Engineering geology and historical sites in Slovakia

The engineering geological investigation related to restoration works carried out in order to preserve ancient monuments and their functional incorporation into presentday urban planning became an important part of the engineering geological program in Slovakia sponsored by the state authorities. The realization of this program yielded valuable information on the geological causes of failures on buildings under various natural conditions in the central European moderate humid zone; moreover, valuable experience with methods of engineering geological investigation was gained.     

韶石山风景区岩石中的名胜古迹

韶石古道是古代上京古道的一段.韶石山是唐宋以来的旅游胜地,岩洞、崖壁中遗留众多的名胜古迹,如岩庙、石寨、石刻石雕、岩画、岩棺墓等珍贵的历史遗迹.     

准噶尔盆地东部地质遗迹景观的开发利用与保护

准噶尔东部地质遗迹景观十分丰富，广泛分布于山地自然垂直带和广阔无垠的大漠戈壁，其特有的奇台县硅化木园中的硅化木无论从数量、规模、化石形态、质地和保存状况均属世界上不可多得的上品．与其相邻的恐龙沟、魔鬼城、五彩城、石钱滩、鸣沙山等均为特色鲜明的宝贵资源，适合开展地貌旅游、观赏、动植物科学考察、探险观光等活动．     

The Parallel Roads of Glen Roy,Scotland: geoconservation history and challenges

Glen Roy is a classic geosite for ice-dammed lake shorelines, the Parallel Roads, and associated features formed during the Loch Lomond (Younger Dryas) Stade (12.9–11.7 ka). The area played a key part in the development of the glacial theory in the early 19th century and continues today to have outstanding scientific value for understanding the processes and timing of events at the end of the last glaciation. Glen Roy has also been long-appreciated as an awe-inspiring visitor attraction, and is now a flagship site for geotourism within Lochaber Geopark. Statutory geoconservation in Glen Roy, beginning in the second half of the 20th century, was founded on the exceptional scientific value of the area. The history and practice of geoconservation in Glen Roy illustrate the contested values of geoheritage and the evolving approaches adopted. Important lessons include the need for open dialogue and partnership working among the local community, land owners and managers, the statutory conservation agency (Scottish Natural Heritage), Lochaber Geopark and the scientific community.     

香港的考古文物、古迹与岩画

香港地区考古发现多种石器及离岛的"石壁画龙"-岩画,均属新石器时代文物.发现铜器、陶器等也不少,有些有隶书年号,为周、秦时代文物.香港自南北朝以来,与两广、福建和中原地区来往密切,遗留许多名胜古迹.     

An understanding of geography: The perspectives of English primary trainee teachers

There have been few studies of trainee teachers' conceptions of the term ‘geography’. Building on these, this study identifies a number of conceptions of geography held by primary school trainee teachers in England. Their ideas are compared with their understanding of the reasons for teaching geography to young children. Similar outcomes emerge. While a small number of primary trainee teachers see geography education as concerned with the study of places, a slightly larger group view teaching geography as developing children's sense of responsibility for the earth and its people. However, by far the largest groups of students perceive geography's role to be to develop younger children's awareness and knowledge of the environment. Additionally, a sizeable group of trainees see geography as providing knowledge about the features and countries of the world. The implications of these findings are considered for the brief geography study units which primary teacher trainees take as part of their initial teacher training programme in English higher education. The conclusion is that it is important to widen primary trainee teachers' perspectives during even the briefest of units, not least to enable them to teach the national curriculum requirements for geography in primary schools. This revised version was published online in August 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

A historical perspective of the morphological evolution in the lower Ebro river

 The morphological evolution, hydrodynamics and sediment dynamics of the lower Ebro are studied from historical and current data in order to determine the main changes that have governed the evolution of the Ebro channel near the river mouth during the last few centuries. The evolution of the mouth of this river during the last 2000-years, from an estuary to a delta, is interpreted as a process that has been accelerated by human land management. However, an inverse trend has been observed during recent decades: (1) the river mouth has been affected by erosion due to a drastic decrease in the river sediment discharge, and (2) the lower Ebro tends to evolve towards a quasi-permanent salt-wedge estuary as a consequence of the decrease in the river water discharge. Freshwater and sediment discharge decreases are mainly related to intense river water management during this century. The salt wedge favours erosion in the river banks, widening the river channel and causing an aggradational trend in the lower Ebro. Accretion-erosion rates and the sediment budget in the river mouth are estimated for different conditions. Received: 13 November 1995 · Accepted: 17 June 1996     

