陆相特殊沉积的研究方法及气候意义

陆相沉积形成于地圈与水圈、大气圈和生物圈的交界面上,比海相地层更有效地记录了地球表层环境的信息。通过对沉积岩中沉积物的粘土矿物、气候指数、氧同位素测温等研究,获得关于气候干湿冷暖的信息。基于对这些常用方法的研究,提取出一些陆地上的特殊沉积,如：陆相红层、沙漠沉积体系、蒸发岩、煤及油页岩等所包含的丰富气候信息。沙漠代表干旱炎热气候;陆相红层的出现反映高温氧化环境,其在干旱和潮湿的热带气候下都能形成;芒硝代表干冷的气候环境;石膏则代表干热,水体盐度高,蒸发作用强的气候条件;煤层/油页岩一般形成于温暖潮湿的气候环境。对特殊沉积的研究可以用来重建古气候和恢复大陆古环境。     

Palynostratigraphy of Oligocene-Miocene continental deposits in Southwestern Siberia

Data on spores, pollen, and dinoflagellate cysts studied in composite section of Oligocene-Miocene deposits in southern part of West Siberia are presented. Eleven biostratigraphic units distinguished in the section are ranked as palynozones and beds with palynological assemblages. Palynological data substantiate age of deposits and specify ranges and boundaries of palynozones. Based on dinocyst assemblages first studied in sediments of the Zhuravka and Abrosimovo horizons (upper Oligocene, lower Miocene), the Pseudokomewuia Beds are included into local stratigraphic scheme. According to results of comparative analysis, similar and distinctive features of Oligocene-Miocene dinocyst assemblages from West Siberia, China and North America are elucidated. Based on palynological data, the local stratigraphic scheme of higher resolution is suggested for subdivision of Oligocene and Miocene deposits in southern part of West Siberia (Baraba and Kulunda lithofacies regions).     

斑岩铜矿若干问题的最新研究进展

斑岩铜矿是最重要的铜矿床类型,对其成矿作用的认识对找矿实践具有重要指导意义,为此,文章通过收集和整理有关文献总结了近年来斑岩铜矿研究在构造和岩浆对成矿作用的控制、成矿金属和成矿流体来源、矿石伴生金属组分含量的影响因素等方面所取得的成果。近几年的研究工作揭示:斑岩铜矿的大规模成矿作用与洋壳高浮力块体(包括无震海岭和洋底高原)的俯冲有关,高氧逸度的岩浆活动有利于斑岩铜矿的形成,与无矿斑岩体相比,含铜斑岩体一般具有低稀土元素含量以及亏损Ho和Er等特征;斑岩铜矿中铜和金多由俯冲洋壳所释放的流体对地幔中硫化物的氧化作用释放而来;在部分斑岩铜矿中,岩浆来源流体可构成绢英岩化期流体的主体;斑岩铜矿伴生金属组分的含量受许多因素控制,其中包括岩浆源区地幔演化、火成岩岩石类型、岩浆侵位深度和成矿温度等多个方面。部分研究成果应作为找矿标志在实践中运用。     

俄罗斯砂岩型铀矿的新近研究进展

俄罗斯地质学家А.Б.哈列佐夫博士于2002年1月14－25日在核工业北京地质研究院讲学和交流，系统地介绍了俄罗斯近年来在铀矿地质领域，特别是可地浸砂岩型铀矿床普查、钻探、预测工作和地浸矿床开采工艺上的一系列研究进展，并以达尔马托夫矿床为例，详细地介绍了古河谷型铀矿床的分布规律和赋存特征，地浸方法开采的地质工艺特性；最后，前瞻性地预测了俄罗斯渗入型铀矿成矿前景。我国北方与俄罗斯相邻，有些地区的地质构造背景、成矿地质特征与俄罗斯相似，介绍这些内容可为我们进行新一轮砂岩型铀矿成矿预测、找矿勘探工作等方面提供参考。     

