Distribution of n-alkanes and PAHs in atmospheric aerosols

The concentrations of n-alkanes and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are determined in atmospheric aerosol samples collected at a rural sampling site in Hungary. For the n-alkanes the chromatographic profiles are established and the average carbon number and carbon preference index (CPI) are calculated. An attempt is made to obtain the origin of n-alkanes found in atmospheric aerosol samples. Based on the results of the measurements the probable importance of a round-the-year biogenic source for the n-alkanes with CPIs close to unity is emphasized.     

Impact of UV-B, Heat and Chemicals on Ethylene-Production of Lichens

To assess the impact of UV-B radiation combined with NaHSO₃ in solution under laboratory conditions, we compared the amounts of stress-ethylene produced by two lichen species of the same genus. Ramalina lacera, an epiphytic Mediterranean lichen, was found to be rather sensitive to UV-B combined with NaHSO₃, relative to the epilithic desert lichen R. maciformis. The impact of high temperatures with FeCl₂ in solution, measured by amounts of stress ethylene accentuated the adaptability of R. maciformis to desert conditions, whereas R. lacera appeared to be rather sensitive to extreme temperatures especially in the case of chemical contamination. The adaptability of R. maciformis to UV-B appears to be related to the photoprotective capabilities of lichen substances.     

Calibration of Four Species of Tillandsia as Air Pollution Biomonitors

Many organisms have been used as bioindicators of atmospheric contamination, with moss and lichen species being the most common. However, studies using epiphytic vascular species of Tillandsia have shown a good correlation between the presence of pollutants and the bioindicator's response. Therefore, the aim of our investigation was to calibrate and compare the response of four Tillandsia species of Argentina to ascertain whether they could be used as atmospheric contamination biomonitors. For this, we analysed the correlation between the levels of heavy metals in total atmospheric deposition samples and: a) their rate of enrichment; b) the physiological response of the plant samples. Tillandsia samples collected from a non contaminated area in the province of Córdoba were transplanted to four areas in the capital city with different sources of pollution (industrial or traffic emissions). They were exposed for a period of 3 to 6 months after which the concentrations of Pb, Ni, Fe, Zn, Cu and S as well as the physiological parameters of foliar damage were determined. Simultaneously samples of total atmospheric deposition were also taken.The highest level of metal enrichment was found in T. capillaris followed by T. tricholepis, T. permutata and T. retorta. Also, the use of a foliar damage index proved to be effective and could be a useful tool to evaluate different levels of atmospheric quality in these species. The rate of heavy metal deposition was higher in the industrial area for all metals except for Zn whose values were higher in areas with high levels of traffic.     

顶点Pk覆盖问题的研究综述

顶点覆盖问题是经典的NP完全问题,在排序、计算机网络等现实生活中有许多的应用.近几年来,许多研究者开始探究它的推广形式——顶点P_k覆盖（VCP_k）问题,即寻找一个顶点子集,从拓扑结构图中删除后使得剩下的顶点导出的子图不包含P_k路,其中P_k是指包含k个顶点的路.本文简单介绍了VCP_k问题的应用背景,归纳了它在近似算法、精确算法、参数化算法3个方面的主要研究进展,并分析了一些主要的方法和技巧.在此基础上,对VCP_k问题及其相关问题的研究前景进行了展望.     

Measurement of the photodissociation coefficient of NO2 in the atmosphere: II,stratospheric measurements

The photodissociation coefficient of NO₂, J _{NO 2}, has been measured from a balloon platform in the stratosphere. Results from two balloon flights are reported. High Sun values of J _{NO 2} measured were 10.5±0.3 and 10.3±0.3×10^-3 s^-1 at 24 and 32 km respectively. The decrease in J _{NO 2} at sunset was monitored in both flights. The measurements are found to be in good agreement with calculations of J _{NO 2} using a simplified isotropic multiple scattering computer routine.     