Evaluation of redox-active iron sites in smectites using middle and near infrared spectroscopy

Redox processes of structural Fe in clay minerals play an important role in biogeochemical cycles and for the dynamics of contaminant transformation in soils and aquifers. Reactions of Fe(II)/Fe(III) in clay minerals depend on a variety of mineralogical and environmental factors, which make the assessment of Fe redox reactivity challenging. Here, we use middle and near infrared (IR) spectroscopy to identify reactive structural Fe(II) arrangements in four smectites that differ in total Fe content, octahedral cationic composition, location of the negative excess charge, and configuration of octahedral hydroxyl groups. Additionally, we investigated the mineral properties responsible for the reversibility of structural alterations during Fe reduction and re-oxidation. For Wyoming montmorillonite (SWy-2), a smectite of low structural Fe content (2.8 wt%), we identified octahedral AlFe(II)-OH as the only reactive Fe(II) species, while high structural Fe content (>12 wt%) was prerequisite for the formation of multiple Fe(II)-entities (dioctahedral AlFe(II)-OH, MgFe(II)-OH, Fe(II)Fe(II)-OH, and trioctahedral Fe(II)Fe(II)Fe(II)-OH) in iron-rich smectites Ölberg montmorillonite, and ferruginous smectite (SWa-1), as well as in synthetic nontronite. Depending on the overall cationic composition and the location of excess charge, different reactive Fe(II) species formed during Fe reduction in iron-rich smectites, including tetrahedral Fe(II) groups in synthetic nontronite. Trioctahedral Fe(II) domains were found in tetrahedrally charged ferruginous smectite and synthetic nontronite in their reduced state while these Fe(II) entities were absent in Ölberg montmorillonite, which exhibits an octahedral layer charge. Fe(III) reduction in iron-rich smectites was accompanied by intense dehydroxylation and structural rearrangements, which were only partially reversible through re-oxidation. Re-oxidation of Wyoming montmorillonite, in contrast, restored the original mineral structure. Fe(II) oxidation experiments with nitroaromatic compounds as reactive probes were used to link our spectroscopic evidence to the apparent reactivity of structural Fe(II) in a generalized kinetic model, which takes into account the presence of Fe(II) entities of distinctly different reactivity as well as the dynamics of Fe(II) rearrangements.     

长江中下游实时洪水预报模拟

以长江中下游防洪系统为对象,概述了在大型复杂防洪系统水沙运动数值模拟基础上,成功地将面向长江中下游防洪规划论证需求的水沙数学模型转化为面向长江防洪系统防汛方案评估需求的长江中下游实时洪水预报数学模型.为适应实时预报调度快速、准确评估的要求,提出了基于水动力学的循环滚动计算模式和实时校正模式.实现了水文学实时校正方法与水动力学数学模型的耦合,建立了基于水动力学的实时校正模式和分洪溃口洪水预报模式.通过长江中下游防汛期间的试运行,较好地解决了洪水预报误差校正和分洪溃口后洪水预报等关键难题,为防汛方案的制定和实时洪水调度方案优化提供了技术支撑,主要成果已应用于长江中下游防汛调度方案中.     

汉江中下游突发性水污染事故污染物运移扩散模型

以汉江中下游为例,基于MIKE 11模型的降雨径流模块、水动力模块、对流扩散模块建立了汉江中下游的降雨-径流模型、水动力模型和对流-扩散模型,通过对模型进行率定和验证,表明该模型具有较理想的模拟效果;在此基础上运用构建的模型模拟了汉江中下游2003年冬季、夏季不同水文情况下,突发性水污染事故中污染物的运移扩散过程,定量模拟了突发性水污染事故发生后,汉江不同地点处污染物到达的时间和浓度值,并对突发风险事故的影响范围、程度、时间做出定量预报.     

