Atmospheric nuclei in the remote free-troposphere

During May-June of 1990 an extensive flight series to survey aerosol present in the upper-troposphere was undertaken aboard the NASA DC-8 as part of the CLObal Backscatter Experiment (GLOBE). About 50,000 km were characterized between 8–12 km altitude and between 70°N and 58°S. Aerosol with diameters greater than 3nm were counted and sized with a combination of condensation nuclei counters and optical particle counters. Aerosol number and mass concentrations were separately identified with regard to both refractory and volatile components. Regions of the free-troposphere with the lowest mass concentrations were generally found to have the highest number concentrations and appeared to be effective regions for new particle production. These new particle concentrations appear inversely related to available aerosol surface area and their volatility suggests a sulfuric acid composition. The long lifetime of these new particles aloft can result in their growth to sizes effective as CN and CCN that can be mixed throughout the troposphere.     

大气对红外窗区遥感的影响

本文简述大气对红外窗区遥感的影响。给出处理遥感资料的辐射传输方程。用简化的辐射传输方程处理一次海空试验的资料,将遥感测量与常规测量作了比较,结果较为满意。     

城市遥感研究进展

城市遥感是当前遥感技术应用的一个重要领域.随着我国新型城镇化过程的推进,遥感技术将在城市生态建设、国土空间开发、资源环境承载能力监测等方面发挥重要作用,成为城市规划管理重要的信息源.本文在总结国内外城市遥感研究内容的基础上,重点对城市遥感若干重要方向的发展进行了分析,在此基础上构建出一个地理学视角的城市遥感研究框架,结合典型实例从结构与格局、要素与作用、变化与过程、功能与响应4个方面进一步探讨了城市遥感研究的发展.最后,结合国家需求和技术发展,对城市遥感今后的发展从数据源、研究对象、应用主题、研究目标、技术方法等方面进行了展望.     

GNSS remote sensing of the Australian tropopause

Radio occultation (RO) techniques that use signals transmitted by Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) have emerged over the past decade as an important tool for measuring global changes in tropopause temperature and height, a valuable capacity given the tropopause??s sensitivity to temperature variations. This study uses 45,091 RO data from the CHAMP (CHAllenging Minisatellite Payload, 80 months), GRACE (Gravity Recovery And Climate Experiment, 23 months) and COSMIC (Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate, 20 months) satellites to analyse the variability of the tropopause??s height and temperature over Australia. GNSS RO temperature profiles from CHAMP, GRACE, and COSMIC are first validated using radiosonde observations provided by the Bureau of Meteorology (Australia). These are compared to RO soundings from between 2001 and 2007 that occurred within 3 h and 100 km of a radiosonde. The results indicate that RO soundings provide data of a comparable quality to radiosonde observations in the tropopause region, with temperature deviations of less than 0.5 ± 1.5 K. An analysis of tropopause height and temperature anomalies indicates a height increase over Australia as a whole of ca. 4.8 ± 1.3 m between September 2001 and April 2008, with a corresponding temperature decrease of ?0.019 ± 0.007 K. A similar pattern of increasing height/decreasing temperature was generally observed when determining the spatial distribution of the tropopause height and temperature rate of change over Australia. Although only a short period has been considered in this study, a function of the operating time of these satellites, the results nonetheless show an increase in the height of the tropopause over Australia during this period and thus may indicate regional warming. Several mechanisms could be responsible for these changes, such as an increase in the concentration of greenhouse gases in the atmosphere, and lower stratospheric cooling due to ozone loss, both of which have been observed during the last decades.     

卫星遥感数据库系统

介绍了系统的总体设计构思、原理与功能特点,开发了系统技术说明,建立了一套适合黑龙江省的卫星遥感数据库系统,可对遥感资料进行现代化管理。     

大气遥感研究的进展

大气遥感是六十年代全面兴起的新型大气探测方法。它的发展将为掌握大气运动和变化规律提供更丰富、更深刻的观测资料,是推动近代大气科学研究进步的重要工具。早在六十年代中期,如何把空间、激光、红外和微波等近代技术迅速应用到我国大气科学研究,建立新的大气探测系统,适应气象为我国国防与国民经济现代化建设服务的实际需要,促进我国大气科学赶超世界先进水平的问题,就引起了我国著名地球物理学家赵九章和气象学家顾震潮的密切注意,并且着手组织力量,制定发展大气遥感的研究规划。从1965年到现在,在党的领导下,我们努力排除并克服了各种干扰和困难,全面开展了激     

On lidar application for remote sensing of the atmosphere

This paper introduces some advanced subjects on lidar remote sensing of the atmosphere, emphasizing recent studies and developments in lidar application for measuring ozone, cloud, aerosol, atmospheric temperature, moisture, pressure and wind.     

