基于泥炭记录的过去150 a东北山地大气粉尘沉降

为了探究过去150 a来大气粉尘沉降历史及其对季风边缘区和季风影响区的影响差异,利用长白山典型雨养泥炭灰分粒度、成岩化学元素、²¹⁰Pb和¹³⁷Cs年代等指标重建过去大气粉尘变化,并与大兴安岭摩天岭雨养泥炭粉尘记录进行比较。东北山地泥炭灰分主要以粘土颗粒和粉砂颗粒物为主。中值粒径和成岩元素特征也初步揭示东北山地泥炭中矿物灰分主要源于蒙古国和中国北方沙漠和沙地的土壤尘。大气土壤尘降通量自19世纪初至20世纪60年代表现出逐渐增加的趋势,与区域近代化、工业化和战争等人类活动强度增加一致。在过去60 a间具有减小的趋势,与区域自然尘暴的监测数据吻合较好。东北地区长距离传输的大气土壤尘降通量背景基线为(5.2±2.6) g m^-2 a^-1。长白山大气土壤尘降通量（5~38 g m^-2 a^-1）小于大兴安岭（14~68 g m^-2 a^-1）,揭示了大气尘降随着与尘源区的距离增加而递减,对东北地区西部的影响要强于对东部的影响。     

Glacier area changes in the Nujiang-Salween River Basin over the past 45 years

Automated image classification and visual interpretation of Landsat imagery were used to extract the glacier boundary in the Nujiang-Salween River Basin (NSRB) around the years 1975, 2000, and 2020. The spatiotemporal characteristics of glacier area changes in the NSRB were determined and the reasons for the spatial heterogeneity in glacier area changes were discussed, based on comparative analyses of temperature and precipitation data from meteorological stations around the NSRB. The results indicate that 1) the total glacier area in the NSRB decreased by 477.78 km² (28.17%) at a rate of -0.62%/a in 1975-2020. Most shrinkage occurred at low and mid altitudes, with the most severe occurring at 5290-5540 m, accounting for 40% of the total shrinkage. Considering other river basins in China, the relative glacier area change rate in the NSRB was similar to that for typical inland river basins in northwest China but lower than that for other transboundary river basins in the southeastern Tibetan Plateau. 2) These areal changes in the NSRB presented obvious regional differences. The glaciers in the Hengduan Mountains retreated significantly, followed by those in the Nyainqentanglha Mountains, with relatively low shrinkage observed in the Tanggula Mountains. The number of cold and hot spots indicating areal changes increased after 2000, along with their spatial heterogeneity. 3) The glacier shrinkage rate over different time intervals was positively correlated with temperature. Thus, spatial heterogeneity of climate change effects could elucidate differences in the glacier area change rate in different regions of the NSRB. The temperature rise was determined as the primary reason for the significant glacial retreat over the past 45 years. As the significant warming trend continues, the glacier area in the NSRB is likely to shrink further.     

Holocene pollen record from a peatland in the West Caucasus,Abkhasia, Black Sea region

A pollen sequence spanning over 4000 years was recovered from a small (0.1 ha)Sphagnum-dominated peatland in the mountains near Sukhumi, Abkhasia, West Georgia. The peatland lies atc. 1650 m a.s.l. in denseFagus-Abies forest. The pollen record reveals totally forested surroundings throughout since at least 4000 years BP (90–95% AP). It begins with a complex forest dominated byFagus with large proportions ofCastanea, Acer andUlmus. ThenCastanea became dominant whileFagus was still prominent. This might indicate a warmer climate. Later development shows a dramatic decline ofCastanea. Its pollen drops down to 3–5%. RecentlyAbies has been experiencing an exponential growth. Now it comprises over 50% of the forest composition around the peatland. These changes have possibly been caused by human influence together with climatic change. The basin started as aPotamogeton-dominated shallow lake with ferns andAlisma along the margins. Later it developed into a sedge fen and finally aSphagnum andMenyanthes poor fen with scatteredCarex limosa. The record indicates a progression towards oligotrophy.This publication is the fifth paper in a series of papers presented at the session on Past Climatic Change and the Development of Peatlands at the ASLO and SWS Meetings in Edmonton, Canada, May 30–June 3, 1993. Dr. P. Kuhry and Dr S. C. Zoltai are serving as Guest Editors.     

