温度对铅芯橡胶支座隔震桥梁抗震性能的影响分析

为了研究温度对铅芯橡胶支座（LRB）隔震桥梁抗震性能的影响,以一座七跨连续梁桥为对象,考虑LRB在夏季和冬季不同温度下的力学特性,利用OpenSees对桥梁抗震性能进行研究。通过对不同温度下墩柱、支座及桥梁系统的地震易损性分析,获得了温度对铅芯橡胶支座隔震桥梁抗震性能的影响。结果表明:（1）与夏季相比,冬季低温降低了桥墩的延性及LRB的剪切变形和耗能能力,使地震作用时墩顶位移和支座变形均小于夏季,降低了LRB的减震效果;（2）冬季低温增大了地震作用时桥墩、LRB及桥梁系统在各个破坏状态的损伤概率,在中等及严重破坏状态时损伤概率相比夏季分别增加了8%和15%。在寒冷地区进行LRB隔震桥梁设计时,应考虑低温导致的LRB隔震效果降低对桥梁抗震性能的影响。     

辽宁丹东—东沟地区地震地质的几点新认识——兼论丹东—东沟地区地震地质特征

丹东—东沟地区位于辽宁省东部鸭绿江畔,东邻朝鲜,南邻黄海,北至宽甸,西至凤城—大孤山。这里有著名的鸭绿江深大断裂,曾发生1944年6 3/4级地震,是辽宁省地震最危险的三块地区之一。其地震地质特征是地震、工程等部门十分关切的。在本区的地震地质中,特别突出的问题:1921年丹东“小寺海啸”是否是地震形成的?1944年6 3/4级地震对丹东—东沟的烈度影响场?横穿本区的鸭绿江断裂的活动性?这些问题的解决     

低温条件下的天然地震监测

在野外进行地震监测是地震学的基础工作.地震监测设备的设计工作温度一般在-20℃以上,但高纬高寒地区冬季环境温度往往低于此温度.参照国外经验,基于我们在南极内陆和我国长白山低温地震监测的工作经历,对如何做好低温条件下的天然地震监测进行介绍.实践证明,对地震记录仪和电池等实施被动保温非常必要,持续供电能力则是连续地震监测工作成败的关键.     

苏联天山地区地震活动性研究

苏联境内天山地区是全球内陆地震十分强烈的地区。该地区绝大部分区域呈高地震活动状态。 从50年代开始,苏联中亚地区各加盟共和国科学院、苏联大地物理研究所以及石油、地质、气象等部门就已协作开始大范围的大地构造、地球物理场综合研究,为天山地区地震活动性分析、地震危险性区划以及烈度区划图的编制等积累了大量的资料。从苏联近年来的文献可见,该地区地震活动性研究取得了重要成果。特别是中长期地震趋势预测和大震短期预报研究进展显著。     

甘肃地区的震源深度分布

重新定位了甘肃地区1977年1月至1984年7月的3000多个中小地震,分析对此这些地震的深度分布可以看到: 1.甘肃地区近年来中小地震主要分布在15公里以上的上部地壳中,而且这些震源在深度上呈层状分布,分别在1.5公里,7.5公里和11公里附近出现三个密集分布层。2.震源分层情况,浅层地震活动水平,地震活动“源”深度等都显示出同历史强震有关,而大震多位于地下15公里深处附近,大震对地壳介质的影响可达40公里深处。3.中小地震强度随震源深度变化不明显。文章最后还论及了定位模型对震源深度测定结果的影响问题。     

开震害评估之先河创应急救灾之经验 --谈山西大同-阳高地震的震害评估与应急救灾

1989年至1999年10 a间在山西大同-阳高连续发生了3次中强地震,这是地震预报"实用化"攻关后,我国大陆地区发生的几次较大地震.叙述了大同-阳高地震的震害评估、应急救灾及其对我国防震减灾工作的贡献.指出,大同-阳高地震为我国开展震害评估、地震应急救灾、重建家园等工作积累了经验、打下了基础.     