土壤水分条件对内蒙古典型草原水汽和二氧化碳通量的影响研究

本文基于2007年和2008年生长季内蒙古羊草和大针茅草原湍流观测资料,分析了两种典型草原下垫面生长季的不同土壤水分条件下水汽和二氧化碳通量交换特征及其控制因子。主要结果如下:（1）在植被生长峰值期,日尺度上,干旱条件下土壤湿度是潜热通量的主要控制因子,而土壤水分条件较好时潜热通量主要受净辐射控制。（2）与大针茅草原相比,羊草草原叶面积指数较大,水分条件较好时,其潜热通量平均值更大,CO₂吸收能力更强,吸收CO₂更多;但在土壤水分胁迫出现时,羊草草原叶面的气孔闭合度急剧增加,大针茅草原的潜热通量、和CO₂吸收反而更大,表现出更为耐旱的植被特性。（3）地表导度可以用来解释土壤水分条件对羊草和大针茅草原碳水通量的影响。     

Latitudinal variation of measured NO2 photolysis frequencies over the Atlantic Ocean between 50° N and 30° S

Using a filter radiometer, the meridional profile of the NO₂ photolysis frequency, J(NO₂), was measured between 50° N and 30° S during the cruise ANTVII/1 September/October 1988 of the research vessel Polarstern on the Atlantic Ocean. Simultaneously, global broadband irradiance and acrosol were monitored. Clean marine background air with low aerosol loads (b _sp=(1–2)×10^-5 m^-1) was encountered at the latitudes 25° N–30° N and 18° S–27° S, respectively. Under these conditions and an almost cloudless sky J(NO₂) reached 7.3×10^-3 s^-1 (2 sr) for a zenith angle of 30°. Between 30° N and 30° S, the latitudinal variation of the J(NO₂) noontime maxima was less than ± 10%, while the mean value at noon was 7.8×10^-3 s^-1. For the set of all data between 50° N and 30° S, a nearly linear correlation of J(NO₂) vs. global broadland irradiance was found. The slope of (8.24±0.03)×10^-5 s^-1/mW cm^-2 agrees within 10% with observations in Jülich (51° N, 6.2° E).     

A Study of the Reaction of OH Radicals with N-Methyl Pyrrolidinone,N-Methyl Succinimide and N-Formyl Pyrrolidinone

A study of the oxidation mechanism of N-methyl pyrrolidinone (C₅H₉NO, NMP) initiated by hydroxyl radicals was made at EUPHORE at atmospheric pressure (1000 ± 10) mbar of air and ambient temperature (T = 300 ± 5 K). The main products were N-methyl succinimide (NMS) (52 ± 4)% and N-formyl pyrrolidinone (FP) (23 ± 9)%. The relative rate technique was used to determine the rate constants of OH with NMP, NMS and FP, the measured values were (in units of cm³ molecule ^{− 1} s^{− 1}): k_NMP = (2.2 ± 0.4) × 10^{− 11}, k_NMS = (1.4 ± 0.3) × 10^{− 12} and k_FP = (6 ± 1) × 10^{− 12}. The results are presented and discussed in terms of the atmospheric impact.     

Latitudinal variation of measured O3 photolysis frequencies J(O1D) and primary OH production rates over the Atlantic Ocean between 50° N and 30° S

