Coastal data and information management for integrated coastal management: The role of IODE

Coastal zones are characterized by large concentrations of population, unique and vital ecosystems, and many industrial and other economic activities on land and at sea. The many and diverse activities result in different types of conflicts of use and access to resources in coastal areas. This calls for integrated management of coastal zones. However, successful integrated coastal management must be supported by reliable data and information that will lead to informed decision-making and planning. The International Oceanographic Data and Information Exchange (IODE) network which is a project of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC) of UNESCO is playing a key role in capacity building for ocean and coastal data and information management in Africa. Currently, about 25 data and information centers have been established in coastal African countries through these efforts. These data and information centers should support effective management of coastal zones.     

海洋预报和实况信息网络远程终端系统

文章着重研究一种海洋信息的多用户自动分发手段，通过电话线路自动拨号直接将预报产品及实况信息自动传输到各个用户的远程微机并显示。在信息发布端，操作人员要把需要发布的信息施入代表远程终端的文件夹，在无人值守的远程终端将自动存贮和显示图文并茂的最新信息，为政府、指挥、防汛等决策部门，提供最快、最便利的海洋信息。     

海洋科技中小企业技术创新研究及策略——以上海市为例

21世纪是海洋的世纪,海洋经济发展与海洋科技创新紧密相联,创新的本质是技术创新。文章结合文献总结法、企业访谈法和会议研讨交流等方法,对海洋科技中小企业的概念进行了界定;并通过研究海洋产业发展现状以及海洋科技中小企业的技术创新现状,发现海洋科技中小企业技术创新发展存在的问题;最后,根据实际问题提出建立海洋科技园区,带动海洋科技中小企业快速发展;政府做好海洋产业引导,加快海洋科技创新步伐;政府适当减免企业税收,鼓励中小企业技术创新;企业应当将财务分类系统化,减少财务混乱现象等对策建议。     

Remote Sensing of Mangrove Change Along the Tanzania Coast

This article contributes to the understanding of the changes in distribution and total area of mangrove forests along the mainland Tanzania coast over the past decade. Mangroves are recognized as critical coastal habitat requiring protection and special attention. The Tanzania coastline forms a suitable habitat for establishment of mangrove forests. Mangrove forests are distributed from Tanga in the north to Mtwara in the south covering approximately 109,593 hectares from 1988-1990 and about 108,138 hectares in 2000. The largest continuous mangrove stands are found in the districts of Rufiji, Kilwa, Tanga-Muheza, and Mtwara. Comparison of data between these two time periods shows that the geographic coverage of mangroves has no dramatic change in the past decade. The Tanzania Mangrove Management Project and other closely related programs and efforts pertaining to mangrove conservation contribute to direct restoration and natural regeneration of mangroves. This study documents the changes of mangroves and demonstrates that remote sensing and GIS offer important data and tools in the advancement of coastal resource management and ecosystem monitoring. Application of geographic information technologies is critical for improved coastal resources management and decision making for sustainable development in Tanzania.     

Remote Sensing of Mangrove Change Along the Tanzania Coast

This article contributes to the understanding of the changes in distribution and total area of mangrove forests along the mainland Tanzania coast over the past decade. Mangroves are recognized as critical coastal habitat requiring protection and special attention. The Tanzania coastline forms a suitable habitat for establishment of mangrove forests. Mangrove forests are distributed from Tanga in the north to Mtwara in the south covering approximately 109,593 hectares from 1988-1990 and about 108,138 hectares in 2000. The largest continuous mangrove stands are found in the districts of Rufiji, Kilwa, Tanga-Muheza, and Mtwara. Comparison of data between these two time periods shows that the geographic coverage of mangroves has no dramatic change in the past decade. The Tanzania Mangrove Management Project and other closely related programs and efforts pertaining to mangrove conservation contribute to direct restoration and natural regeneration of mangroves. This study documents the changes of mangroves and demonstrates that remote sensing and GIS offer important data and tools in the advancement of coastal resource management and ecosystem monitoring. Application of geographic information technologies is critical for improved coastal resources management and decision making for sustainable development in Tanzania.     

