GPS硬件延迟计算精度及其稳定性分析

硬件延迟是利用GPS进行TEC测量时最大的误差源,其影响可达30多TECU。为获得更准确的绝对TEC数值,必须利用一定的电离层模型计算得出GPS系统硬件延迟。本文为估算利用一个时段内的观测数据计算得出的硬件延迟对后续时段TEC测量的影响,利用IGS网络中60多个数据质量良好的GPS跟踪站数据,对硬件延迟的精度和稳定性进行了研究。结果表明:GPS系统硬件延迟在短期内具有较好的精度和稳定性,但是当发生电离层扰动现象时GPS系统硬件延迟的精度和稳定性会遭到破坏。同时根据GPS系统硬件延迟稳定性的研究成果,本文还提出了一种对太阳耀斑进行预报的观点。     

GPS relative positioning at a precision level of one part per billion

Six days of data from the GIG'91 experiment have been analyzed with a fiducial strategy. The results obtained with our orbital software GEOSAT, show daily horizontal and length repeatabilities at the level of 1 part in 10⁹ plus 2 mm for baseline lengths up to 4000 km. A direct comparison with results from the GIPSY software shows, with some exceptions, mean differences at the sub-cm level. After transformation to ITRF'90 the rms of the coordinate differences is 14.8 mm. Studies of orbital predictions and comparisons with external high precision orbits indicate a mean orbit precision and accuracy of around 35 cm in each cartesian coordinate. Correlations between the GEOSAT and GIPSY solutions indicate some common model deficiencies.     

Analysis of tropospheric delay prediction models: comparisons with ray-tracing and implications for GPS relative positioning

Ray-tracing is used to examine the accuracy of several well known models for tropospheric delay prediction under varying atmospheric conditions. The models considered include the Hopfield zenith delay model and related mapping functions, the Saastamoinen zenith delay model and mapping function, and three empirical mapping functions based upon the Marini continued fraction form. Modelled delays are benchmarked against ray-tracing solutions for representative atmospheric profiles at various latitudes and seasons. Numerical results are presented in light of the approximations inherent in model formulation. The effect of approximations to the temperature, pressure and humidity structure of the neutral atmosphere are considered; the impact of surface layer anomalies (i.e., inversions) on prediction accuracy is examined; and errors resulting from the neglect of ray bending are illustrated. The influence of surface meteorological parameter measurement error is examined. Finally, model adaptability to local conditions is considered. Recommendations concerning the suitability of the models for GPS relative positioning and their optimal application are made based upon the results presented.     

GPS动态水汽反演对对流层天顶延迟解算精度分析

针对GPS动态水汽反演过程中对对流层天顶延迟解算精度的评估方法问题,提出了一种利用对流层延迟闭合和附合条件来评估对流层估计精度的方法。通过对PBO观测网中的12个CORS基站以及6个IGS基站的观测数据分析,分别从内符合精度和外符合精度两方面来评估动态对流层解算的精度。在内符合精度的数据处理上,使用事后精密星历,每15s计算一次相对对流层延迟数据。精度满足GPS动态水汽反演对天气预报的基本要求。在外符合精度的数据处理上,使用事后精密星历和超快星历分别对天顶方向对流层延迟进行处理,根据与静态参考值进行比对,两者结果高度吻合。研究结果对GPS动态水汽反演中动态对流层天顶延迟的解算具有重要的参考价值。     

GPS/BDS系统实时用户保护水平研究分析

针对全球卫星导航定位系统的完备性监测领域中,用户保护水平估计不准会使系统性能降低或产生误警信息等问题,该文比较BDS系统、GPS系统、BDS/GPS组合系统下实时用户保护水平,并验证BDS系统下的实时用户保护水平是否满足用户的需求。利用水平保护水平和垂直保护水平模型,选取了3个监测站2d的监测结果分析了GPS系统、BDS系统与GPS/BDS系统组合的实时用户保护水平,并验证了该算法的稳定性。     

测绘仪器精度的表示与检定

衡量测绘仪器品质高低的指标为测绘仪器的准确度或精度。本文针对相关测绘文献中混用准确度和精度的问题,论述了正确表述测绘仪器精度的方法。鉴于目前有关测绘文献部分名词表述不符合国家标准的情况,建议测绘行业主管部门制定统一标准,以利于测绘行业与其他学科的交流。文中还介绍了国际标准ISO 17123所建议的测绘仪器精度检定方法。     

基于抗差估计的实时单站GPS同震速度获取方法

基于实时单站GPS载波相位历元差分测速模型,引入抗差最小二乘估计,并根据IGGⅢ方案选择合适的等价权因子来削弱小周跳和粗差对结果的影响,并采用一组静态数据和2011年日本"3.11"地震期间MIZU站的高频数据对算法进行测试。结果表明,在含有小周跳和粗差的情况下,抗差最小二乘估计能够明显改善解算速度,可以实时获取测站毫米级的同震速度。     