The latitudinal variation of the photolysis frequency of ozone to O(¹D) atoms, J(O¹D), was measured using a filter radiometer during the cruise ANT VII/1 of the research vessel Polarstern in September/October 1988. The J(O¹D) noon values exhibited a maximum of 3.6×10^-5 s^-1 (2 sr) at the equator and decreased strongly towards higher latitudes. J(O¹D) reached highest values for clean marine background air with low aerosol load and almost cloudless sky. The J(O¹D) data, measured under these conditions and a temperature of 295 K, can be expressed by: % MathType!MTEF!2!1!+-% feaafiart1ev1aaatCvAUfeBSjuyZL2yd9gzLbvyNv2CaerbuLwBLn% hiov2DGi1BTfMBaeXatLxBI9gBaerbd9wDYLwzYbItLDharqqtubsr% 4rNCHbGeaGqiVu0Je9sqqrpepC0xbbL8F4rqqrFfpeea0xe9Lq-Jc9% vqaqpepm0xbba9pwe9Q8fs0-yqaqpepae9pg0FirpepeKkFr0xfr-x% fr-xb9adbaqaaeGaciGaaiaabeqaamaabaabaaGcbaGaamOsaiaacI% cacaqGpbWaaWbaaSqabeaaiiaacqWF8baFaaGccaqGebGaaeykaiaa% bccacqWF9aqpcaqGGaGaaeyzaiaabIhacaqGWbGaaeiiaiaabUhacq% GHsislcaaI4aGaaiOlaiaaicdacaaIYaGaeyOeI0IaaGioaiaac6ca% caaI4aGaaiiEaiaaigdacaaIWaWaaWbaaSqabeaacqGHsislcaaIZa% aaaOGaaeiiaiaabIhacaqGGaGaam4uaiabgUcaRiaaiodacaGGUaGa% aGinaiaacIhacaaIXaGaaGimamaaCaaaleqabaGaeyOeI0IaaGOnaa% aakiaadofadaahaaWcbeqaaiaaikdaaaGccaGG9bGaaeikaiaaboha% daahaaWcbeqaaiabgkHiTiaaigdaaaGccaGGPaaaaa!5EE9!\[J({\text{O}}^| {\text{D) }} = {\text{ exp \{ }} - 8.02 - 8.8x10^{ - 3} {\text{ x }}S + 3.4x10^{ - 6} S^2 \} {\text{(s}}^{ - 1} )\] where S represents the product of the overhead ozone column (DU) and the secant of the solar zenith angle. The meridional profile of the primary OH radical production rate P(OH) was calculated from the J(O¹D) measurements and simultaneously recorded O₃ and H₂O mixing ratios. While the latitudinal distribution of J(O¹D) and water vapour was nearly symmetric to the equator, high tropospheric ozone levels up to 40 ppb were observed in the Southern Hemisphere, SH, resulting in higher P(OH) in the SH.     

区域气候与中国柳属物种多样性格局的关系研究

利用地理信息系统技术与空间统计相结合的方法,研究了柳属物种多样性在中国区域尺度上的空间分布格局,并且采用逐步广义线性回归分析方法研究了柳属物种多样性与主要气候因子的关系。结果表明:1)柳属物种多样性在中国的分布格局表现为区域广泛,局部聚集:聚集区分布在新疆阿勒泰地区、东北地区和西南地区,其中西南分布区的青藏高原与横断山脉毗连处为中国柳属物种多样性分布中心。2)柳属物种多样性在经度、纬度、气温、降水、蒸散量等气候气候因子一维格局上的分布随着因子梯度先增加后减小,均存在一个最适区间。3)柳属物种多样性与水分因子呈正相关、与能量因子呈负相关关系。水分因子是影响柳属物种多样性的主导因子,能量与水分间的交互作用对物种多样性影响微弱。4)结论部分地支持了水—热动态假说和生态位保守假说,但柳属物种多样性格局成因并非由任何单一假说来完全地解释,这表明其他因子如历史因素、地形异质性、土壤因素或扰动等也可能是形成柳属物种多样性格局的重要因素。     

冰雹指数产品剖析及在灾害性强降水预报中的应用

深入研究了新一代天气雷达产品——冰雹指数的算法HDA，并分析讨论了算法的早期版本（7．0）和改进版本（10．0）的设计思路和优缺点，指出冰雹探测算法的思路与预报局地暴雨的思路相似，都是建立在对风暴单体中高反射率因子探测的基础上。据此，首次提出根据不同季节，利用冰雹指数预报灾害性强降水（冰雹和局地暴雨）的设想。通过对大量强降水个例中冰雹指数HI、垂直液态水含量VIL等雷达产品的统计分析和研究，总结了利用冰雹指数预报上海地区灾害性强降水的一些基本方法和算法阈值设置，以期为预报业务部门更好地使用新一代天气雷达导出产品提供一些参考信息。     

归一化植被指数与降水量、土壤湿度的关系

归一化植被指数是描述植被绿度及生长状况的指数，由于植被生长依赖于环境条件因此ＮＤＶＩ与环境参量的关系是应用ＮＤＶＩ监测环境状况的基础。分别应用位于中国北部的干旱及半干旱地区的降水量资料对ＮＤＶＩ与降水量之间的关系地分析，结果表明仅在干旱半干旱地区生长季末的累积降水量与累积ＮＤＶＩ存在着显著的非线性关系，相关系数为０．７８。     