数字海洋云计算服务流中数据预部署研究

Data pre-deployment in the HDFS （Hadoop distributed file systems） is more complicated than that in traditional file systems. There are many key issues need to be addressed, such as determining the target location of the data prefetching, the amount of data to be prefetched, the balance between data prefetching services and normal data accesses. Aiming to solve these problems, we employ the characteristics of digital ocean information service flows and propose a deployment scheme which combines input data prefetching with output data oriented storage strategies. The method achieves the parallelism of data preparation and data processing, thereby massively reducing I/O time cost of digital ocean cloud computing platforms when processing multi-source information synergistic tasks. The experimental results show that the scheme has a higher degree of parallelism than traditional Hadoop mechanisms, shortens the waiting time of a running service node, and significantly reduces data access conflicts.     

基于WebGIS的县市级海洋管理信息网的构建

充分利用网络资源,实现县市级海洋管理部门“电子政务”工程,进一步提高海洋渔政部门处理事务效率,加强政府部门与公众的交流和沟通,改善部门管理内外部环境,是“政府工程”的最终目标,其中间过程是构建县市级海洋管理信息网.以MapXtreme为基础平台,利用计算机网络技术,提出了基于WebGIS的县市级海洋管理信息网的构建方案和实现方法.     

海洋划界法理与领海基点信息系统建立

以研究《联合国海洋法公约》及相关法律文书为出发点,探讨海洋划界理论与技术,分析我国领海现状,在此基础上提出领海基点信息管理与应用,建立领海基点信息数据库,进而实际制作领海基点信息系统。     

基于网络GIS的海洋功能区划管理信息系统

在分析海洋功能区划信息特征的基础上,结合网络GIS集成技术,提出了海洋功能区划管理信息系统的三层结构框架和系统研制的关键性技术,并应用实例详细说明了系统的实用功能。     

“数字辐射沙脊群”资源与环境信息管理平台设计与关键技术

针对江苏中部岸外辐射沙脊群海洋资源与环境数据的综合管理和信息辅助决策需求,基于Client/Server(C/S)和Browser/Server(B/S)混合架构完成了"数字辐射沙脊群"资源与环境信息管理平台的研制。平台采用组件式模块化方法开发,实现了基本的海洋信息管理、查询、分析与共享发布功能以及面向海洋深层次应用的数据挖掘、专题图自动生成、数据产品制作、海洋二维动力场可视化及浅海三维地形可视化模拟功能,为辐射沙脊群资源的合理开发利用提供了技术支撑。论文详细介绍了平台的设计思路,并对建设过程中采用的关键技术进行了深入探讨,目的为实现我国"数字海洋"的一体化建设提供参考。     

Construction and implementation of RS integrated application information system of China''s coastal zone and offshore

The coastal zone and offshore are clearly of major economic and social importance,in thesame time it causes a series of problems of resources and ecosystem too.The research on and development of integrated application techniques for remote sensing provide not only a microcosmic and dynamic and synchronous technical means to the monitor,but also an integrated technical scheme to harmonically solve the ecological environment problem.The system is designed to focus on the application techniques of multi-sources remote sensing data.By developing remote sensing information extraction module,integrated user platform,and application module objected to the real ocean procedure for China''s coastal zone and offshore,the information system consists of the management of prodigious amount of data,display,analysis,simulation and output will be constructed and implemented.The final objective is to transform the research on ocean remote sensing into application.     