Stability classification by acoustic remote sensing

Two different Doppler acoustic sounders have been operated at the Kernforschungszentrum Karlsruhe (KfK) since 1982. It has been investigated whether meteorological data from these sounders can be used for dispersion modeling and monitoring in the environment of pollutant-emitting plants. Data from the sounders and from a 200 m high meteorological tower have been sampled continuously for intercomparison.Two schemes of stability classification are presented. They are based on 30-min mean values of the following meteorological data measured by the acoustic sounders: (a) standard deviation σ_w of the vertical wind speed and horizontal wind speed u, at a height of 100 m; and (b) standard deviation σ_φ of the vertical wind direction at a height of 100 m and vertical profile of the backscattered amplitude A_w.The class limits applied in these schemes are determined by “statistical equivalence” with a standard classification scheme. This standard scheme is based on σ_φ, measured by a vector vane at the 100 m level of the tower. Statistical equivalence in this context means that the frequency distributions of the classes are approximately equal at the same site and during the same period.The reliability of these schemes is investigated and compared to the standard scheme by correlation analysis. Finally, the schemes are compared with other commonly applied classification methods.     

Land remote sensing technology and methodology

Remote sensing is a tool for gathering information about the Earth's surface and monitoring how it changes. A large number of remote sensing systems have been developed that exploit different parts of the electromagnetic spectrum and that produce data in different formats at varying scales and costs. These data may be acquired for virtually any place on Earth. A body of manual and automated techniques have evolved for processing and interpreting remote sensing data. The selections of a remote sensing system and of the techniques by which data are processed are driven by information requirements of varying detail and constrained by cost.     

光谱地质遥感研究进展

地质遥感是最能体现与发挥光谱遥感技术特点与优势的应用领域之一.本文从矿物岩石光谱模拟、矿物岩石光谱特征分析、遥感光谱仪技术指标的优化设计、辐射定标与数据辐射校正、地表光谱反演、信息提取、信息产品验证、地质应用8个方面总结了最新的研究进展,并对目前光谱遥感地质应用存在的问题和发展趋势进行了深入的论述.     

Microwave remote sensing of sea ice in the AIDJEX Main Experiment

During the AIDJEX Main Experiment, April 1975 through May 1976, a comprehensive microwave sensing program was performed on the sea ice of the Beaufort Sea. Surface and aircraft measurements were obtained during all seasons using a wide variety of active and passive microwave sensors. The surface program obtained passive microwave measurements of various ice types using four antennas mounted on a tracked vehicle. In three test regions, each with an area of approximately 1.5 × 10⁴ m², detailed ice crystallographic, dielectric properties, and brightness temperatures of first-year, multiyear, and first-year/multiyear mixtures were measured. A NASA aircraft obtained passive microwave measurements of the entire area of the AIDJEX manned station array (triangle) during each of 18 flights. This verified the earlier reported ability to distinguish first-year and multiyear ice types and concentration and gave new information on ways to observe ice mixtures and thin ice types. The active microwave measurements from aircraft included those from an X- and L-band radar and from a scatterometer. The former is used to study a wide variety of ice features and to estimate deformations, while both are equally usable to observe ice types. With the present data, only the scatterometer can be used to distinguish positively multiyear from first-year and various types of thin ice. This is best done using coupled active and passive microwave sensing.We dedicate this work to our beloved friend William NordbergHe pioneered in microwave ice observations, and his brilliance and enthusiasm inspired all of us.     