Changes in inland lakes on the Tibetan Plateau over the past 40 years

Inland lakes and alpine glaciers are important water resources on the Tibetan Plateau. Understanding their variation is crucial for accurate evaluation and prediction of changes in water supply and for retrieval and analysis of climatic information. Data from previous research on 35 alpine lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were used to investigate changes in lake water level and area. In terms of temporal changes, the area of the 35 alpine lakes could be divided into five groups: rising, falling-rising, rising-falling, fluctuating, and falling. In terms of spatial changes, the area of alpine lakes in the Himalayan Mountains, the Karakoram Mountains, and the Qaidam Basin tended to decrease; the area of lakes in the Naqu region and the Kunlun Mountains increased; and the area of lakes in the Hoh Xil region and Qilian Mountains fluctuated. Changes in lake water level and area were correlated with regional changes in climate. Reasons for changes in these lakes on the Tibetan Plateau were analyzed, including precipitation and evaporation from meteorological data, glacier meltwater from the Chinese glacier inventories. Several key problems, e.g. challenges of monitoring water balance, limitations to glacial area detection, uncertainties in detecting lake water-level variations and variable region boundaries of lake change types on the Tibetan Plateau were discussed. This research has most indicative significance to regional climate change.     

过去2000年中国气候变化研究的新进展

回顾过去2000年中国气候变化的研究历史,总结了本领域在最近10年的新成果,并对未来研究动向进行了展望。主要内容包括：代用证据采集、过去2000年温度序列重建与冷暖期辨识、降水及干湿序列重建与变化特征分析、过去千年气候变化模拟与机制诊断、历史气候变化影响分析等。主要进展体现在：加密了中国气候变化代用资料的空间覆盖度,提升了2000年气候变化序列重建、资料分析和影响辨识等研究的定量化程度,深化了对中国过去2000年气候在年代—百年尺度的变化特征及其形成机制与影响的认识。为进一步揭示地球系统的变化规律,特别是更深入认识中国气候的时空变化规律提供了更好的基础。     

Characteristics of Autumn Precipitation Trends in the Northeastern United States

Previous research has shown that the northeastern United States experienced a significant increase in precipitation during the twentieth century, especially during the autumn. This shift toward wetter conditions can be explained by examining trends in daily precipitation characteristics. Early season precipitation changes in the western portion of the study area were associated with increases in the frequency of precipitation‐days. Later in the season a coincident increase in precipitation‐day intensity enhanced these trends. Tropical storms had little influence on autumn precipitation increases. The study suggests that, instead, changes in regional atmospheric circulation may be responsible for changing precipitation characteristics.     

黄土高原典型流域土地利用变化对蒸散发影响研究

选取黄土高原典型流域罗玉沟流域为研究区,以2006年和1986年两个时段的TM影像为原始数据,通过SEBAL模型估算蒸散量,采用地面实测资料对估算结果进行验证,表明SEBAL模型在该流域较为适用.同时,得到该流域蒸散发的空间变化规律,并结合该流域相应时段的土地利用变化进行对比分析.结果表明:(1)遥感反演日蒸散量平均为...     

Changes in growing season in the Northeastern United States

ABSTRACT

Changes in growing season length (GSL) are of concern for agricultural, phenological, economic, epidemiological, and bioclimatological reasons. This research identifies spatial and temporal changes over the last several decades in GSL, along with the day-of-year of the last spring freeze and first autumn freeze, for the northeastern United States – a region particularly susceptible to such changes due to the large population and intense economic activities. Results suggest that growing season has significantly increased in length since 1980 as compared to prior to 1980, and both spatial and temporal variation in GSL has decreased for the region over time. Changes to GSL for this region are driven more by a shift in the first autumn freeze date than the last spring freeze date. The areas of greatest increase in GSL in the pre- vs. post-1980 period tend to be in the high elevations, near large water bodies, and near the largest cities. Results will assist environmental planners as they prepare mitigation and adaptation strategies amid a changing environment.     

Potential implications of differential preservation of testate amoeba shells for paleoenvironmental reconstruction in peatlands