大陆地壳活动带片麻岩穹隆构造与分层流变

大陆克拉通化与造山带形成后的活化与再造机理和条件，是板块构造理论登陆面对的重要课题，针对广泛发育于陆缘、陆内环境中的大陆地壳活动带开展的深入研究为此提供了重要约束。以中下地壳深变质岩为核，中浅变质岩为幔部的穹隆构造是大陆地壳活动带最为典型特征构造样式之一。本文基于对古元古代—新生代不同时期典型大陆地壳活动带内片麻岩穹隆构造的分析，总结出以下共性特点：① 发育厚皮构造，强烈的热异常与高应变使得活动带中保存着下地壳基底岩石卷入地壳变形过程的痕迹;② 核部往往由高级变质岩石（通常伴有花岗岩或混合岩）组成，变质程度主体为低角闪岩相到高角闪岩相，局部可以达到麻粒岩相,从核部向幔部变质程度逐渐降低; ③ 分层（或层状）流变是地壳活动带变形的重要表现形式; ④ 中、深层次的岩石共同遭受了强烈剪切变形作用的改造，不同构造层次（核部与幔部）岩石中的构造具有几何学、运动学和动力学上的一致性,拉伸线理和不同尺度的a型褶皱广泛发育，伴随着区域尺度的a型或b型穹隆构造; ⑤ 幔部岩系与核部岩系具有特征的运动学上的耦合关系而流变学上的解耦, 二者之间及内部常发育不同尺度的剪切不连续面（Tectonic discontinuity contact, TDC）。基于上述特点分析，本文提出切向（近水平）剪切流动与多流变层分层流动是大陆地壳活动带中、下地壳流动一致性的体现。多种变形体制叠加，包括近水平切向流动作用的主要贡献并辅以垂向运动的叠加或递进变形，造就了现今大陆地壳活动带中广泛发育的片麻岩穹隆构造，它们递进演化成为线性a型穹隆群、b型穹隆或演变为变质核杂岩构造。     

疏勒河流域中下游盆地地下水功能区划

按地下水目标功能单项评价分级和主导功能综合评价的组合特征,对疏勒河流域中下游盆地地下水目标功能在5级分区的基础上,结合各自的属性与具体条件进行了功能区划:地下水资源功能划分为11种类型;生态功能划分为12种类型;地质环境功能划分为8种类型。地下水功能综合区划依据资源功能区和生态功能区,分别划分为4种类型的资源利用区和3种类型生态环境保护利用区。     

长江中下游河湖水量交换过程

长江中下游的河湖水交换关系典型且复杂,为描述河湖水量相互交换过程,提出了河湖水量交换系数的概念,即某一时段内由支流汇入湖泊的径流量与湖泊泄入干流径流量的比值,表示河湖水量交换的激烈程度。根据水量平衡原理推导出河湖水量交换系数计算的经验公式,并把河湖水量交换过程分为3种状态:“湖分洪”、“稳定”和“湖补河”。近60多年来河湖水交换系数年际变化趋势表明:洞庭湖与长江干流的水交换状态从“湖分洪”到“稳定”,再到“湖补河”状态发展;鄱阳湖与长江干流的水交换系数在稳定状态附近波动,河湖水交换状态无明显趋势性变化,河湖系统演化稳定。河湖水交换系数与长江干流径流量相关性良好,而与湖泊支流径流量相关性较差,表明长江干流径流量的大小是河湖水量交换过程的主控因素。     

潮湿环境下古代土遗址的原位保护加固研究

古遗址的保护是文物保护工作中最复杂的问题之一,而土质文物是文物保护中最难保护的文物,所以古代土遗址的保护已在国际上被列为专门的保护项目,而处于潮湿环境下的古代土遗址保护的课题在文化遗产实物和遗迹就地保存和展示领域就更为迫切。浙江良渚文化是中国新石器时代长江流域最重要的史前文化, 塘山遗址位于良渚文化遗址的西北部,选择了PS（硅酸钾）、WD－10（十二烷基三甲氧基硅烷）、WD－S（低聚甲氧基硅烷）、RTV（聚有机硅氧烷+硅酸乙酯）4种保护材料对塘山遗址进行了保护加固实验研究。室内实验和现场实验（2个月,6个月,9个月）的结果都表明,RTV和WD-10防水性优于WD-S,WD-10和WD-S材料仅能作为防水材料,PS材料仅能作为加固材料使用,而RTV则具有较好的加固和防水效果,且加样量越大,强度提高越多。     

疏勒河流域中下游盆地地下水功能评价

疏勒河流域中下游盆地大规模的水资源调配利用引起了该区地下水资源功能、生态功能和地质环境功能变化.文章介绍了用层次分析法评价地下水功能的方法,构建了疏勒河流域中下游盆地地下水功能评价体系,对单项功能和综合功能进行了5级划分与评价,并依据评价级别分别指出地下水应用前景,结果与其水文地质条件及环境状况相适合,可作为该区地下水功能区划的基础.     