Multispectral remote sensing of biomass burning in West Africa

Remote sensing measurements provide a vauable means of determining the extent of burning areas and of estimating the overall distribution of pollutant sources (identified from experimental studies) in time and space. This distribution has to be taken into account in the boundary conditions of chemistry atmospheric models.Recent methods developed for the remote sensing of active fires in tropical or temperated forest zones, have been found to be completely inadequate for fire detection on West African savannas. In order to accurately estimate the active fire distribution in the function of different sorts of West African savannas (Sahelian, Sudanian and Guinean) and forests, a multispectral methodology has been developed based on NOAA/11-AVHRR satellite data, with the purpose of eliminating as much as possible the problems related to large surface heterogeneity, confusion and bias, produced by clouds, smoke, haze, background emissivities, etc.Unlike other methods, the results show that the multispectral method, in spite of its selectivity, provides realistic results, and does not under- or over-estimate the number of fires that can be sensed by the satellite. Consequently, this methodology is more appropriate than the simplest ones for a systematic sensing of this phenomenon.     

Passive microwave remote sensing of the ocean—A review

This paper reviews the current status of passive microwave remote sensing of the ocean. The physics of emission and instrumentation are highlighted in order to establish a relationship between the thermal emission and retrieved geophysical parameters. A discussion then follows on measurements of temperature, salinity, windspeed, etc. using passive microwave systems. These measurements are related to the accuracy and spatial resolution required by the users. The status of passive microwave remote sensing is summarized and recommendations for future research are presented.Part of this work was done while on leave at the NOAA Wave Propagation Laboratory, Boulder, CO 80302     

Determination of the convective boundary-layer height with laser remote sensing

Different methods to determine the height of the convective boundary layer from lidar measurements are described and compared. The differences in either aerosol backscatter or in humidity between the boundary layer and the free troposphere are used, and either the variance or the gradient profile of the parameter under study is evaluated. On average the different methods are in very good agreement. Temporal resolution of the gradient methods is very high, on the order of seconds, but often there is an ambiguity in the choice of the “relevant” minimum in the gradient that corresponds to the boundary-layer height. This is avoided by combining the variance and the gradient methods, using the result of the variance analysis as an indicator for the region where the minimum of the gradient is sought. The combined method is useful for automated determination of the boundary-layer height at least under convective conditions. Aerosol backscatter is found to be as good an indicator for boundary-layer air as humidity, so a relatively simple backscatter lidar is sufficient for determination of the boundary-layer height.     

低空风切变对飞行的影响

低空风切变是影响飞机起飞和进场着陆阶段的一个危险因素，它严重危害航空活动的安全。同时，它具有时间短、尺度小、强度大的特点，随之带来了探测难、预报难、飞行难等一系列问题，是一个不易解决的航空气象难题。本文试图从纯理论的角度探讨一下风切变是如何影响飞行活动的，从而为低空风切变提供一些理论依据。     

低空风切变对飞行的影响

低空风切变是影响飞机起飞和进场着陆阶段的一个危险因素，它严重危害航空活动的安全。同时，它具有时间短、尺度小、强度大的特点，随之带来了探测难、预报难、飞行难等一系列问题，是一个不易解决的航空气象难题。本文试图从纯理论的角度探讨一下风切变是如何影响飞行活动的，从而为低空风切变提供一些理论依据。     

植物物候遥感监测研究进展

基于遥感监测方法的植物物候研究已成为全球气候变化研究的一个热点课题,通过对植物物候生长季概念的遥感界定,归纳总结了物候监测的基本原理、遥感数据源以及4种常用的遥感监测方法,并指出各种遥感监测方法存在的问题和不足;以遥感监测技术为支撑,对地区、大洲和全球尺度上物候与气候关系的研究、物候与人类行为关系的研究进行了阐述,指出植物物候的变化常常是二者共同影响的结果。针对当前物候研究中存在的不足,探讨了今后的研究发展方向。     

大气微波辐射起伏及其遥感

本文讨论了大气微波辐射起伏的机制。推导出利用大气氧气微波辐射起伏统计特征,探测大气温度结构常数分布与风分布的遥感方程。对遥感方程核函数的基本性质进行了讨论。     

地球大气红外间接遥测的最佳测值条件分析

利用估计空间三类不同性质又相互联系的特征态,对红外大气间接遥测的最佳探测条件作了数值试验,结果表明:对同样的热探测问题,使用不同性质的特征态作判据,可以得到相当不同的一组独立通道数.