我国东西部地区地气温差的年代际变化特征

利用1960~2006年我国地温、气温逐日4个时次[02:00(北京时间,下同)、08:00、14:00和20:00]的台站观测资料,计算并分析了我国东南、西北地区各季地气温差的年代际变化特征。分析结果表明:我国东南部地区各季地气温差在20世纪70年代末以前,大部分年份偏高,高于平均值,而在20世纪70年代末以后,我国东南部地区各季地气温差偏低,在夏季和冬季表现尤为明显。我国西北地区春季和夏季地气温差在20世纪70年代末以前大部分年份偏低,低于平均值;而在20世纪70年代末以后,地气温差则大部分年份明显偏高。我国西北地区秋季地气温差的年代际变化特征不明显,而冬季地气温差的年代际变化趋势与春夏季相反,在20世纪70年代末以前大部分年份偏高,高于平均值,而在20世纪70年代末以后偏低。另外,发现地温和气温对我国东南、西北地区各季地气温差的年代际变化在各季所起的贡献作用不同。     

Measurements of stratospheric HO2 and NO2 by matrix isolation and ESR spectroscopy

Vertical profiles of stratospheric HO₂ and NO₂ concentrations were determined using matrix isolation and ESR. Up to 10 different samples per flight were collected in situ by a balloon borne cryosampler. Free radicals and trace constituents which are condensable at 68 K are trapped in a polycristalline H₂O or D₂O matrix. After collection, the samples are stored at a temperature below 83 K until they are analysed in the laboratory by X-band ESR spectroscopy at 4 K. The HO₂ and NO₂ were identified and calibrated by comparison with standard samples collected in the laboratory under typical stratospheric sampling conditions. From several flights over Southern France (44°N) we obtained two profiles of the stratospheric NO₂ mixing ratio. One, from 21 October 1982, agrees well with previous measurements. The other, from 8 October 1981, is lower by one order of magnitude. The few HO₂ data obtained around 35 km altitude agree with previous measurements. An isolated measurement at 17 km altitude is one order of magnitude higher than the model predicted HO₂ concentration.     

Kinetics of the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with aliphatic ethers studied under simulated atmospheric conditions

Rate coefficients have been measured for the reactions of hydroxyl radicals with a range of aliphatic ethers by a competitive technique. Mixtures of synthetic air containing a few ppm of nitrous acid, isobutene and an ether were photolyzed in a Teflon-bag smog chamber. From the rates of depletion of the ether and of the isobutene, and based on the value of the rate coefficient k(OH+i-C₄H₈)=5.26×10^-11 cm³ molecule^-1 s^-1, the following rate coefficients were obtained for the hydroxyl radical reactions at 750 Torr and at 294±2K in units of 10^-12 cm³ molecule^-1 s^-1: diethylether = 12.0±1.1, di-n-propylether = 15.3±1.6, di-n-butylether=17.1±0.9, ethyl n-butylether = 13.5±0.4, ethyl t-butyl-ether = 5.6±0.5, and di-isobutylether = 26.1±1.6. The quoted error limits correspond to 2 standard deviations but do not include any contribution from k(OH+i-C₄H₈) for which the error limits are estimated to be about ±10%. The results are discussed in relation to the available literature data and considered in terms of the structure-activity relation for hydroxyl radical reactions with organic molecules.     

支持近似最短距离查询的高效图加密机制

近似最短距离查询是图检索的基本模式.为了保护外包数据安全,通常对图数据进行加密.已有加密方案使用两跳覆盖模型构建加密图索引,导致索引结构复杂,降低了查询效率.本文提出了一种基于图压缩的加密机制,可以提高图的检索效率,并且支持加密图最短路径查询.该机制使用K-mediods聚类使得图中的节点按照距离分成K个簇,每个簇内的节点使用其中心节点代理,当查询2个点间最短距离时,对于相同簇内的点直接查询,对于簇间的点使用代理节点查询距离.实验结果表明该机制有效地减少了查询时间,提高了查询效率,且查询结果误差度在可接受范围内.     