Testate amoebae are now commonly used in paleoenvironmental studies but little is known of their taphonomy. There is some experimental evidence for differential preservation of some testate amoeba shell types over others, but it is unclear what, if any impact this has on palaeoenvironmental reconstruction. To investigate this issue we looked at palaeoecological evidence for the preservation of different shell types. We then investigated the possible impact of selective preservation on quantitative palaeoenvironmental inference. We first used existing palaeoecological data sets to assess the vertical patterns of relative abundance in four testate amoeba shell types: (1) shells made of secreted biosilica plates (idiosomes, e.g. Euglypha), (2) idiosomes with thick organic coating (Assulina), (3) proteinaceous shells (e.g. Hyalosphenia), (4) shells built from recycled organic or mineral particles (xenosomes) (e.g. Difflugia, Centropyxis). In three diagrams a clear pattern of decay was only observed for the idiosome type. In order to assess the implications of differential preservation of testate amoeba taxa for paleoenvironmental reconstruction we then carried out simulations using three existing transfer functions and a wide range of scenarios, downweighting different test categories to represent the impact of selective test decomposition. Simulation results showed that downweighting generally reduced overall model performance. However downweighting a shell type only produced a consistent directional bias in inferred water table depth where that shell type is both dominant and shows a clear preference along the ecological gradient. Applying a scenario derived from previous experimental work did not lead to significant difference in inferred water table. Our results show that differential shell preservation has little impact on paleohydrological reconstruction from Sphagnum-dominated peatlands. By contrast, for the minerotrophic peatlands data-set loss of idiosome tests leads to consistent underestimation of water table depth. However there are few studies from fens and it is possible that idiosome tests are not always dominant, and/or that differential decomposition is less marked than in Sphagnum peatlands. Further work is clearly needed to assess the potential of testate amoebae for paleoecological studies of minerotrophic peatlands.     

中美过去300年土地利用变化比较

开展历史土地利用变化的国别对比研究,不仅有利于深化大尺度LUCC过程与驱动机制的科学认识,而且对深入研究历史碳排放责任等也有着重要意义。利用长时间序列数据,对中美两国过去300年土地利用/覆被变化的时空特征及驱动因素进行对比分析。结果表明:1过去300年中美两国耕地数量总体均呈持续增长态势,中国在1661-1980s的320余年间耕地总量增长了79.46×104km2,但人均耕地面积却从1685年的5.5亩,下降至2000年的1.5亩;而美国在1700-1950年的250年间耕地面积增加了190.87×104km2,且人均耕地面积均超过9亩,其中1890年高达30.2亩。2受土地垦殖扩张影响,过去300年中美两国林、草地资源均呈持续减少态势;其中,美国森林面积减少了约145×104km2,草地面积减少约137×104km2;而中国森林面积减少了约90×104km2,草地面积减少了约40×104km2。3从空间格局变化特征看,过去300年中国土地垦殖主要向边区(如东北、西南、内蒙等)及内地山地丘陵区发展;而美国在"西进运动"的影响下,大规模向中西部拓殖。4政策、人口、农业技术等因素是影响过去300年中美土地利用/覆被变化的主要因素,但由于两国资源禀赋及发展历史的差异,虽然直接驱动力均体现为政策因素,但就根本驱动因素而言,中国是人口数量,美国则是经济利益;同时,在农业技术发展取向上,中国因"人多地少",走"精耕细作"之路,而美国因"人少地多",走"机械化"之途。     

中美巴印过去300年耕地时空变化的比较研究

本文利用长时间序列数据,对中、美、巴、印四国过去300 年耕地时空变化特征及驱动因素进行了比较分析。结果表明:①四国耕地总量在过去300 年均呈持续增长态势。中国和印度土地垦殖历史悠久,其中,中国在1700-1980s 耕地面积增加了68.21×10⁴ km²,印度在1700-2000 年增加了131.28×10⁴ km²,为中国的1.92 倍;美国和巴西虽然农业起步较晚,但发展迅猛,其中,美国在1700-1950 年的250 年间耕地面积增长了190.87×10⁴ km²,分别是中国、印度增量的2.80 倍和1.46 倍;巴西在1700-2000 年增加了64.57×10⁴ km²,其中近百年的增量为62.82×10⁴ km²,超过了同期其他三国的增加量。②从空间格局变化特征看,近300 年来,中国和印度均是在已有耕地分布格局的基础上向高原及山地丘陵地区扩展;而美国在“西进运动”的影响下,耕地大规模向中西部拓殖;巴西随着向北西部开发的推进,北部、西部地区的耕地急剧增加。③过去300 年推动四国土地垦殖发展最直接的驱动因素是国家政策,但就根本驱动因素而言,中国和印度是人口,而美国和巴西则是国家财政;在农技发展取向方面,中国和印度选择了精耕细作以提高土地生产率;而美国和巴西则选择了机械化以提高劳动生产率。     

