Juveniles

1　Introduction　Proteinisanimportantnutritionalingredientofaquaticfeed .Thehighproteinneedsoffish ,shrimpandmostotheraquaticanimalsissuppliedmainlybyfishmeal (WilliamsandBarlow ,1996 ) .Recently ,thefishmeal,asamainproteinsourceofaquaticfeedisshort suppliedintheinternationalmarketanditspriceisbecominghigherandhigher .Therefore ,itisnecessarytofindsubstitutesoffishmealasaproteinsourceofaquaticfeed .　Someotheranimalby productmealssuchasmeatandbonemeal (MBM )andpoultryby productmeal(PBM )ha…     

不同形式钴对凡纳滨对虾生长和组织钴含量的影响

为研究氨基酸螯合钴对凡纳滨对虾的营养效果,在凡纳滨对虾配合饲料中添加5、10、15 mg/kg的氯化钴和蛋氨酸钴。饲养8周,4周末(饲养中期)称重,8周末称重并采集对虾肝胰脏和肌肉,测定肝胰脏和肌肉中的钴含量。结果表明:钴的添加形式和钴水平不影响对虾0~4周增重率,15 mg/kg蛋氨酸钴显著提高了对虾0~8周增重率,且两种形式的钴之间差异显著(P<0.05)。51、0 mg/kg的蛋氨酸钴和5、101、5 mg/kg的氯化钴不影响8周末对虾的增重率。特定生长率、饲料系数和蛋白质效率的变化趋势与增重率类似。钴的添加形式和钴水平不影响肌肉中的钴含量,15 mg/kg的氯化钴组肝胰脏中钴含量显著高于对照组(P<0.05),其他各组间无显著差异;蛋氨酸钴各组肝胰脏中钴含量无显著差异;钴的添加形式不影响肝胰脏中钴含量。统计结果表明,促进生长方面,两种钴之间存在显著差异,蛋氨酸钴的营养效果好于氯化钴。饲料中蛋氨酸钴的添加量为15 mg/kg时,对虾生长最快,5 mg/kg时,可满足需要。