Origin of fibrous clays in Tunisian Paleogene continental deposits

This paper presents mineralogical and geochemical data from several continental sequences located in Central (Ain Ghréwiss and Kébar) and Central-Southern Tunisia (Selja, Kef Schefeir, Shib, Oum El Kcheb and Haidoudi). These sequences vary in age from Late Palaeocene to Early Oligocene and contain considerable quantities of fibrous clays (up to 75% palygorskite and 90% sepiolite). These clays appear in assocation with carbonates (mainly dolomite), detrital aluminosilicates (illite, Al smectites, mixed-layers illite–smectite and kaolinite), quartz and lesser quantities of gypsum and halite. The textural characteristics observed by electron microscopy, the trace and rare earth elements contents and their distribution in the various mineral phases, together with the isotopic composition of dolomite and fibrous clays, provide good clues as to the genesis of the neoformed minerals. Thus, the sepiolite would have precipitated directly in lacustrine, playa-lake or sebka environments under alkaline conditions, high Si and Mg and low Al activity, and arid to semiarid climate. On the other hand, the palygorskite would have formed by transformation of already existing illite and/or smectite type aluminosilicates in solutions in equilibrium with isotopically heavier and, therefore, more evaporated solutions than the sepiolite.     

陆相岩石地层单位清理中值得注意的问题

陆相岩石地层清理不应与海相相同,而应区分陆相盆地的类型。同一类型的盆地才能进行岩石地层的统一。高分辨率地层学的基本特征是优化地质学研究的时间坐标,因而在陆相岩石地层清理中具重要作用,     

中国含镓矿床的主要成因类型

一、前言元素镓自1875年发现迄今,虽已有一百余年历史,但其大量应用却很晚。近代工业和科学技术的发展,在很多部门已找到了镓的新用途,特别是它被认为是继锗、硅之后最有发展前途的半导体材料,因而自六十年代后期以来,其年产量和消费量都正在逐年迅速增加。     

中国新疆矿床成矿系列类型

研究认为在不同时代、不同地质构造单元中重复出现的矿床成矿系列，可称为矿床成矿系列类型。新疆主要矿床成矿系列类型带有鲜明的古生代造山带成矿作用特点，它们联系于新疆各造山带古生代地壳发展的拉张型过渡壳－洋壳－汇聚型过渡壳－古生代新陆壳的各特定阶段，与各阶段地质构造作用密不可分。矿床成矿系列类型本身也随着地壳发展、地壳成熟度的提高而有规律地演化     

Some problems in current concepts of continental drift

Evaporites (gypsum, anhydrite, halite, etc.) of all ages, Proterozoic to the present, have been plotted on world maps. Without exception, 95–100% of the evaporites of each age, by volume and area, occupy areas which today are the earth's dry wind belts. This implies that the wind-circulation patterns of the lower astmosphere have not changed for 1,000 million years. This cannot be true unless the present position of the earth's rotational pole, ocean basins, and continents have also remained essentially unchanged since Middle Proterozoic time. Additional evidence corroborates this conclusion.

1.

(1) The present horse-latitude (desert) belts of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres, as shown by the stratigraphic record, have occupied the same approximate positions during the same length of time. The widths of the two horse-latitude belts have fluctuated, but the mean positions have been constant. This suggests great latitudinal stability through time.     

中国陆相油页岩特征及成因类型

中国油页岩资源丰富,以陆相沉积为主,主要赋存于中新生界,颜色通常为黑色-深灰色和灰褐色-棕褐色,且富矿油页岩一般比贫矿油页岩的颜色深.油页岩中矿物成分以石英、长石和黏土矿物为主,黏土矿物中高岭石含量相对较高.中国陆相油页岩总体质量特征为中等偏好,含油率大于5%的页岩油资源占67.64% ,灰分产率一般为53.27% ～84.35% ,多属高灰分油页岩.发热量各地区差别较大,最小值为4.19 MJ/kg,最大值可达34.60 MJ/kg,而且同一地区不同层位的油页岩发热量也不相同.就伴生元素而言,油页岩中富含大量的稀土元素和微量元素,使油页岩具有巨大的综合利用潜力.从有机成因角度,中国陆相油页岩可以分为腐泥型油页岩、腐殖腐泥型油页岩和腐泥腐殖型油页岩;从油页岩的沉积环境成因角度,可以划分为拗陷湖成油页岩、断陷湖成油页岩和断陷湖泊-沼泽油页岩;从油页岩形成的水体性质角度,可以划分为淡水油页岩和半咸水油页岩.中国陆相油页岩中湖泊-沼泽油页岩一般与煤伴生,多为腐殖腐泥型油页岩和腐泥腐殖型油页岩;而湖成油页岩一般单独存在或为煤层顶板,多为腐泥型油页岩和腐殖腐泥型油页岩.     