Deformation of amphibolites via dissolution–precipitation creep in the middle and lower crust

Continuous compositional zoning in amphibole grains in strongly deformed and lineated amphibolites from the Eastern Blue Ridge, North Carolina indicates that most of the deformation was accommodated by dissolution–precipitation creep. Amphibole in most samples shows moderate prograde and/or retrograde zoning parallel to the long‐axis with compositions ranging between magnesiohornblende and tschermakite. In one sample, grains are zoned from actinolitic (Si = 7.9 p.f.u.) cores to tschermakitic (Si = 6.2 p.f.u) rims. Amphibole‐plagioclase thermometry suggests prograde growth temperatures as low as 400 °C, but typically range from 650 to 730 °C and retrograde growth temperatures <700 °C. These estimates are corroborated quantitatively with amphibole‐garnet‐plagioclase thermobarometry and qualitatively with a positive correlation between TiO₂ concentration in amphibole and calculated temperature. This growth zoning provides persuasive evidence that amphibole precipitation produced the fabric, but evidence for dissolution is less common. It is present, however in the form of truncations of complicated zoning patterns produced by healed fractures and overgrowths in low‐temperature cores by high‐temperature tschermakitic grains lacking similar internal structures. The preservation of this network of straight cracks filled with optically continuous amphibole also provides evidence against the operation of dislocation creep even to temperatures >700 °C because dislocation‐creep would have deformed the fracture network. Thus, these amphibolites deformed by dissolution–precipitation creep that produced a strong linear fabric under upper amphibolite facies, middle‐to‐lower crustal conditions. The significance of this discovery is that dissolution–precipitation creep is activated at lower stresses than dislocation creep and that the strength of the lower crust, where amphibole is the dominant mineral is probably lower than that derived from experimental studies.     

Phenomena and characteristics of barrier river reaches in the middle and lower Yangtze River,China

Alluvial river self-adjustment describes the mechanism whereby a river that was originally in an equilibrium state of sediment transport encounters some disturbance that destroys the balance and results in responses such as riverbed deformation. A systematic study of historical and recent aerial photographs and topographic maps in the Middle and Lower Reaches of the Yangtze River (MLYR) shows that river self-adjustment has the distinguishing feature of transferring from upstream to downstream, which may affect flood safety, waterway morphology, bank stability, and aquatic environmental safety over relatively long reaches downstream. As a result, it is necessary to take measures to control or block this transfer. Using the relationship of the occurrence time of channel adjustments between the upstream and downstream, 34 single-thread river reaches in the MLYR were classified into four types: corresponding, basically corresponding, basically not corresponding, not corresponding. The latter two types, because of their ability to prevent upstream channel adjustment from transferring downstream, are called barrier river reaches in this study. Statistics indicate that barrier river reaches are generally single thread and slightly curved, with a narrow and deep cross-sectional morphology, and without flow deflecting nodes in the upper and middle parts of reaches. Moreover, in the MLYR, barrier river reaches have a hydrogeometric coefficient of \({<}{4}\), a gradient \({>}\)1.2?, a silty clay content of the concave bank \({>}{9.5}\)%, and a median diameter of the bed sediment \({>}{0.158}\) mm. The barrier river reach mechanism lies in that can effectively centralise the planimetric position of the main stream from different upstream directions, meaning that no matter how the upper channel adjusts, the main stream shows little change, providing relatively stable inflow conditions for the lower reaches. Regarding river regulation, it is necessary to optimise the benefits of barrier river reaches; long river reaches without barrier properties should be systematically planned and regulated; drastic bank collapse and sandbar shrinking should be urgently controlled to prevent the loss of barrier effects.