天山、西昆仑山中、新生代幕式活动的磷灰石裂变径迹记录

通过对天山独山子—库车公路、西昆仑山新疆—西藏公路出露的7个花岗岩样品的磷灰石裂变径迹分析，研究了天山、西昆仑山脉低温（＜110℃）热历史。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄范围为（9.6±0.8）～（89.2±2.3）Ma，平均裂变径迹长度变化范围为（7.9±3.7）～（11.6±1.9）μm。磷灰石裂变径迹年龄反映冷却作用时代，地质资料和磷灰石裂变径迹分析数据表明，天山在白垩纪存在一次抬升作用，天山和西昆仑山在中新世发生另一次抬升作用。     

嘉黎断裂带两侧晚新生代差异隆升的磷灰石裂变径迹纪录

对嘉黎断裂带两侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年代学测试表明,断裂带北侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在5.6~11.7Ma之间,属中新世晚期;断裂带南侧的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄明显较小,6个样品中有5个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在4.0~5.9Ma之间,属上新世早期.嘉黎断裂带北侧5.6~11.7Ma期间的隆升速率为0.07~0.09mm/a.5.8Ma以来平均剥露速率为0.50mm/a,平均隆升速率1.33mm/a.断裂带南侧4.7Ma以来平均剥露速率为0.62mm/a,平均隆升速率1.68mm/a.两侧样品都反映上新世以来有较强烈的隆升作用,并且南侧比北侧隆升作用更强烈.     

高喜马拉雅地区聂拉木花岗岩快速抬升的裂变径迹证据

笔者对西藏高喜马拉雅地区聂拉木花岗岩样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹分析。聂拉木淡色花岗岩4个不同高程(395～4200m)的裂变径迹年龄范围为3.79±0.34～8.17±0.47Ma,混合花岗岩4个不同高程(3260～3720m)的裂变径迹年龄范围为0.85±0.09～1.71±0.34Ma。结合已有的热年代学资料,提出整个高喜马拉雅造山带在上新世—第四纪时为快速抬升期。     

喜马拉雅造山带晚新生代构造隆升的裂变径迹证据

喜马拉雅造山带的隆升,在地质学研究中是一个非常让人感兴趣的问题,为了对其进行定量研究,揭示隆升历史及幅度等相关问题,运用磷灰石、锆石裂变径迹法对研究区淡色花岗岩进行了分析,所取样品的裂变径迹年龄位于17.0~5.7 Ma之间,小于其地层时代或侵入年龄(40~17 Ma),表明研究区喜马拉雅造山带的强烈隆升开始于晚新生代.用磷灰石裂变径迹年龄来计算可知,研究区内花岗岩5.7 Ma以来的冷却速率和剥蚀速率分别为18.421 ℃/Ma和0.526 mm/a.5.7~9.2 Ma间的相对抬升与剥蚀速率为0.229 mm/a,9.2~17.0 Ma间的相对抬升与剥蚀速率为0.032 mm/a.用锆石裂变径迹年龄来计算知,研究区内花岗岩16.2 Ma以来的冷却速率和剥蚀速率分别为12.963 ℃/Ma和0.370 mm/a,冷却速率和剥蚀速率均小于用磷灰石计算的结果.因此说喜马拉雅造山带从9.2 Ma到现在隆升和剥蚀的速率是处于加快的状态.      

青川鹰咀山花岗岩体侵位与山脉隆升

运用磷灰石裂变径迹法对鹰咀山花岗岩进行了分析,所取样品的裂变径迹年龄位于50.6⁶9.6Ma之间,小于其地层时代或侵入年龄,表明摩天岭推覆构造带的隆升开始于晚白垩世,用磷灰石裂变径迹年龄来计算可知:研究区内花岗岩50.6Ma以来的冷却速率和剥蚀速率分别为2.08℃/Ma和0.063mm/a,50.669.6Ma之间,小于其地层时代或侵入年龄,表明摩天岭推覆构造带的隆升开始于晚白垩世,用磷灰石裂变径迹年龄来计算可知:研究区内花岗岩50.6Ma以来的冷却速率和剥蚀速率分别为2.08℃/Ma和0.063mm/a,50.6⁶9.6Ma之间的相对抬升与剥蚀速率为0.013mm/a,因此说明摩天岭推覆构造带从晚白垩世以来一直处于持续隆升冷却的过程。     

青川鹰咀山花岗岩体侵位与山脉隆升

运用磷灰石裂变径迹法对鹰咀山花岗岩进行了分析,所取样品的裂变径迹年龄位于50.6~69.6Ma之间,小于其地层时代或侵入年龄,表明摩天岭推覆构造带的隆升开始于晚白垩世,用磷灰石裂变径迹年龄来计算可知:研究区内花岗岩50.6Ma以来的冷却速率和剥蚀速率分别为2.08℃/Ma和0.063mm/a,50.6~69.6Ma之间的相对抬升与剥蚀速率为0.013mm/a,因此说明摩天岭推覆构造带从晚白垩世以来一直处于持续隆升冷却的过程。     