近50年来气候变化背景下中国大豆生产潜力时空演变特征

大豆是中国最重要的粮食兼油料作物之一,随着人口的增长和人们生活水平的提高,中国对大豆产品的消费需求不断增加.全球气候变化给大豆生产带来了一定影响,其中有负面的,也有正面的.本文以2010年中国耕地空间分布遥感监测数据为基础,在1961-2010年的长时间序列气象数据、土壤数据等数据基础上,采用GAEZ模型,综合考虑光、温、水、CO2浓度、病虫害、农业气候限制、土壤、地形等因素,估算了中国大豆生产潜力,进而分析了近50年来气候变化导致的中国大豆生产潜力的时空格局特征.研究表明:①中国大豆生产潜力呈现由南向北、由西向东增加的趋势.东北平原区、长江中下游地区和黄淮海平原区是大豆高产区.②近50年来,中国大豆适宜种植面积持续增加,而大豆平均生产潜力却持续下降,大豆生产潜力总量先降后增.③中国大豆生产潜力的变化区域差异明显.东北平原区大豆生产潜力总量居全国第一,长江中下游地区和黄淮海平原区分别居第二、三位.本文揭示了近50年来气候变化背景下中国大豆生产潜力的时空格局演变特征,对合理安排大豆种植布局,高效利用气候和土地资源,实现大豆稳产高产具有指导意义.     

近50年气候驱动下东北地区玉米生产潜力时空演变分析

利用GAEZ模型,综合考虑气象、土壤、地形等因素,估算1961-2010年东北玉米生产潜力,分析50年来气候变化导致的东北玉米生产潜力时空格局演变特征。研究发现：① 1961-2010年,东北玉米平均生产潜力波动较大,整体上以每10年80 kg/hm²的线性倾向率增加;② 由于气候变化,20世纪末、21世纪初玉米生产潜力变化较为频繁;③ 玉米生产潜力总值黑龙江省始终处于最高,近50年间增长幅度黑龙江省>吉林省>辽宁省;④ 近50年来,黑龙江省玉米生产潜力的波动较为剧烈,吉林省和辽宁省相对稳定;⑤ 近50年东北玉米适宜种植区有所增加,主要集中在黑龙江省西北地区,高生产潜力区域增加明显,呈现北移趋势。研究可为东北地区高效利用气候和土地资源,优化玉米生产布局提供依据。     

The decreasing spring frost risks during the flowering period for woody plants in temperate area of eastern China over past 50 years

The temperate monsoon area of China is an important agricultural region but late spring frosts have frequently caused significant damage to plants there. Based on phenological data derived from the Chinese Phenological Observation Network （CPON）, corresponding meteorological data from 12 study sites and phenological modeling, changes in flowering times of multiple woody plants and the frequency of frost occurrence were analyzed. Through these analyses, frost risk during the flowering period at each site was estimated. Results of these estimates suggested that first flowering dates （FFD） in the study area advanced significantly from 1963 to 2009 at an average rate of -1.52 days/decade in North-east China （P〈0.01） and -2.22 days/decade （P〈0.01） in North China. Over the same period, the number of frost days in spring decreased and the last frost days advanced across the study area. Considering both flowering phenology and occurrence of frost, the frost risk index, which measures the percentage of species exposed to frost during the flowering period in spring, exhibited a decreasing trend of -0.37% per decade （insignificant） in Northeast China and -1.80% per decade （P〈0.01） in North China, implying that frost risk has reduced over the past half century. These conclusions provide important information to agriculture and forest managers in devising frost protection schemes in the region.     

A temporal analysis of seasonal start dates across 25 urban environments in the eastern United States

This research examines changes to seasonal start dates (1948–2015) across urban locations in the eastern United States. For 25 cities, percentile-specific thresholds of temperature (T_a) and apparent temperature (AT) were used to define seasonal start dates. Seasonal changes were evaluated across four time periods: 0300, 0900, 1500, and 2100 UTC. Incorporating spatial and temporal variability into seasonal delineation, this research critiques the ways in which seasons are defined and builds on existing research regarding seasonal climate change. Both T_a and AT results generally indicate earlier starts to the summer and spring seasons, while the starts to winter and autumn seasons have been delayed. On average, a forward shift of 11 days was found for summer. Larger changes were found for AT thresholds when compared to air temperature alone. Temporally, the largest and most significant changes were found for the 0300 and 2100 observations. The observed changes to seasons have significant impact on a range of processes, including phenology and human health, and may be appropriate to consider further in future climatology studies.     