The success rate and precision of GPS ambiguities

 An application of a theorem on the optimality of integer least-squares (LS) is described. This theorem states that the integer LS estimator maximizes the ambiguity success rate within the class of admissible integer estimators. This theorem is used to show how the probability of correct integer estimation depends on changes in the second moment of the ambiguity `float' solution. The distribution of the `float' solution is considered to be a member of the broad family of elliptically contoured distributions. Eigenvalue-based bounds for the ambiguity success rate are obtained. Received: 11 January 1999 / Accepted: 2 November 1999     

Ionospheric calibration of single frequency VLBI and GPS observations using dual GPS data

Summary The ionospheric effect is one of the main sources of error in Very Long Baseline Interferometry (VLBI) and Global Positioning System (GPS) high precision geodesy. Although the use of two frequencies allows the estimation of this effect, in some cases dual observations are not possible due to the available equipment or the type of observation. This paper presents the ionospheric calibration of single frequency VLBI and GPS observations based on the ionospheric electron content estimated from dual frequency GPS data. The ionospheric delays obtained with this procedure and the VLBI baseline length results have been compared with those obtained with dual frequency data. For the European geodetic VLBI baselines, both solutions agree at the 3–5 parts in 10^–9 level. The noise introduced by the GPS-based calibration is in the order of 3 cm for the VLBI observables and of 10 cm for the GPS observables.     

Ionospheric effects on relative positioning within a dense GPS network

Local variability in total electron content can seriously affect the accuracy of GNSS real-time applications. We have developed software to compute the positioning error due to the ionosphere for all baselines of the Belgian GPS network, called the Active Geodetic Network (AGN). In a first step, a reference day has been chosen to validate the methodology by comparing results with the nominal accuracy of relative positioning at centimeter level. Then, the effects of two types of ionospheric disturbances on the positioning error have been analyzed: (1) Traveling ionospheric disturbances (TIDs) and (2) noise-like variability due to geomagnetic storms. The influence of baseline length on positioning error has been analyzed for these three cases. The analysis shows that geomagnetic storms induce the largest positioning error (more than 2 m for a 20 km baseline) and that the positioning error depends on the baseline orientation. Baselines oriented parallel to the propagation direction of the ionospheric disturbances are more affected than others. The positioning error due to ionospheric small-scale structures can be so identified by our method, which is not always the case with the modern ionosphere mitigation techniques. In the future, this ionospheric impact formulation could be considered in the development of an integrity monitoring service for GNSS relative positioning users.     

Group delay variations of GPS transmitting and receiving antennas

GPS code pseudorange measurements exhibit group delay variations at the transmitting and the receiving antenna. We calibrated C1 and P2 delay variations with respect to dual-frequency carrier phase observations and obtained nadir-dependent corrections for 32 satellites of the GPS constellation in early 2015 as well as elevation-dependent corrections for 13 receiving antenna models. The combined delay variations reach up to 1.0 m (3.3 ns) in the ionosphere-free linear combination for specific pairs of satellite and receiving antennas. Applying these corrections to the code measurements improves code/carrier single-frequency precise point positioning, ambiguity fixing based on the Melbourne–Wübbena linear combination, and determination of ionospheric total electron content. It also affects fractional cycle biases and differential code biases.     

基于非差观测量的BDS+GPS近实时钟差估计

卫星钟差的难预测性是影响实时高精度定位的重要因素之一。为快速获得高精度位置或对流层等信息,在非差观测模型的基础上,本文提出了一种延迟量约1 h的近实时钟差估计策略,该策略主要包含超快速轨道解算和钟差估计两部分。经验证,预报部分第2~5 h的GPS轨道三维平均精度为3.85 cm,BDS GEO和IGSO+MEO轨道三维平均精度分别为81.4和21.74 cm。基于超快速轨道可获得近实时钟差精度GPS为0.054 ns,BDS为0.12 ns。最后通过BDS+GPS静态PPP试验验证了轨道和钟差的可用性。     

GPS precision as a function of session duration and reference frame using multi-point software

As an aid to survey design, we used data acquired from three European continuous GPS networks to test the precision of position estimates from static observations as a function of the length of the observing session and the number and distribution of reference stations. Our criterion was the weighted RMS of estimates over 31 days with respect to coordinates determined from 24-h sessions over a 2-year period. With a single reference station, a precision of 3 mm horizontal and 10 mm vertical could be achieved reliably only for session lengths of 3 h or longer and baselines less than 200 km. If four or more reference stations are used, these levels of precision were usually achieved with sessions as short as 2 h. With sessions 6 h or longer and four or more reference stations, the precision is typically 1–2 mm in horizontal and about 3–5 mm in vertical. Increasing the number of reference stations further provides only marginal improvement. Although there is some variation in precision in 4-station networks with the choice of reference stations, the dependence on distance and geometric distribution is weak.     