An Evaluation of Publicly Available Global Bathymetry Grids

We evaluate the strengths and weaknesses of six publicly available global bathymetry grids: DBDB2 (Digital Bathymetric Data Base; an ongoing project of the Naval Research Laboratory), ETOPO2 (Earth Topography; National Geophysical Data Center, 2001, ETOPO2 Global 2’ Elevations [CD-ROM]. Boulder, Colorado, USA: U.S. Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration), GEBCO (General Bathymetric Charts of the Oceans; British Oceanographic Data Centre, 2003, Centenary Edition of the GEBCO Digital Atlas [CD-ROM] Published on behalf of the Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission and the International Hydrographic Organization Liverpool, UK), GINA (Geographic Information Network of Alaska; Lindquist et al., 2004), Smith and Sandwell (1997), and S2004 (Smith, unpublished). The Smith and Sandwell grid, derived from satellite altimetry and ship data combined, provides high resolution mapping of the seafloor, even in remote regions. DBDB2, ETOPO2, GINA, and S2004 merge additional datasets with the Smith and Sandwell grid; but moving from a pixel to grid registration attenuates short wavelengths (<20 km) in the ETOPO2 and DBDB2 solutions. Short wavelengths in the GINA grid are also attenuated, but the cause is not known. ETOPO2 anomalies are offset to the northeast, due to a misregistration in both latitude and longitude. The GEBCO grid is interpolated from 500 m contours that were digitized from paper charts at 1:10 million scale, so it is artificially smooth; yet new efforts have captured additional information from shallow water contours on navigational charts. The S2004 grid merges the Smith and Sandwell grid with GEBCO over shallow depths and polar regions, and so is intended to capture the best of both products. Our evaluation makes the choice of which bathymetry grid to use a more informed one. The U.S. government right to retain a non-exclusive royalty-free license in and to any copyright is acknowledged.     

海洋声学调查数据处理系统的实现及关键技术

针对目前我国海洋水声环境调查需求,结合国内现有的技术条件和现有的处理方法、原理,详述了海洋声学调查数据处理系统的实现途径及关键技术的解决,该系统软件满足我国目前海洋调查的需求,提高了海洋环境数据处理的自动化、数字化和信息化程度。     

我国海岸带及近海卫星遥感应用信息系统构建和运行的基础研究

我国海岸带和近海的高度开发极大地促进了沿海经济的发展,也引发出一系列的资源和生态环境问题.研究和发展适用于我国海岸带及近海卫星遥感综合应用技术系统,旨在实现宏观、动态、同步监测区域资源开发和保护,以及为生态环境问题提供全新的技术支撑和协调解决整体技术方案,对此着重阐述了面向海岸带及近海卫星遥感应用技术系统的构建.本技术系统主要包括海岸带科学数据平台和信息提取模块、针对海洋过程的应用模块、我国海岸带及近海生态环境集成用户平台等,其目的是推进我国海洋遥感由研究阶段转向应用阶段,并为实现数字海洋提供技术基础.     

20th anniversary of the Institute of Marine Sciences and marine science in Tanzania — what next step

On July 1st 1999, the Institute of Marine Sciences (IMS), University of Dar Es Salaam celebrated its 20th anniversary. IMS was established as a lead institute for conducting advanced marine research and training in Tanzania. Its 20th anniversary accords us an opportunity to reflect on the advances of marine science in Tanzania. Being a coastal nation and by recognizing the importance and potentials of the ocean and coastal area, Tanzania, since its independence has been doing efforts to set-up sound marine policies and institutional framework and build the nation's capability, including human, in marine affairs. A careful study of Tanzania's marine science policies, institutional framework, and human capability indicates that the situation has improved satisfactorily, especially in human capacity. However, the country's capability in conducting basic and advanced marine science research remains poor due to the lack of a research vessel. The major problem has been the high construction and running costs of a research vessel. I am proposing two approaches from other countries, i.e., Japan, Germany, USA, and UK that can be adopted in Tanzania. Firstly, the research vessel can be acquired as a national resource, i.e., bought and owned by the government. Secondly, relevant and capable beneficiaries, departments, and organizations e.g., the navy, can buy the vessel and make it available to the marine science community. Acquiring a multipurpose marine research vessel is an important next step that Tanzania needs to make in marine science. I am also proposing formulation of a national policy to guide marine science research and development, and the establishment/selection of a lead agency with full authority to manage and supervise all marine and coastal area development/economic activities.     