中国地区闪电和对流层上部NOx的时空分布特征及其相关性分析

为了解闪电对对流层上部NO_x的贡献,本文利用美国全球水资源和气候中心（GHRC）提供的1995年4月~2005年12月的闪电卫星格点资料及高层大气研究卫星 (UARS) 上的卤素掩星试验装置 (HALOE) 1991年10 月~2005 年11月的观测资料,分析了中国地区闪电与对流层上部NO_x体积混合比的时空分布特征及两者的相关性.结果表明:中国地区闪电和对流层上部的NO_x在季节分布、年际分布和空间分布上保持很好的一致性,闪电是对流层上部NO_x的重要来源;NO极值高度在350 hPa左右,云闪直接产生的NO是极值产生的主要原因,NO₂的极值高度在250 hPa左右,因为闪电产生的NO在传输过程中会被氧化成NO₂并通过雷暴的垂直输送作用抬升到更高高度;强对流活动有利于NO_x的传输,而人类活动产生的NO_x一般较难输送到对流层上部,因此闪电多发区的NO_x极值较大,所在的高度也较高.     

A model investigation of the impact of increases in anthropogenic NO x emissions between 1967 and 1980 on tropospheric ozone

Recent observations suggest that the abundance of ozone between 2 and 8 km in the Northern Hemisphere mid-latitudes has increased by about 12% during the period from 1970 to 1981. Earlier estimates were somewhat more conservative suggesting increases at the rate of 7% per decade since the start of regular observations in 1967. Previous photochemical model studies have indicated that tropospheric ozone concentrations would increase with increases in emissions of CO, CH₄ and NO _x . This paper presents an analysis of tropospheric ozone which suggests that a significant portion of its increase may be attributed to the increase in global anthropogenic NO _x emissions during this period while the contribution of CH₄ to the increase is quite small. Two statistical models are presented for estimating annual global anthropogenic emissions of NO _x and are used to derive the trend in the emissions for the years 1966–1980. These show steady increase in the emissions during this interval except for brief periods of leveling off after 1973 and 1978. The impact of this increase in emissions on ozone is estimated by calculations with a onedimensional (latitudinal) model which includes coupled tropospheric photochemistry and diffusive meridional transport. Steady-state photochemical calculations with prescribed NO _x emissions appropriate for 1966 and 1980 indicate an ozone increase of 8–11% in the Northern Hemisphere, a result which is compatible with the rise in ozone suggested by the observations.     

Polyamine Production in Lichens Under Metal Pollution Stress

In the present study, thalli of the lichen species Pseudevernia furfuracea Zopf. and Evernia prunastri (L.) Ach. transplanted around an oil-fired power station. Following an exposure of 4 months, trace element concentrations (Al, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Pb, V and Zn) and polyamine (PA) content [putrescine (Put), spermidine (Spd) and spermine (Spm)] of thalli were measured to study the polyamines production in lichens under metal pollution stress. The polyamine production was not significantly different for the two species but two types of statistically significant relationships were revealed between polyamines production and metals concentration in lichen thalli: a positive linear relationship for the pairs total PAs–Cd (P. furfuracea), total PAs–Cu (E. prunastri), Put–Pb (E. prunastri), Spm–Pb (E. prunastri) and a second-order polynomial relationship for the pairs Put–Cd (P. furfuracea), Spm–Cr (E. prunastri) and total PAs–V (E. prunastri). A possible involvement of polyamines in metal pollution stress response of lichens is discussed.     

Effects of seed particle size and composition on heterogeneous nucleation of n-nonane

Heterogeneous nucleation of supersaturated n-nonane vapour on seed particles of different size and composition has been investigated using a fast expansion chamber. Monodisperse seed particle sizes were ranging from about 4 nm up to about 24 nm in diameter. By using different types of particle generators WO_x, Ag and (NH₄)₂SO₄ particles were generated. For direct comparison between different particle compositions overlapping sizes have been generated for WO_x and Ag at about 7 nm particle diameter as well as for Ag and (NH₄)₂SO₄ at about 15 nm. Nucleation temperature was kept constant at about 278 K. Experimental data were compared to Kelvin equation and Fletcher theory including the effect of line tension. It was found that heterogeneous nucleation of n-nonane seems to be independent of seed particle composition and starts well below the Kelvin curve. Good agreement was achieved with Fletcher theory including the effect of line tension.