小区域静态GPS高程精度分析与研究

静态GPS相对定位满足各等级平面控制测量要求已毋庸置疑,对于静态GPS高程究竟达到何种精度,许多测绘工作者众说纷纭。通过实验的方法对不同的GPS高程施测方案产生的不同结果进行分析,论述静态GPS高程的施测精度,以供测绘工作者参考。     

Tropospheric delay correction with dense GPS network in L1-SAIF augmentation

The L1-SAIF (L1 Submeter-class Augmentation with Integrity Function) signal is one of the Quasi-Zenith Satellite System (QZSS) navigation signals, which provides an augmentation function for mobile users in Japan. The tropospheric delay correction in the L1-SAIF augmentation is discussed in detail. Because the topographical features in Japan are complicated, the correction information is generated from GPS observation data collected at 200 GPS stations which are densely distributed over Japan. A total of 210 Tropospheric Grid Points (TGPs) are arranged to fully cover Japan. The TGPs that provide the correction information are selected adaptively to achieve the expected correction accuracy. This selection of TGPs is provided by the TGP mask message. Mobile users acquire the zenith tropospheric delay (ZTD) value at neighboring TGPs from the correction messages, and can estimate the local ZTD value accurately by using a suitable ZTD model. Only up to seven L1-SAIF messages are sufficient to provide the full correction information. Accuracy evaluations have proven that it is possible to achieve a correction accuracy of 13.4 mm RMS. The strategy presented here has been implemented into the augmentation system using the L1-SAIF signal, and its application guidance is presented in the QZSS interface specification.     

Improving BeiDou real-time precise point positioning with numerical weather models

Precise positioning with the current Chinese BeiDou Navigation Satellite System is proven to be of comparable accuracy to the Global Positioning System, which is at centimeter level for the horizontal components and sub-decimeter level for the vertical component. But the BeiDou precise point positioning (PPP) shows its limitation in requiring a relatively long convergence time. In this study, we develop a numerical weather model (NWM) augmented PPP processing algorithm to improve BeiDou precise positioning. Tropospheric delay parameters, i.e., zenith delays, mapping functions, and horizontal delay gradients, derived from short-range forecasts from the Global Forecast System of the National Centers for Environmental Prediction (NCEP) are applied into BeiDou real-time PPP. Observational data from stations that are capable of tracking the BeiDou constellation from the International GNSS Service (IGS) Multi-GNSS Experiments network are processed, with the introduced NWM-augmented PPP and the standard PPP processing. The accuracy of tropospheric delays derived from NCEP is assessed against with the IGS final tropospheric delay products. The positioning results show that an improvement in convergence time up to 60.0 and 66.7% for the east and vertical components, respectively, can be achieved with the NWM-augmented PPP solution compared to the standard PPP solutions, while only slight improvement in the solution convergence can be found for the north component. A positioning accuracy of 5.7 and 5.9 cm for the east component is achieved with the standard PPP that estimates gradients and the one that estimates no gradients, respectively, in comparison to 3.5 cm of the NWM-augmented PPP, showing an improvement of 38.6 and 40.1%. Compared to the accuracy of 3.7 and 4.1 cm for the north component derived from the two standard PPP solutions, the one of the NWM-augmented PPP solution is improved to 2.0 cm, by about 45.9 and 51.2%. The positioning accuracy for the up component improves from 11.4 and 13.2 cm with the two standard PPP solutions to 8.0 cm with the NWM-augmented PPP solution, an improvement of 29.8 and 39.4%, respectively.     

Absolute calibration of GPS antennas: laboratory results and comparison with field and robot techniques

A critical assessment of the accuracy of GPS antenna calibration is most effectively done by comparison between different calibration methods. We present new chamber calibrations of five different GPS receiver antenna types in an anechoic chamber and a comparison of an individual antenna calibrated by the absolute field calibration technique with robot mount of IfE/GEO++. The accuracy is described using standard error parameters which allow the characterization of the quality of different antennas. The results validate the absolute calibration methods at the 1-mm level and confirm the presence of significant variations in quality between antennas of different design. For the antenna pattern we directly use the measured phase variations and do not have to fit any functions for the chamber calibrations. We include the results of an earlier test made with a set of identical antennas calibrated at five different institutions: two using the absolute field technique with robot mount and three others applying the standard field calibration with reference antenna.     

Research on a method of real-time combination of precise GPS clock corrections

GPS Solutions - The acquisition of real-time satellite orbit and clock corrections is necessary for real-time PPP. There are nine International GNSS Service (IGS) analysis centers (ACs) that...