陆相湖盆沉积物滑塌变形研究进展

陆相湖盆中沉积物滑塌常造成复杂的同沉积变形,对确定古地震事件、古地形等有重要作用,系统研究滑塌变形体系有助于厘清变形成因、理解变形机理和深化区域构造背景认识。笔者等梳理国内外滑塌变形研究进展,总结沉积物顺坡滑塌的形成条件、滑塌变形特征,尤其是滑塌褶皱的形态演化、伴生构造、对古斜坡的指示、有关滑塌变形的物理模拟等,并结合野外变形成因的识别,探讨滑塌成因与后期构造成因变形的有效鉴别标志。综合分析认为,陆相湖盆滑塌变形与重力流沉积密不可分,单一滑塌体的褶皱形态从滑塌体后缘到前缘由圆柱状褶皱、紧闭等厚直立褶皱转变为蘑菇状褶皱,演化过程可划分为多个阶段。在滑塌褶皱中存在逆冲断层、碎屑脉体、不规则侵蚀面、软布丁构造等,引起滑塌变形的机制可分为应力作用机制和液化作用机制。物理模拟因其可改变材料物理参数的优势,可能成为未来滑塌变形的重要研究方向。指出在鉴别滑塌成因变形和后期构造成因变形研究中仍然存在较多争议,其中未固结沉积物的活化、再改造、生物扰动、液化现象的存在是确定软沉积物变形的关键,变形构造在大尺度、层系规模上具有相同的应力场并与区域构造背景相符合是后期构造成因变形的最有力证据。     

陆相湖盆沉积物滑塌变形研究进展

陆相湖盆中沉积物滑塌常造成复杂的同沉积变形,对确定古地震事件、古地形等有重要作用,系统研究滑塌变形体系有助于厘清变形成因、理解变形机理和深化区域构造背景认识。本文梳理国内外滑塌变形研究进展,总结沉积物顺坡滑塌的形成条件、滑塌变形特征,尤其是滑塌褶皱的形态演化、伴生构造、对古斜坡的指示、有关滑塌变形的物理模拟等,并结合野外变形成因的识别,探讨滑塌成因与后期构造成因变形的有效鉴别标志。综合分析认为,陆相湖盆滑塌变形与重力流沉积密不可分,单一滑塌体的褶皱形态从滑塌体后缘到前缘由圆柱状褶皱、紧闭等厚直立褶皱转变为蘑菇状褶皱,演化过程可划分为多个阶段。在滑塌褶皱中存在逆冲断层、碎屑脉体、不规则侵蚀面、软布丁构造等,引起滑塌变形的机制可分为应力作用机制和液化作用机制。物理模拟因其可改变材料物理参数的优势,可能成为未来滑塌变形的重要研究方向。指出在鉴别滑塌成因变形和后期构造成因变形研究中仍然存在较多争议,其中未固结沉积物的活化、再改造、生物扰动、液化现象的存在是确定软沉积物变形的关键,变形构造在大尺度、层系规模上具有相同的应力场并与区域构造背景相符合是后期构造成因变形的最有力证据。     

Geochemical types of vein wolframite deposits in Nanling Region

In accordance with the characteristics of associated minerals, trace elements in the altered rocks around the veins and the compositions of wolframite and mica, the vein wolframite deposits in the Nanling Region can be divided into two geochemical types: the wolframite-berylmolybdenite-bismutite (native bismuth) type and the wolframite-cassiterite-sulfide (copper, zinc, lead) type. Vein wolframite deposits of these two geochemical types were formed under different geological conditions. The wolframite-beryl-molybdenite-bismutite (native bismuth) type may be connected with high pH-Eh conditions, whereas the wolframite-cassiterite-sulfide (copper, zinc, lead) type with low pH-Eh conditions. It is concluded that the two geochemical types of vein wolframite deposit are genetically related to two different geochemical types of granite in the Nanling Region.     

