桂西北南丹-荔波地区中、新生代构造演化:来自古构造应力场的证据

桂西北南丹-荔波地区是我国重要的锡多金属矿床富集地,近年来油气勘探显示该区亦具有极大的海相页岩气成藏潜力。因此,深入探讨和认识该区中、新生代构造应力场特征及其构造演化是成矿规律研究和页岩气勘探过程中不可或缺的重要环节。本文以南丹-荔波地区广泛发育的褶皱、共轭节理和断层为研究对象,在详细野外观测的基础上,利用叠加褶皱、共轭节理分析以及断层滑动矢量等方法,反演了研究区中、新生代构造应力场变化。构造解析表明,该区中、新生代共经历了四期构造应力场的交替和演化,分别为NNE-SSW 向挤压、NW-SE 向挤压、NEE-SWW 向伸展和近E-W 向挤压。结合区域构造演化特征,推测NNE-SSW 向挤压应力场的形成可能与印支期华南大陆南北边缘与印支/华北板块碰撞闭合有关;NW-SE 向挤压应力场和NEE-SWW 向伸展应力场可能分别对应于燕山早期古太平洋板块向华南大陆之下的俯冲消减以及燕山晚期发生的弧后伸展作用;近E-W 向挤压应力场可能形成于喜山期印度?欧亚板块陆陆碰撞所产生远程效应的构造背景之下。     

川东南构造应力场地质分析及构造变形成因机制讨论

细致辨析构造应力对研究区域作用方式和转换形式,对页岩气保存条件评价具有重要的指导意义。通过研究直立褶皱、共轭节理等各种构造形迹,采用构造解析分析方法,研究川东南构造应力场演化特征。同时在构造应力场地质分析的指导下,运用构造形迹叠加分析的方法及定年分析,清晰刻画了川东南构造应力作用方式以及期次,认为川东南主要受到四期不同方向构造应力作用,其中NW向挤压应力最早影响到研究区,形成控制研究区主体构造特征的NE向构造;其次是近SN向挤压应力对研究区的作用,发育一系列及EW向构造;随后印—亚板块碰撞远程响应在川东南形成EW向挤压,形成近SN向构造;最后NE—SW向构造应力是渐新世晚期以来一直影响研究区活动的主要动力来源,并对早期油藏进行改造和调整。川东南龙马溪组页岩气受到多期构造联合作用的影响:燕山晚期NW向挤压应力作用,致使研究区褶皱变形;渐新世晚期以来的构造活动,导致研究区大范围隆升剥蚀,断层出露地表,影响了页岩气保存条件的有效性。     

湖南东安锑矿构造应力场的演化与成矿分析

文章通过对东安锑矿区的共轭节理进行统计分析,结合矿区地质特征和区域构造演化历史,确定了矿区构造应力场演化和构造控矿特征。矿区构造应力场可以划分为五期。第一期为加里东期近SN向挤压,形成牛头寨NE向基底褶皱和同期NE-NNE向断裂,以及近SN向F_1断裂的雏形。第二期为印支期近EW向水平挤压,共轭节理为NE和NNW向,形成了以近SN向的牛头寨复式背斜和区域性F_1断裂为主体的构造格架,以及小牛头寨NW向断裂和继承早期NNE向断裂发育的断裂构造。第三期为燕山早期近SN向水平挤压,共轭节理为NE和NW向;F_1、NNE向断裂整体处于挤压状态。前述三期构造形成了矿区近SN向构造骨架,以及配套的断裂、节理等成矿前构造。第四期为燕山晚期NW-SE向伸展,共轭节理为NE和NWW向;NE向组继承前期节理;F_1、NNE、NNW、NW向断裂此时成为矿液运移通道和容矿场所。第五期构造变形发生在第四纪,为NW-SE向水平挤压,共轭剪节理为NWW和NNW向;此期断裂为成矿后断裂,它们错断矿脉、矿脉被抬升剥蚀后出露地表。     

松辽盆地东缘营城组节理构造特征、分布规律及其储层预测

首次较系统地统计了研究区节理产状、规模、开度、密度以及分布规律,阐述了其储层意义。根据节理产出层位、切割关系和区域构造背景分析,将研究区节理的形成期次划分为营城期、营城末期和晚白垩世晚期3个期次。利用共轭节理产状和节理面性质,计算出营城期具有近东西向伸展和挤压相互交替的构造应力场;营城组末期具有NE—SW向挤压构造应力场;晚白垩世晚期具有NW—SE向挤压构造应力场。营城组中的节理形成与分布主要与前两期挤压应力场有关。在此基础上,对徐家围子地区营城组节理分布规律进行了预测,为天然气储层分布规律研究提供可视化对比依据。     

