Re-Os同位素体系在金属矿床中的应用

Re-Os同位素体系已成为金属矿床定年和示踪的重要手段之一。文章在简述Re-Os同位素体系基本原理基础上,综述了国内外的最新研究成果,认为Re-Os同位素测试对象不再局限于辉钼矿和铜镍硫化物矿石,黄铁矿、毒砂、磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿、闪锌矿等也常作为测试对象用于金矿床、铅锌矿床、沉积喷流型钴(金)等矿床的定年。地壳岩石与原始地幔相比,具有较高的187 Os/188 Os比值、γOs值以及Re/Os比值,因此,硫化物或矿石的Re-Os同位素组成和普通Os—Re/Os比值图解可以揭示斑岩矿床、金矿、铅锌矿以及铜镍硫化物矿的成矿物质来源。辉钼矿则可以通过Re含量来示踪成矿物质来源。Re-Os同位素也可与其他同位素结合(如187 Os/188 Os-87Sr/86Sr)共同判明不同端元组分对成矿的贡献。     

云南昆阳磷矿黑色页岩微量元素特征及其地质意义

昆阳磷矿是我国下寒武统黑色页岩中赋存的最大的磷块岩矿床。为了探讨磷块岩及上覆黑色页岩的源区性质及古海洋的氧化还原环境,本文对梅树村组中谊村段的磷块岩、石岩头段的黑色页岩以及筇竹寺组玉案山段的砂质黑色页岩的地层剖面进行了岩石地球化学研究。发现昆阳剖面磷矿区的下寒武统黑色页岩Th-Zr和Th-Y/Ho比值以及Y-Y/Ho比值与陆源碎屑物质更为接近,石岩头段黑色页岩样品的稀土元素总量平均为174×10^-6,与大陆壳稀土总量的平均丰度基本一致。稀土配分模式也十分类似,说明陆源碎屑物质来源比海水自生来源占的比重更大。受陆源碎屑物质的影响,Ni/Co,V/Cr和V/（V+Ni）等氧化还原敏感元素比值并不能很好的指示古海洋的沉积环境。但石岩头段黑色页岩的氧化还原敏感元素相对大陆壳具有一定程度的富集,并且富集程度不强烈,Ce具有轻微的负异常,反映了黑色页岩可能形成于次氧化环境。     

缺氧沉积物及其衍生物的Re-Os同位素定年与示踪

Os属铂族元素,其不同于亲石元素的地球化学性质使得Re-Os同位素体系在金属矿床和超基性-基性岩浆岩的定年与地球化学示踪研究中得到了广泛应用。Re、Os元素具有亲铁和一定程度的亲铜性质,能在还原环境中与硫化物和/或有机物结合而发生相对富集,因此可应用Re-Os同位素体系对缺氧环境中形成的富有机质沉积物及其衍生物进行定年与示踪研究。本文综述了近年来Re-Os地球化学在这一领域的研究新进展,包括黑色页岩中Re-Os富集机制的探讨,沉积岩的等时线法定年,风化作用、烃类成熟度和变质作用等对黑色页岩等富有机质沉积岩Re-Os同位素体系的影响,沉积环境的Os同位素示踪以及黑色页岩Os模式年龄的意义等,并对这些研究成果在石油、沥青等有机矿产的成因研究及其勘查工作中的应用前景进行了评述。     

浙江长兴“金钉子”灰岩Re Os富集机制研究

通过对浙江长兴煤山D剖面二叠—三叠"金钉子"灰岩样品Re-Os同位素、主微量元素和有机碳测定,对不同层位灰岩的沉积环境进行了判别。通过分析灰岩主微量元素、有机碳与Re、Os含量的相关性,探索性地研究了灰岩中Re、Os富集机制。研究发现,灰岩中Re、Os的富集主要受氧化还原作用影响,Re只有在还原环境下,才会被灰岩中的有机物富集,此时灰岩中Re含量较高,适用于Re-Os同位素定年,而Re在氧化环境下很难被灰岩中有机质富集。Os在还原环境下同样被有机质富集,但氧化环境下,部分Os也可以被灰岩地层中含铁、铜等自生矿物吸附富集,含铁、铜等自生矿物Os同位素比值可以代表沉积时海水Os同位素特征。Re、Os在灰岩中的富集机制研究对于将Re-Os同位素应用于灰岩地层精确定年及古环境示踪具有重要意义。Re、Os在不同氧化还原条件下的富集差异导致了还原环境沉积的灰岩中187 Re/188 Os要大于氧化环境灰岩中187 Re/188 Os,灰岩中187 Re/188 Os变化对研究古海洋沉积氧化还原环境可能具有一定指示意义。     