我国地震监测系统正在向现代化迈进 在地震速报和短期趋势估计方面获重要成果

记者从国家地震局获悉:我国地震监测系统正在向现代化迈进,增添了一系列灵敏度高、监测效果好的仪器设备,使得地震监测能力有了提高.我国地处环太平洋地震带和喜马拉雅山至地中海地震带的汇合地区,是个多地震的国家.1976年唐山地震的发生,更引起了国家对地震工作的重视.国家这些年曾拨出专款加强地震监测系统的现代化建设.现已建成的北京、上海、昆明、成都、兰州等六个电信传输地震台网,能够通过电子计算机,有效地把地震和有些地震前兆观测数据,在台网中心迅速记录下来.天津、太原、滇西、呼和浩特等12     

利用远震P波质点运动检核区域地震计水平分量方位

地震计三分量方位的准确性对现代地震学研究具有很重要的意义.文献[1]利用P波偏振原理和多地震事件加权叠加方法计算表明,中国“十五”数字地震网络台站中有近三分之一的台站存在地震计水平方位偏差大、极性接反或分量互换等方面的问题.本文选取鄂尔多斯地块周缘地区24个代表性台站,利用2007年8月至2011年3月期间73个M≥7远震事件的P波资料,对台站分量方位等问题进行了检核计算.考虑到期间地震仪的可能重新安装因素,应用单地震事件的反演方位时间序列变化来计算分量方位偏差及其可能的方位校正.研究结果表明,反演的方位与文献[1]的结果基本一致,表明中国“十五”数字地震网络确实存在部分台站方位偏差较大等方面问题.因此,在SKS横波分裂等现代地震学研究中应充分考虑台站地震计方位不准和变动等因素的影响.     

地震序列的自相似性分析及其在地震预报中的应用

把时间序列自相似性分析法引进地震序列的分析研究当中,并探讨了其在地震预报中的应用.作为地震时间序列的参量,可分别选取每一个时间单元内累积的等价地震次数 Q=N*,等价地震次数N',最大地震震级 Mmax,以及相邻时段等价地震次数的差值△N*等.为定量分析起见,本文引进了地震序列排序自相似系数s.对中国华北、西南地区和首都圈地区以及日本山梨东部地区地震时间序列的分析研究结果表明,在这些地区分别发生 M7.0和 M6.0地震之前半年至数年,取上述各种地震活动参量计莫出的排序自相似系数s 均要呈现出较明显的下降异常变化.s 异常的持续时间除与震级有关外,还随地区不同而有差异.因此,排序自相似系数s 可作为大地震的一项中长期前兆指标.      

华北北部地区地震中短期前兆场的震中区前兆空区模式

华北北部地区３次强震的交兆场研究结果表明,在地震发生前几个至十几（或几十个）个月的时间尺度上,未来震中区表现为前兆平静或空白的特征,同期外转眍中小地震活动十分活跃,地震前兆异常也大量涌现。根据这些现象,提出了地震中短期前兆场的震中区前兆空区模式。     

On the synchronism in the events within the core and on the surface of the earth: the changes in the organic world and in the polarity of the geomagnetic field in the phanerozoic

The data on geomagnetic reversals are compared with the changes in the organic world and with the lower-mantle plumes. The times of the formation of plumes and the times of their appearance on the Earth’s surface relate to the intervals characterized by the different frequencies of geomagnetic reversals, i.e., there is no interrelation between the formation of plumes and the frequency of the changes in the geomagnetic field polarity. At the same time, a certain synchronism is observed between the frequency of the geomagnetic reversals and the boundaries of the biostratigraphic ages, i.e., the changes in the organic world in the long-period range. A hypothesis is proposed, which explains the change in the sign of the geomagnetic field by the combined effect of the irregular rotation of the internal core relative to the mantle and the changes in the slope angle of the axis of the Earth’s rotation, which, in turn, results in synchronous events on the Earth’s surface: the rates of changes in the organic world.     

