山东省主要页岩气储层特征与资源潜力

山东省富有机质泥页岩发育层系多、类型多、分布范围广,为探寻页岩气有利储集层系和分布范围,以富有机质泥页岩为研究对象,通过分析富有机质泥页岩岩性特征,有机碳含量、生烃潜量、氯仿沥青“A”、干酪根类型、镜质组反射率等有机地化特征,孔隙度、渗透率、矿物成分、岩石密度等岩石物性特征,含气性特征等,对山东省页岩气赋存层位、生成的物质基础、热演化程度、储层特征等形成了系统认识。认为：古生界石炭系—二叠系山西组—太原组、新生界古近系孔店组和沙河街组富有机质泥页岩发育厚度大、分布面积广、有机质丰度高,热演化程度适中、岩石脆性矿物含量高,为页岩气有利储层;利用页岩气储层分布面积、泥页岩厚度、有机碳含量、镜质组反射率、含气性等相关评价参数,计算了山东全省页岩气资源潜力为1417797×108m3,优选了9个页岩气有利区,其中鲁西南有利区、阳谷 茌平有利区、黄河北有利区、贾镇潜凹陷有利区属海陆交互相泥页岩储层,泥页岩层系分布于石炭系—二叠系山西组—太原组;潍北凹陷有利区、东营凹陷有利区、沾化凹陷有利区、车镇 沾化凹陷有利区、临邑有利区属湖相泥页岩储层,泥页岩层系分别分布于古近系孔店组和沙河街组,为今后页岩气勘查工作提供了依据。     

柴达木盆地东部地区石炭系泥页岩生烃条件及选区

柴达木盆地石炭系露头、钻井资料均揭示,其为海相沉积烃源岩,且石炭系泥页岩气展现出良好的勘探前景。对柴达木盆地东部石炭系泥页岩沉积环境、有机质丰度、类型和演化程度进行综合评价,利用野外露头、探井、地震、非震等资料证实了石炭系的残留及分布。研究认为,柴东地区石炭系泥页岩主要集中在上石炭统滨岸潮坪沉积的克鲁克组,发育炭质泥页岩、暗色泥岩2种烃源岩,有机碳均值为3.08%,有机质类型为Ⅱ—Ⅲ型,处于成熟-高成熟演化阶段,73%的样品达到中等-好烃源岩。平面上主要分布于尕丘、欧南、霍布逊和德令哈凹陷,分隔性较强,具有多个厚度中心,其中以欧南凹陷石灰沟地区和霍布逊凹陷落实程度高、资源潜力大,是泥页岩气最有利的发育区。     

湘中涟源凹陷石炭系测水组页岩气成藏特征及勘探潜力

目前对海陆过渡相页岩的储层及其成藏特征研究较少.湘中地区涟源凹陷下石炭统测水组海陆过渡相页岩是重要的页岩气勘探层位,基于二维地震资料、钻井岩心资料和测录井资料,选取2015H-D6井进行了井区构造与测水组岩性描述,页岩储层地化、物性及含气量等测试分析,以及单井埋藏史和热史模拟.研究表明:涟源凹陷海陆过渡相测水组泥页岩沉积于滨岸泻湖或沼泽环境,有效厚度为71.8 m,埋深大于2 500 m;泥页岩有机碳含量平均为1.68%,干酪根类型以Ⅱ型为主,具备良好的生气基础和吸附载体;成熟度分布在2.30%~3.32%,平均为2.96%,处于过成熟阶段;储层脆性矿物含量超过60%,粘土矿物含量小于30%,储层整体表现为低孔低渗特性,孔隙以微孔隙为主,具较好的页岩气储层条件.利用测井解释、等温吸附以及现场解析等方法,揭示出测水组泥页岩具有较好的含气量,结合模拟结果提出了构造保存并持续沉降是涟源凹陷海陆过渡相测水组页岩气藏形成的关键因素.      

准噶尔盆地南缘页岩气形成条件与有利区预测

通过对准噶尔盆地南缘泥页岩分布情况、厚度、面积、总有机碳含量、热演化程度、有机质类型、矿物岩石成分等因素的分析,确定了准噶尔盆地南缘侏罗系八道湾组、三工河组和西山窑组、二叠系芦草沟组、红雁池组以及石炭系是页岩气发育的有利层位。经过对有利层位的页岩气富集条件分析,并利用镜质体反射率(Ro)等值线、泥岩厚度等值线和总有机碳含量(TOC)等值线进行叠加的分析方法,最终确定霍玛吐背斜带西北缘、沙湾凹陷和莫南凸起三者过渡区域的侏罗纪地层,阜康凹陷与阜康断裂带过渡区域的侏罗纪地层,柴窝堡坳陷达坂城凹陷和永丰凹陷二叠纪地层埋藏较浅处,以及齐古断褶带石炭纪地层埋藏较浅处等4处为页岩的有利发育区。     