共轭被动大陆边缘的基本类型及其特征

随着被动大陆边缘勘探的需求日益增加,为了更好的概括全球共轭被动大陆边缘的基本特征,本文试图在广泛调研全球具有代表性的12对大陆边缘的基础上,从大地构造背景、裂解时限、空间变化3个方面,系统总结12对共轭被动大陆边缘,进而得到4种基本类型：伊比利亚—纽芬兰型、加蓬—巴西南部型、新斯科舍—摩洛哥型、几内亚湾—巴西东北部型。伊比利亚—纽芬兰型是最常见且分布最广泛的类型,具有板缘造山带型、窄边缘型、长裂谷期型特征,地壳厚度及沉积物厚度小。结构呈明显分段性特征,裂谷时间充足,地幔剥露并发生蛇纹石化。加蓬—巴西南部型以板缘造山带型为主,具有窄边缘型、中裂谷期型特征,沉积厚度大,盆地发育大型高角度正断层控制沉积,并发育丰富的盐构造,边缘与古缝合带不重合。新斯科舍—摩洛哥型以板缘造山带型为主,具有宽边缘型、中裂谷期型特征,具有不对称裂解模式和洋盆生长模式,地壳结构和沉积物在共轭边缘呈现明显不对称性;发育反转构造,生长断层,走滑断层等多种类型构造。几内亚湾—巴西东北部型以板缘非造山带型为主,具有窄边缘型、短裂谷期型特征,发育多个转换边缘盆地,受张剪性的深大断层控制,地壳厚度及沉积物厚度的变化很大,具有裂谷—剪切边缘过渡特征。     

江西吉安—泰和陆相红色盆地沉积体研究

根据在江西省吉泰陆相红色盆地中 1∶5万区调填图的实践 ,提出了沉积体的概念 ,将吉泰盆地中各类沉积体划分为 7种沉积体类型 ,描述了各类沉积体的含意及特征 ,说明了沉积体的调查方法及研究意义     

Morphogenetic types of mercury deposits of Koryak highland

The least known types of the ore deposits appear to be the most promising ones, economically: the listvenite-cinnabar zones at contacts of hyperbasitic massifs and the cinnabar ore bodies at contacts of dikes with intercalated bodies of diabases. -- V.P. Sokoloff     

大陆岩石圈地幔交代作用的产物——且干布拉克蛭石矿床

且干布拉克杂岩体位于库鲁克塔格地块的西南缘,是构造运移到陆壳中的大陆岩石圈地幔顶部的岩块。在862±12Ma期间,该岩体在地幔内经历了复杂的交代作用首先是透辉石交代蛇纹岩;然后是金云母交代蛇纹岩和透辉岩,这些金云母经近地表地质作用后形成了我国规模最大的蛭石矿床;最后是含金云母的碳酸岩岩脉贯入并交代先期形成的各种岩石。研究证明,交代剂应当是碳酸质的碱性硅酸盐熔体或流体,并分异成共轭的两部分这些交代剂普遍具有Ta、Nb、Ti、Zr和Hf的贫化;而且,Nd、Sr、Pb、O、C、H同位素组成普遍具EMⅠ、EMⅡ地幔端元和地壳岩石的特征。由此而证明交代剂主要源自于消减板块中的深海沉积物和在海沟中裹挟的陆源浊积岩。     

Interbasin correlation of the Devonian and Lower Carboniferous Angarida continental deposits

Devonian and Lower Carboniferous continental deposits in the south of the Siberian Platform formed in eight sedimentary basins localized within stable ancient land Angarida (Angaraland). Interbasin correlation of the stratigraphic units of these deposits was based mainly on analysis of paleontological data and marker horizons. It has been established that: (1) the Early and Middle Devonian flora of Angarida grew locally and only in its western part (Minusa and Rybinsk paleobasins); (2) in the Late Devonian, vegetation was dispersed over a vast area, as evidenced from the findings of its imprints in all existed sedimentary basins of continental lithogenesis; and (3) the Early Carboniferous in Angarida was the time of the flourishing of higher plants, which were abundant but poor in species. Lithologic benchmarks at different age levels of paleobasin sediments have been recognized. The most important marker horizons are composed of porcelain-like silicified tuffs, limestones with inclusions of brown chalcedony, calcilutites, salt rock, wax-like bentonitic mudstones, flint clays, tripolis, etc.     

一种事件沉积的标志——陆相流水波痕

本文从现代洪水事件作用可以形成大片不对称流水波痕人手,"将今论古",发现古代地层剖面中也有大量水下至水上的沉积旋回序列,每个旋回单元与下伏岩层为突变接触。水下沉积环境富含不对称流水波痕,水上则为富含泥裂,它们系为洪水事件沉积产物。这些洪水事件具有不同的规模和级别,在地学上具有重要意义。