长江口盐沼土壤有机质更新特征的滩面趋势

通过对长江口崇明东滩高潮滩、中潮滩以及光滩柱状样的有机元素(C、N)含量与碳稳定同位素组成(δ13C)、粒度组成等的测定,研究盐沼土壤有机质更新特征及其滩面趋势.结果表明,长江口盐沼土壤POC-δ13C相关特征与山地土壤剖面上部土层的基本类似,盐沼土壤有机质主要源于长江流域表层土壤,有机质年龄不足100年.不同高程柱样TN-C/N、POC-TIC与POC-δ13C关系特征表明盐沼土壤有机质更新程度普遍较低,有机质更新特征呈明显的滩面变化趋势.光滩有机质基本反映沉积母质特征,更新程度极低;中、高潮滩有机质更新作用已经发生,随着滩面演变,处于不同更新阶段的有机质组分混杂程度提高.盐沼滩面过程塑造垂向沉积层序,层序中独特的沙、泥纹层构造导致物质上下运移困难,有机质更新作用受到抑制.盐沼滩面过程直接影响有机质的累积与更新,对于有机质更新的时空特征具有显著制约.     

中国北方地区40年来湿润指数和气候干湿带界线的变化

本文研究了中国北方地区 196 1～ 2 0 0 0年 4 0年间气候干湿带界线分布和 10年际变化。 4 0年来中国北方地区 ,在东经 10 0°以东地区 ,半干旱区和半湿润区的分界线不断波动向东推进 ,2 0世纪 90年代比 6 0年代向东和向南扩展 ,半干旱区面积扩大 ,半湿润区面积缩小 ,气候趋向干旱化 ;东经 10 0°以西地区 ,极端干旱区面积在缩小 ,湿润指数有增大趋势。如果把温度和湿润指数相结合 ,东经 10 0°以东的黄淮海区和黄土高原区为持续的干暖型 ;东经 10 0°以西的西北地区 ,则由干暖型向湿暖型转变 :河西走廊和东疆盆地转型的时间发生在 2 0世纪 70年代初 ,北疆山地绿洲荒漠地区转型的时间发生 2 0世纪 80年代中期前后。气候干湿带界线的变化取决于降水和潜在蒸发的变化速率。 4 0年来 ,在东经 10 0°以东地区 ,降水和潜在蒸发都呈下降趋势 ,但降水减少速率大于潜在蒸发下降速率 ;在东经 10 0°以西地区变湿的原因 ,研究认为除了降水有所增加外 ,潜在蒸发也在下降 ,而且潜在蒸发下降速率的绝对值大于降水增加速率。     

A first estimate of organic carbon storage in Holocene lake sediments in Alberta, Canada

This paper reports a first estimate of the Holocene lake sediment carbon pool in Alberta, Canada. The organic matter content of lake sediment does not appear to depend strongly on lake size or other limnological parameters, allowing a simple first estimate in which we assume all Alberta lake sediment to have the same organic matter content. Alberta lake sediments sequester about 15 g C m^-2 yr^-1, for a provincial total of 0.23 Tg C yr^-1, or 2.3 Pg C over the Holocene. Alberta lakes may represent as much as 1/1700 of total global, annual permanent carbon sequestration.     

长江口盐沼土壤有机质更新特征的滩面趋势

Characteristics and tidal flat trends of soil organic matter （SOM） turnover were studied for the Chongmingdongtan Salt Marsh in the Yangtze River estuary, based on analyses of stable carbon isotope composition （δ^13C）, grain sizes and contents of particulate organic carbon （POC）, total nitrogen （TN） and inorganic carbon （TIC） for three cores excavated from high tidal flat, middle tidal flat and bare flat. Results demonstrate that correlations between soil POC contents and δ^13C values of the salt marsh cores were similar to those between soil organic carbon （SOC） contents and δ^13C values of the upper soil layers of mountainous soil profiles with different altitudes. SOM of salt marsh was generally younger than 100 years, and originated mainly from topsoil erosions in catchments of the Yangtze River. Correlations of TN content with C/N ratio, POC content with TIC content and POC content with δ^13C values for the cores suggest that turnover degrees of SOM from the salt marsh are overall low, and trends of SOM turnover are clear from the bare flat to the high tidal flat. Bare flat samples show characteristics of original sediments, with minor SOM turnover. Turnover processes of SOM have occurred and are discernable in the high and middle tidal flats, and the mixing degrees of SOM compartments with different turnover rates increase with evolution of the muddy tidal flat. The exclusive strata structure of alternate muddy laminae and silty laminae originated from dynamic depositional processes on muddy tidal flat was a great obstacle to vertical migration of dissolved materials, and SOM turnover was then constrained. The muddy tidal flat processes exerted direct influences on sequestration and turnover of SOM in the salt marsh, and had great constraints on the spatial and temporal characteristics of SOM turnover of the Chongmingdongtan Salt Marsh in the Yangtze River estuary.