On the gravimetric undulations of the geoid and the deflections of the vertical

Summary The author mentions the aims of the World-wide gravity project he established in the Ohio State University in Columbus, in 1950. He outlines the practical procedure of the gravimetric computations of the undulationsN and the vertical deflection components and and emphasizes that only by the global international cooperation and additional gravity observations at sea carried out during the last decade it has been possible to gather to Columbus the needed gravity material. Since there exist still large gravimetrically unsurveyed areas it is of vital significance to study what gravity anomalies are best to be used for these regions. The given figures concerning the accuracy of theN, and , estimated theoretically and obtained in practice, indicate that in the gravimetrically well surveyed parts of the world like in Europe and the United States we can get gravimetrically on basis of existing gravity material theN-values with accuracy of about 5–10 meters, and and with the accuracy of about 1. The geoid undulationsN are already computed in Columbus for more than 6000 points of the northern hemisphere. The sample maps show the interesting geoid of Europe and vicinity between the latitudes 60° and 30° and longitude 5° W and 30° E, drafted on basis of more than 1000N-values computed at the corners of 1°×1° squares. It is interesting to realize that the geoid undulations in all this area are positive, the extreme values being between 40 and 50 meters. The geophysical significance of the geoid maps of this kind is pointed out.     

On the maintenance of the axisymmetric part of the flow in the atmosphere

Summary The maintenance of the axisymmetric component of the flow in the atmosphere is investigated by means of a steady-state, quasi-geostrophic formulation of the meteorological equations. It is shown that the meridional variations in the time-averaged axisymmetric variables can be expressed as the sum of three contributions, one being due to the eddy heat transport, another to the eddy momentum transport, and a third to the convective-radiative equilibrium temperature which enters the problem through the specification of a Newtonian form of diabatic heating. The contributions by the large scale eddies are evaluated through the use of observed values for the eddy heat and momentum transports.The contributions from each of the three forcing mechanisms to the temperature and zonal wind fields are invstigated individually and found to be of about equal importance. The sum of the three contributions are also presented for the temperature, the zonal wind, the stream function associated with the mean meridional circulation and the corresponding vertical motion. Although the results fail to reproduce the main observed features of the lower stratosphere, they are found to be in good agreement with observations in the middle latitude troposphere. At any pressure level, for example, the computed mean zonal wind has a jet-like profile and the axis of the jet is found to slope to the south with height, as observed in the atmosphere.Based in part on a thesis submitted by the first author as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Ph.D. degree at the University of Michigan. — Publication No. 194 from the Department of Meteorology and Oceanography, The University of Michigan.     

太平洋中部地磁台11年周期变化的研究

综合APIA、HONOLULU、PAMATAI 3个地磁台三分量的11年周期变化的形态后,可定性地提出该变化源于内场。如内源为核幔边界的电涡流,则其中心点应位于3台之间。     

Comparison Between the Nutations of the Planet Mars and the Nutations of the Earth

The nutations of the planets Mars andEarth are investigated and compared. Alarge number of interior structureparameters are involved in the nutationcomputations. The comparison between the observations and the computationsprovides several constraints on these parmeters andtherefore allows a better understanding of the physics of the interior of theplanet. For the Earth, the high precision of the observations of the nutationshas led to a very good determination of interior properties of the planet. ForMars, observations of nutations are not yet available, and we review how theamplitude of the Martian nutations depends on the hypotheses consideredfor its interior. Although Mars is very similar to the Earth, its interior is not well known;for example, we don't knowif its core is liquid or solid. Only if the core is liquid,the Free Core Nutation (FCN) normal mode exists and can alter the nutationswhich are close to the resonance. From the observed geoids, it is known thatboth planets are not in hydrostatic equilibrium. The departure is larger forMars than for the Earth, and consequently, the implication of considering a convective mantle instead of a mantle in hydrostatic equilibrium described byClairaut's equation for the initial equilibrium state of the planet is largeron the Martian nutations than on the Earth nutations. The consequences of theuncertainty in the core dimensions are also examined and shown to be of a veryhigh influence for Mars if the core is liquid, due to the potential changes inthe FCN resonance. The influence of the presence of an inner core, which isknown to exist for the Earth, could be more important for Mars than for theEarth if the inner core is large. Due to the presence of Tharsis on Mars, thetriaxiality of this planet has, additionally, larger effects than on Earth.     