柴达木盆地欧龙布鲁克地区构造演化研究

柴北缘东段古生界构造变形特征、构造演化过程研究较为薄弱,尤其是古构造应力场性质及其转变机制尚不明确。文中对欧龙布鲁克地区野外剖面及应力感构造要素(褶皱、节理、擦痕)进行了系统观测和分析,结果表明：加里东晚期应力场为NE向;晚海西-印支期早期为SN向,晚期NW向两期挤压应力场;燕山早期近EW向拉张,燕山晚期及喜山晚期处于NE向挤压应力场。根据欧南凹陷平衡剖面反演结果,对比不同时代地层收缩速率可知,柴北缘东段寒武纪-新近纪构造演化可以分为4个阶段：(1)加里东早期(C -O1)弧后伸展、晚期(O2-S)弧后挤压,导致柴北缘东段初步形成NW向的背斜凸起;(2)晚海西-印支期(P-T)隆升阶段,欧龙布鲁克地区整体处于水体之上,并没有造成盆内二叠系-三叠系的沉积;(3)燕山早期(J1-J2)陆内伸展断陷、晚期(J3-K)挤压反转,欧龙布鲁克地区为继承性隆起,未完全接受沉积;(4)喜山晚期(N-Q)强烈挤压构造变形,逆断层强烈活动使山体快速隆升,基底卷入型构造样式广泛分布。     

松辽盆地滨北地区区域构造特征及意义——地震长剖面给出的证据

松辽盆地位于西太平洋大陆边缘北部,其主体部分位于黑龙江板块群的中部。松辽盆地整个上部地壳所受到的挤压应力场在南北两大地区存在空间差别。在板块构造理论指导下,利用研究区内的地震长剖面资料,研究松辽盆地滨北地区区域构造特征。通过分析认为,滨北地区东、西部多为隆起或斜坡区,而中部多是凹陷,从南向北,地层沉积厚度逐渐变薄。早期的断层活动导致了凹陷内凹隆相间的构造特点。     

吉林海沟金矿的构造应力场分析与变形期次

对海沟金矿的断层、节理进行野外和井下研究,应用赤平投影方法对节理产状进行统计与分析,确定研究区节理有6 个较为明显的优势产状,构成3 个节理系,并进一步确定了3 期变形作用的构造应力场。海沟金矿早期受到NW--SE 向伸展作用影响,使先存的近EW 向海沟断层发生左行走向滑移,在海沟断层上盘形成NE 向正断层组合,同时伴有含金石英脉的贯入; 中期受到NEE--SWW 向挤压作用,NE 向正断层组合和发育于断层之中的含金石英脉受到压扭性变形作用的改造; 晚期受到 NW--SE 向挤压作用,海沟断层表现为右行走滑的特征,NE 向断层组合再次受到挤压作用改造,同时形成NWW 向和NNW 向走滑断层,使早期形成的断层和含金石英脉受到变形改造而发生空间上的错位。3 期变形作用很可能是自白垩纪以来发生的,与太平洋板块向欧亚大陆的俯冲作用有关。     

沁水盆地柿庄北区块3号煤层裂缝预测

柿庄北地区位于沁水盆地东南部,是我国重要的煤层气产区。煤层裂缝作为主要的渗流通道,对煤层气高产富集起到重要控制作用。该区山西组3号煤层中褶皱轴部走向为近南北向,野外露头区发育一组共轭剪裂缝,优势方位为NW与近EW向,其次是近SN向。根据构造形迹确定燕山期应力场以SEE105°挤压为主。利用水力加砂压裂法对现今井点目的层地应力进行计算,通过古地磁定向与声速各向异性确定现今最大水平主应力方向为NE55°。将煤层构造与地表起伏形态作为主要影响因素,采用有限元法对燕山期及现今地应力场进行数值模拟,利用弹性力学理论对裂缝参数进行计算,计算结果认为柿庄北3号裂缝孔隙度、渗透率普遍较小,整体上中部背斜区 > 中部平缓区 > 东部单斜区 > 中部向斜区 > 西部地区。模拟的裂隙特征与实测数据所反映的裂缝特征相近,单井产气量高的地区,裂隙较发育。      

山西省石楼北区块构造应力场对煤层气分布的影响

通过对石楼北区块岩层与煤层中大量的节理产状分析,厘定了4套节理配套关系,并在此基础上恢复了4期构造应力场特征。研究认为:本区的节理走向以NWW—NNW、NNE—NE向为主,为燕山期NW—SE向和喜马拉雅期NE—SW向的构造应力作用下形成。多期构造应力的共同作用形成了煤层大密度割理,且煤层一组主要割理方向与现代应力场最大主应力方向较为一致,促进了煤割理的张开,提高了渗透率。煤层与围岩中节理产状的偏差,且节理裂隙中充填方解石,为煤层气的封闭与保存提供了有利的地质条件。煤层上覆岩层较软且节理密集时容易出现低应力差,造成煤层气富集,据此预测了研究区煤层气富集区。     