阿尔泰山南缘白垩纪以来的剥露历史和古地形恢复

应用裂变径迹技术研究阿尔泰山南缘中新生代以来的隆升剥露历史,并对古地形进行恢复。对所获得的11个磷灰石样品的裂变径迹年龄分析表明,裂变径迹年龄变化分布于99.1~43.7 Ma之间。该地区晚白垩世以来平均视剥露速率为0.050 mm/a。热史模拟结果表明,阿尔泰山南缘自白垩纪以来经历了多期冷却剥露历史:早白垩世至晚白垩世晚期(约120~75 Ma),剥露速率为0.044 mm/a;晚白垩世晚期至始新世(约75-70~50 Ma),剥露速率为0.070 mm/a;中新世以来(约20-15 Ma~现今),剥露速率为0.081 mm/a。对研究区进行古地形恢复显示,自白垩纪(120 Ma)至今,平均剥露幅度达约5 km,古地形海拔降低约0.8 km。阿尔泰山南缘白垩纪以来古地形海拔仅在17.5~50 Ma期间保持基本稳定,其他阶段均有降低的趋势。早白垩世的构造抬升与蒙古-鄂霍茨克海最后阶段的闭合以及西伯利亚板块和中朝-蒙古板块的最终收敛和碰撞有关;晚白垩世晚期至始新世的构造活动则是受拉萨地块、Kohistan-Dras岛弧增生的远距离影响;中新世以来快速隆升可能与印度板块与欧亚板块碰撞的远程效应有关。     

阿尔金山北段阿克塞—当金山口一带新生代山体抬升和剥蚀的裂变径迹证据

阿尔金山北段阿克塞—当金山口一带的裂变径迹测年证据表明,该地区于9～7 Ma以来发生过快速抬升和剥蚀,并且一直持续形成了现今所见的阿尔金山。新生代以来至少经历了三次抬升:早期43.6～24.3Ma、中期19.6～13.6 Ma、晚期9～7 Ma。抬升速率先缓慢、后相对快速,9～7 Ma以来的抬升速率为0.94 mm/a。晚期的构造拾升可能与阿尔金断裂带左行走滑活动有关,而与相邻的柴达木盆地北缘地区的构造抬升并不一致。     

西昆仑卡日巴生岩体和苦子干岩体的隆升：来自磷灰石裂变径迹分析的证据

笔者对采自青藏高原西北部塔什库尔干县城西侧卡日巴生花岗岩体和苦子干碱性花岗岩体的7个不同高程的样品进行了磷灰石裂变径迹年龄和径迹长度的测试分析。结果表明,自5Ma以来,这一地区经历了脉动式的,总体由缓慢到快速的隆升过程。通过“径迹年龄—高程”法等计算的隆升速率表明,5～2Ma隆升速率为0.1mm/a±;2Ma后,隆升速率增至2mm/a±。同时对样品进行了径迹长度的分析,表明5Ma以来的隆升并不是一个持续抬升过程,存在着相对稳定的阶段,总体表现为一脉动式隆升。并结合区域地质资料分析,认为早期的隆升与印度板块与欧亚大陆的碰撞挤压有关,2Ma后的隆升是由青藏高原内部热均衡调整造成的。所测试的样品中,6个样品的磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在2.14～5.19Ma,显示出随着样品高程的增加,裂变径迹年龄增大的规律。而其中一个样品的单颗粒径迹年龄较为分散,揭示了早期与隆升有关的热历史的信息。     

东喜马拉雅构造结更新世两期抬升-剥露事件的裂变径迹证据

对出露在东喜马拉雅构造结南迦巴瓦地区那木拉峰的片麻岩进行了系统垂向上的磷灰石裂变径迹取样分析,在3393～4537m取样高程内的10个样品获得的磷灰石裂变径迹分析结果显示:中值年龄在0.64～1.58Ma之间,平均封闭径迹长度在14.0～15.2μm之间,标准偏差在1.0～3.5μm之间。其中,径迹长度数据为这一地区的首次报道,可以为数据分析的可靠性提供重要保证。通过利用裂变径迹的"香蕉图"模式分析,在这批年龄结果中进一步区分出了代表混合年龄的样品组分和代表事件年龄的样品组分。事件年龄揭示这一地区在更新世有两期抬升-剥露事件的记录,时间分别为1.10±0.24Ma和0.65±0.08Ma。而磷灰石裂变径迹年龄在剖面线上的空间分布显示山体内部的高海拔地区年龄较新,向边缘低海拔地区逐渐变老的趋势。这种分布特征与早期多雄拉-那木拉褶皱构造变形无关,是东喜马拉雅构造结地区正处于快速抬升-剥露过程中的一种指示。据地温梯度30～40℃/km推算的1Ma以来的平均视剥露速率约为2.43～3.24mm/a。而结合前人的研究成果分析,这一地区快速地抬升-剥露过程可能自3Ma已发生。东喜马拉雅构造结1.10Ma和0.65Ma的抬升-剥露事件可以与青藏高原隆起过程中周缘地区的"昆黄运动"、气候转型和沙漠化等同期响应事件在年代学上建立联系。青藏高原的周缘隆起在更新世时期表现出的活动响应具有准同时的特征。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料，就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因，其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应，以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上，讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。      

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

The Tendencies of the Development of the Mineral-Resources Sector at the Turn of the Century

Important tendencies in development of the world mineral-resources sector at the beginning of the 21st century were an increase in production and consumption of mineral materials differentiated by types of metals and nonmetallic mineral raw materials, by countries and regions, as well as the concentration of the production of mineral raw materials in a small number of countries, and a reduction in industrial reserves of minerals in the world economy, even at the current stage of their extraction. These tendencies should be taken into account in working out a strategy for development of the Russian mineral raw-material base.