油气成藏定年的Re-Os同位素方法应用研究

Re和Os易于被有机物捕获而富集,并长期稳定地保存在烃源岩、原油和沥青中而保持良好的封闭体系.可以对烃源岩、原油和沥青进行Re-Os同位素直接定年,获得与油气成藏相关的精确的绝对年龄信息.Re-Os同位素实验分析包括样品的溶解、Re和Os的化学分离与纯化、Re和Os同位素的质谱测定.原油中沥青质组分的Re,Os同位素组成能够近似代表全油的Re,Os同位素组成,对原油进行Re-Os同位素分析实质就是对原油中的沥青质组分中的Re-Os同位素体系进行分析,其年龄记录的是油气生成的年龄,原油和烃源岩的187Os/188 Os比值的对比可以进行油源示踪.沥青Re-Os同位素等时线年龄揭示的是油气大量生成运移的时间,年龄数据分散的主要原因是具有不同187 Os/188 Os初始比值的烃源岩对Re-Os体系的贡献.川西龙门山北段矿山梁下寒武统沥青Re-Os同位素组成和等时线年龄指示了油气生成和运移的时间发生在～164 Ma,并来源于两种烃源岩.Re-Os同位素体系的封闭性、等时线年龄的精度和油气地质意义、烃源岩多期熟化作用和混源作用的影响等方面还值得进一步深入研究.Re-Os同位素方法将在油气成藏年代学领域,特别是在碳酸盐岩地区的油气成藏定年方面具有广泛的应用前景.     

Re-Os同位素测年法在油气成藏年代学的研究进展

铼—锇(Re-Os)同位素应用于油气成藏年代学是近10年来的一个前沿领域,在国际上已取得了重要成果,目前国内对此方法的应用还较缺乏。利用Re-Os同位素测年法开展页岩或沥青等富有机质沉积岩的研究,可以精确厘定油气运移和充注时间,也可以有效示踪烃源岩。在阅读国内外大量文献的基础上,概述了Re-Os同位素定年原理,分析了海水—沉积物中Re和Os元素的富集过程,总结了Re-Os同位素测年的测试对象、样品准备和分析测试方法。指出初始187Os/188Os比值不仅可以限定油气生成和油气充注的年龄,还可以有效评价源—油关系;放射成因的187Os/188Os比值与烃源岩年龄呈正相关。认为烃类成熟度、生物降解作用和水洗作用不足以造成Re-Os等时线图中出现离散点,而初始187Os/188Os比值变化、沉积后Re和Os的流动性和硫酸盐热化学还原作用是引起Re-Os等时线图中出现离散点的3个主要原因。Re-Os年龄的重现性和准确性与样品颗粒的大小及取样量密切相关。相对于其他同位素测年法,Re-Os同位素测年法的最大优势在于对直接参与油气成藏的地质体进行研究,可以得到油气成藏期的直接证据。最后探讨了现阶段ReOs同位素体系研究中尚存在的问题,就未来研究热点和发展方向做出展望,以期能有效推动Re-Os同位素定年相关的理论和技术的深入发展。     

上地幔Os同位素组成的演化

Re-Os同位素体系为研究地幔的成分-结构-演化提供了新的地球化学示踪和定年的工具.上地幔Os同位素组成演化的球粒陨石模型是Re-Os体系用于地幔物质定年的基础, 尤其在采用Re亏损模式年龄和Os同位素代理等时线年龄时.综合了铁陨石和各类球粒陨石、地幔橄榄岩包体和蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿的Re-Os同位素体系研究的近期成果, 为认识对流上地幔Os同位素组成的演化提供了制约.对河北遵化蛇绿岩豆荚状铬铁矿岩的研究, 获得新太古代(2.5 Ga)时形成豆荚状铬铁矿的对流上地幔的187Os/188Os=0.110 2, 与球粒陨石型模式的一致.文献中常用的球粒陨石模式的参数如下: 地球形成时(4.558 Ga)初始值187Os/186Os为0.095 31, 现代值分别采用碳质球粒陨石的187Os/186Os比值为0.127 0和原始上地幔(PUM)的187Os/186Os比值为0.129 6, PUM与普通球粒陨石和顽火球粒陨石的187Os/186Os比值接近.      

沥青Re-Os同位素年龄地质意义解读

Re、Os亲有机质的特性使得Re-Os同位素在富有机质地质样品中得到了广泛应用;沥青由大量重组分有机质组成,对Re、Os具有较强的富集能力,并且沥青样品中Re-Os同位素封闭性较好,因此沥青Re-Os同位素已经成为当今国际上研究的一个热点。然而,沥青Re-Os同位素年龄究竟是代表烃源岩的沉积时代、油气成藏时代、还是油气藏破坏后油气运移时代,至今还没有明确的定论。本文对新疆乌尔禾沥青矿、四川矿山梁沥青矿样品进行了Re-Os同位素分析,结果显示,乌尔禾沥青矿Re-Os同位素年龄为269±9Ma,老于周围白垩系砂岩地层沉积时代,Os同位素初始比值¹⁸⁷Os/¹⁸⁸Os(Os_i)为0.367±0.028,小于二叠纪海水的Os_i同位素比值,表明得到的乌尔禾沥青Re-Os同位素年龄反映的是乌尔禾油气藏的成藏时代。矿山梁沥青矿Re-Os同位素年龄为537.3±5.2Ma,老于围岩(寒武系、奥陶系、志留系地层)沉积时代,Os同位素初始比值为0.716±0.028,与早寒武世海水的Os_i同位素比...     