济阳坳陷中生代盆地演化及其与新生代盆地叠合关系探讨

济阳坳陷中生代盆地演化受控于欧亚构造域的板块拼接挤压和滨太平洋构造域及其郯庐断裂活动两种动力学背景。早、中三叠世,作为华北大型内陆沉积盆地的一部分,沉积了近2000 m厚的地层;晚三叠世,主要受控于扬子板块与华北板块挤压碰撞所产生的挤压应力场,处于抬升剥蚀状态,早、中三叠世沉积的地层几乎剥蚀殆尽,并开始发育多条NW向逆冲断层;早、中侏罗世是对晚三叠世挤压逆冲断层和褶皱所造成的本区地势高低起伏的一个截凸填凹、填平补齐的过程;晚侏罗世—白垩纪,受郯庐断裂左行走滑的影响,济阳坳陷区前期形成的NW向逆冲断层,发生构造反转,反向伸展,形成了一系列半地堑。控盆断层为NW向的中生代盆地,与控盆断层为NE(或NNE)向的新生代盆地里相干型叠合,可划分出中坳新拗、中坳新隆、中隆新坳、中隆新隆4种叠合单元类型,不同类型的叠合单元经历了不同的沉降史,具有不同的石油地质意义。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

Définition d'une limite multicritère ; stratigraphie du passage Campanien–Maastrichtien du site géologique de Tercis (Landes,SW France)Definition of a multi-criteria boundary; stratigraphy of the Campanian–Maastrichtian interval of the geological site at Tercis (Landes,SW France)

Lithostratigraphy, physicochemical stratigraphy, biostratigraphy, and geochronology of the 77–70 Ma old series bracketing the Campanian–Maastrichtian boundary have been investigated by 70 experts. For the first time, direct relationships between macro- and microfossils have been established, as well as direct and indirect relationships between chemo-physical and biostratigraphical tools. A combination of criteria for selecting the boundary level, duration estimates, uncertainties on durations and on the location of biohorizons have been considered; new chronostratigraphic units are proposed. The geological site at Tercis is accepted by the Commission on Stratigraphy as the international reference for the stratigraphy of the studied interval. To cite this article: G.S. Odin, C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 409–414.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Late Wuchiapingian (Late Dzhulfian,early Late Permian) limestone olistolites within the Tertiary flysch of Glypia Unit (Mount Parnon,central–eastern Peloponnesus,Greece)

Some olistolites reworked in a Tertiary flysch of Mount Parnon (Peloponnesus, Greece) exhibit a Late Permian assemblage, dominated by Paradunbarula (Shindella) shindensis, Hemigordiopsis cf. luquensis and Colaniella aff. minima. This association corresponds to the Late Wuchiapingian (=Late Dzhulfian), a substage whose algae and foraminifera are generally little known. Contemporaneous limestones crop out in the middle part of the Episkopi Formation in Hydra, but they are rather commonly reworked in Mesozoic and Cainozoic sequences. The palaeobiogeographical affinities shared by the foraminiferal markers of Greece, southeastern Pamir, and southern China, are very strong (up to the specific level), and are congruent with the Pangea B reconstructions. To cite this article: E. Skourtsos et al., C. R. Geoscience 334 (2002) 925–931.     

PALEONTOLOGY

正20141596 Liu Yunhuan(School of Earth Sciences and Resources,Chang’an University,Xi’an 710054,China);Shao Tiequan Early Cambrian Quadrapyrgites Fossils of Xixiang Boita in Southern Shaanxi Province(Journal of Earth Sciences and Environment,ISSN1672-6561,CN61-1423/P,35(3),2013,p.39-43,3 illus.,20 refs.)     

GEOCHEMICAL EXPLORATION

正20141719 Chen Zhijun(State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources,China University of Geosciences,Wuhan 430074,China);Chen Jianguo Automated Batch Mapping Solution for Serial Maps:A Case Study of Exploration Geochemistry Maps(Journal of Geology,ISSN1674-3636,CN32-1796/P,37(3),2013,p.456-464,2 illus.,2 tables,10 refs.)     

MICROPALAEONTOLOGY

正20140962 Chen Fenning(Xi’an Institute of Geology and Mineral Resources,Xi’an710054,China);Chen Ruiming Late Miocene-Early Pleistocene Ostracoda Fauna of Gyirong Basin,Southern Tibet(Acta Geologica Sinica,ISSN0001-5717,CN11-1951/P,87(6),2013,p.872-886,6illus.,56refs.)     

PETROLOGY

正1.IGNEOUS PETROLOGY20142008Cai Jinhui(Wuhan Center,China Geological Survey,Wuhan 430205,China);Liu Wei Zircon U-Pb Geochronology and Mineralization Significance of Granodiorites from Fuzichong Pb-Zn Deposit,Guangxi,South China(Geology and Mineral Resources of South China,ISSN1007-3701,CN42-1417/P,29(4),2013,p.271-281,7illus.,     

ENVIRONMENTAL GEOLOGY

正20141205Cheng Weiming(State Key Laboratory of Resources and Environmental Information System,Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research,CAS,Beijing 100101,China);Xia Yao Regional Hazard Assessment of Disaster Environment for Debris Flows:Taking Jundu Mountain,Beijing as an     

PROSPECTING EXPLORATION

正20141266Fan Chaoyan(Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Resources and Geological Processes,Guangzhou 510275,China);Wang Zhenghai On Error Analysis and Correction Method of Measured Strata Section with Wire Projection Method(Journal of