海水的氧饱和度与韦斯方程

1973年 ,联合国教科文组织 (U NESCO)汇同英国国立海洋研究所 (NOI)联合颁布了“国际海洋学用表”第二卷 ,即由国际海洋学用表与标准联合专家小组监督制订 ,由 NOI与 UNESCO,依据韦斯方程编辑出版的海水氧饱和度表。韦斯方程是海水中氧的溶解度与温度和盐度关系的一组方程式 ,它提供了一种计算海水中氧的溶解度的简便而又系统的方法。本文主要介绍了韦斯方程的推导过程、计算方法、数据引用、适用范围及公式精度等技术问题 ,供海洋科技工作者研究、参考 ,以利于进一步提高海水溶解氧的观测技术及计量标准工作的水平     

A Data Management Method for Remote and Long-Term Seafloor Observation System

Abstract

The deep seafloor is closest to the Earth’s interior and there are complicated interactions in the physical and biological processes of the seafloor. Oceanographic parameters such as temperature, salinity, and ocean current can provide support for climate prediction. Therefore, the long-term observation of the deep seafloor is critical to the study of global climate change and the biodiversity in complex environments. For the requirements of long-term observation and remote data transmission in the deep sea of the South China Sea, a seafloor observation prototype system is designed in this paper as a stand-alone observation platform. We then proposed a date management method based on Controller Area Network to ensure the data quality. Distributed data management can be performed through system layering, and strict data transmission standards are established between each layer. At the same time, aiming at the difficulty of seafloor video data transmission in real-time, a new solution based on satellite communication technology, object detection technology, and high-efficiency compression coding technology of video images is proposed to provide support for seafloor biodiversity research. The observation data from the experiment are given, and these results show that the system can meet the requirements of long-term observation and remote real-time data transmission, and the reliability of the system is verified.     

深度学习在海洋信息探测中的应用:现状与展望

深度学习可以通过深度神经网络,使机器理解学习数据,从而提高数据分类效果和预测结果的准确性,因此在海洋信息探测中应用越来越受到重视.作者基于深度学习的基本原理,阐述了海洋上常用的深度学习神经网络模型,并结合海洋信息探测要素,对温度、盐度、风场、有效波高和海冰等进行了海洋环境信息因子的预测分析;同时,对船舶、溢油和涡旋等进...     

An Operational Circulation Modeling System for the Gulf of Maine/Georges Bank Region—Part I: Basic Elements

The basic elements of a prototype operational data assimilation modeling system that can provide near-real-time information on the ocean water property and circulation environment in the Gulf of Maine (GOM)/Georges Bank (GB) region are described in this paper. This application of the Harvard Ocean Prediction System (HOPS, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA) model includes development of protocols for the following: 1) the production of model initial fields from an objective blending of climatological and feature model (FM) hydrographic data with fishing-boat-measured bottom temperature data, 2) the ldquowarm startrdquo of the model to produce reasonably realistic initial model fields, 3) converting real-time Fleet Numerical Meteorological and Oceanographic Center (FNMOC, Monterey, CA) model nowcast and forecast winds and/or National Data Buoy Center (NDBC, Stennis Space Center, MS) operational wind measurements to model wind stress forcing fields, and 4) the assimilation of satellite-derived sea surface temperature (SST). These protocols are shown herein to evolve the initial model fields, which were dominated by climatological data, toward more dynamically balanced, realistic fields. Thus, the model nowcasts, with the assimilation of one SST field, are well positioned to produce reasonably realistic ocean fields within a few model days (MDs).     

数字海洋环境信息应用保障系统设计与实现

介绍了数字海洋技术的研究现状,分析了目前存在的问题,并进行了系统设计,包括信息收集与更新、信息综合管理、信息三维可视化和全球电子海图四个分系统。实现海洋环境信息的三维数字化显示与管理、综合分析应用,构建更加全面、丰富的海洋环境数字地球,有利于加速海洋环境信息建设,形成与海洋强国战略相适应的海洋环境信息保障体系。