湖南鲁塘石墨矿Re-Os同位素研究

石墨具有较高的Re、Os含量,可望成为理想的Re-Os同位素测年对象,但迄今国内外研究较少,尤其在煤层经变质作用形成石墨过程中,其中Re-Os同位素体系的变化还有待研究。湖南鲁塘石墨矿是我国典型的隐晶质石墨矿床之一,矿体产于二叠系龙潭组煤系地层中。本文采用Carius管逆王水溶解样品,直接蒸馏、微蒸馏分离纯化Os,丙酮萃取法分离富集Re,热表面电离质谱法对鲁塘矿区石墨样品以及外围原煤进行了Re-Os同位素分析。结果表明:鲁塘石墨的Re含量为0.901~9.794 ng/g,Os含量为7.3~189.5 pg/g,Re-Os同位素等时线年龄为155.6±3.6 Ma,该年龄与鲁塘石墨矿东侧骑田岭岩体第二阶段中粒黑云母花岗岩锆石U-Pb年龄153~157 Ma一致,表明了龙潭组煤层受到骑田岭岩体"烘烤"作用,发生热接触变质作用,使得靠近骑田岭岩体原煤变质为石墨,形成石墨矿床。通过对比石墨、原煤和骑田岭岩体Re、Os含量及比值,发现石墨中的Re、Os主要来源于原煤,并根据石墨Re-Os等时线初始(187Os/188Os)i值(0.686±0.032),推测骑田岭岩体在侵入煤系地层过程中,有少量具有较低187Os/188Os值的Os被碳质吸附。     

石灰岩铼-锇同位素分析方法研究及应用初探

针对石灰岩样品Re-Os同位素分析,在选样和溶样方法上进行了改进,在Carius管封闭前加入HCl与石灰岩反应释放出大量CO2,然后加入氧化剂和稀释剂封闭Carius管溶解样品,大大增加了样品取样量。利用改进的方法对采自青海玉树地区二叠世九十道班组底部的灰黑色微细晶灰岩的Re-Os同位素体系进行了分析测定,得到了精确的沉积年龄(283.1±7.1)Ma(MSWD=0.61,Model1,n=7)。187Os/188Os同位素初始值为0.56±0.12,与二叠纪时海水的187Os/188Os值相一致,反映了石灰岩沉积时海水的187Os/188Os比值。所得石灰岩年龄与其中的生物化石年龄相吻合,并且与区域上岩浆岩锆石年龄相互印证,表明Re-Os同位素体系在该石灰岩中的封闭性较好。通过石灰岩中有机碳含量以及其中Re、Os含量关系研究,得出了Re、Os在灰岩中主要赋存于有机质中的结论。从原理上解释了Re-Os同位素体系在灰岩中的应用具有十分广泛的前景。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

NONMETALS DEPOSITS

正20141520 Bo Ying(Key Laboratory of Metallogeny and Mineral Assessment,MLR,Beijing 100037,China);Liu Chenglin Saline Spring Hydrochemical Characteristics and Indicators for Potassium Exploration in Southwestern and Northern Tarim Basin,Xinjiang(Acta Geoscientica Sinica,ISSN1006-3021,CN11-3474/P,34(5),2013,p.594-602,5 illus.,3 tables,28 refs.)     

MATHEMATICAL GEOLOGY

正20141243Chen Ge(Hangzhou Research Institute of Petroleum Geology,PetroChina,Hangzhou 310023,China);Si Chunsong Study on Sedimentary Numerical Simulation Method of Fan Delta Sand Body(Journal of Geology,     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20142599Chen Sanming(Guangxi Key Laboratory of Concealed Deposits Exploration,Guilin University of Technology,Guilin541004,China);He Yuzhou Block Model and Reserves Estimation of Panzhihua Iron Deposit Based on 3D Geological Modeling(Journal of Guilin University of Technology,ISSN1674-9057,CN45-1375/N,33(4),2013,p.610-615,9illus.,1table,15refs.)     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20140594 Bai Daoyuan(Hunan Institute of Geology Survey,Changsha 410016,China);Zhong Xiang Faults in the Jingzhou Basin and Their Tectonic Settings(Geotectonica et Metallogenia,ISSN1001-1552,CN44-1595/P,37(2),2013,p.173-183,6illus.,59refs.)Key words:basin evolution,tectonic setting,South China In the Upper Paleozoic and Jurassic se-     

STRUCTURAL GEOLOGY

正20141912Cao Hui(State Key Laboratory for Continental Tectonics and Dynamics,Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing 100037,China)Gravitational Collapse and Folding during Orogenesis:A Comparative Study of FIA Trends and Fold Axial Plane Traces(Geology in China,ISSN1000-3657,CN11-1167/P,40(6),2013,p.1818-1828,9illus.,35refs.,with