Magnetic stratigraphy of the Ordovician in the lower reach of the Kotuy River: the age of the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum and the rate of geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the superchron

Until recently, the existing data prevented the geophysicists from accurately dating the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, which outcrops in the middle reach of the Kotuy River, constraining the time of its formation to a wide interval from the end of the Late Cambrian to the beginning of the Silurian. The obtained paleomagnetic data unambiguously correlate the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum to the Nyaian regional stage and constrain its formation, at least a considerable part of it, by the Tremadocian. This result perfectly agrees with the data on the Bysy-Yuryakh conodonts studied in this work and yields a spectacular example of the successful application of paleomagnetic studies in solving important tasks of stratigraphy and, correspondingly, petroleum geology. Within the Bysy-Yuryakh stratum, we revealed a large normal-polarity interval corresponding to the long (>1 Ma) period when the geomagnetic reversals were absent. This result, in combination with the data for the Tremadocian and Middle–Upper Cambrian sequences of the other regions, indicates that (1) the rate of occurrence of the geomagnetic reversals on the eve of the Ordovician Moyero superchron of reversed polarity was at most one reversal per Ma; (2) the superchron does not switch on instantaneously but is preceded by a certain gradual change in the operation conditions of the dynamo mechanism which, inter alia, manifests itself by the reduction of the frequency of geomagnetic reversals with the approach of the superchron. This finding supports the views according to which a process preparing the establishment of the superchrons takes place at the core–mantle boundary.     

On the variation in the geomagnetic dipole over the geological history of the Earth

The global database on the paleointensity, containing determinations of the virtual dipole moment (VDM) for a stable (normal) regime of the geomagnetic field in a time interval of up to 3.5 Ga, is supplemented by new VDM determinations and analyzed. The field generation process started no later than 3–3.5 Ga (earlier data are absent) at the stage of the Earth’s core formation. Since that time, the dipole value has differed from its present value by no more than an order of magnitude, and the deviations that have already been detected tend toward smaller values. The distribution of VDM values in the time interval 0–400 Ma is bimodal, which apparently reflects the presence of two different generation levels of the geomagnetic field distinguished by a relatively large value (close to the present field value) and a relatively small value (approximately half as large as the present value). The total duration of decreased VDM values appreciably exceeds that of increased VDM values (179.1 and 28.6 Myr, respectively). On the whole, data on the paleointensity do not contradict the hypothesis about the dipole nature of the field over the last 400 Myr; however, the number of determinations at high paleolatitudes is too small to draw decisive conclusions on the validity (or invalidity) of the dipole field approximation based solely on paleointensity data.     

Structure of the poleward wall of the trough and the inclination of the geomagnetic field above the EISCAT radar

A special high-resolution routine of the EISCAT radar has been used to investigate the structure and development of the poleward wall of a deep trough in electron density. The feature was tracked by the radar during a 7-hour period under very quiet geomagnetic conditions. The field-aligned nature of the structure enabled an estimate to be made of the inclination of the geomagnetic field above EISCAT that was in good agreement with the current model. Observations of narrow field-aligned enhancements in electron temperature demonstrated that the wall of this trough is a dynamic feature, reforming regularly as the electron density responds on a time scale of tens of minutes to energy input from soft-particle precipitation.