湘中涟源凹陷下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩气成藏条件及主控因素

下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩是湘中地区页岩气勘探的新层系。基于野外地质调查、页岩气钻井的样品采集和分析测试等对湘中涟源凹陷石炭系天鹅坪组泥页岩的发育特征、有机地球化学特征、储层特征和含气性等页岩气成藏地质条件进行了分析。结果表明:涟源凹陷石炭系天鹅坪组有机质丰度较高,w(TOC)分布在0.78%～2.84%之间,有机质类型以Ⅱ_1型为主,有机质成熟度R_o分布在1.48%～2.09%之间,处于高成熟演化阶段;泥页岩矿物成分以石英和黏土矿物为主,黏土矿物主要由伊蒙混层、伊利石和绿泥石组成;泥页岩有机质孔较发育,孔隙度平均为1.97%,渗透率平均为0.847×10~(-3)μm~2,但大多小于0.1×10~(-3)μm~2;湘新地4井天鹅坪组泥页岩含气量分布在1.64～4.29 m~3/t,平均2.69 m~3/t(不含残余气)。结合区域构造—沉积演化背景的分析表明,涟源凹陷下石炭统天鹅坪组页岩气成藏条件的主控因素为沉积环境、构造保存条件,其中深水陆棚相是页岩气有利相带,复杂构造背景下由对冲式构造样式形成的向斜对页岩气保存条件最为有利,是研究区页岩气勘探的"甜点区"。研究成果可以为该区后续油气勘探提供参考。     

湘西北下志留统龙马溪组页岩气成藏条件及有利区分析

湘西北地区下志留统龙马溪组发育富含有机质页岩。通过野外露头地质剖面、钻井及有机地球化学等资料分析,认为泥页岩厚度较大,有机质类型较好、有机碳含量较高、热演化程度适中、储层物性好、埋深适宜及保存条件相对较好,满足页岩气成藏要求。根据页岩气资源潜力评价方法与有利区优选标准,选定桑植-石门复向斜一带为页岩气的有利勘探区域。     

中扬子北部上震旦统陡山沱组地质特征及页岩气资源潜力分析

依据野外实测剖面和页岩气钻井资料,结合样品有机地球化学、矿物成分、扫描电镜及物性等大量分析测试资料,系统研究了中扬子地区北部上震旦统陡山沱组暗色泥页岩的沉积环境、发育规模、地球化学及储集层特征。结果表明:暗色泥页岩厚度在53.3~114.7 m,平均为87.3 m,主要发育在台内盆地沉积环境;暗色泥页岩的有机碳含量(TOC)普遍大于1%,有机质类型主要为I-Ⅱ1型,成熟度(Ro)平均为1.85%,Tmax在353~609℃;矿物成分主要为碎屑矿物和粘土矿物,碎屑矿物含量平均为56.3%,成分主要为石英和长石,粘土矿物含量平均为26.1%,主要为伊利石和伊蒙混层矿物;泥页岩中含有大量的微观孔隙和微裂缝,微孔以次生溶蚀微孔和原生孔为主,孔隙度平均为2.32%,渗透率平均为0.031857×10-3μm2。与美国及国内页岩气商业性开发区的泥页岩的各项指标比较,本区暗色泥页岩具有厚度较大、有机质丰度相对较低、热演化程度高、脆性矿物含量高、粘土矿物含量低,低孔特低渗的特征,保存条件较好,具备了页岩气形成的基本地质条件,是中国海相页岩气勘探的远景区之一。     

黔中隆起及周缘下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气勘探前景

文章基于黔中隆起及周缘地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组黑色页岩的野外露头,并与周边钻井资料类比,通过野外地质观测、样品显微薄片等多项实验测试,以地层沉积、岩石学、有机地球化学和泥页岩含气性等为重点,对其下寒武统牛蹄塘组页岩气形成的成藏条件与勘探前景进行了分析。结果表明黔中隆起及其周缘地区下寒武统牛蹄塘组主要发育以盆地相—深水陆棚沉积环境控制的富有机质泥页岩,富有机质泥页岩厚度大(80~160 m),有机质丰度高(平均TOC含量3.63%),有机质类型好(Ⅰ-Ⅱ1型),热演化程度高成熟―过成熟(Ro1.55%),石英等脆性矿物含量丰富(平均46%),泥页岩中发育微米至纳米级微孔隙和微裂缝,且有较好的保存条件,有利于页岩气的形成与富集,具有较好的勘探前景。     

鄂尔多斯盆地海陆过渡相富有机质泥页岩特征及页岩气意义

以鄂尔多斯盆地石炭系-二叠系海陆过渡相富有机质泥页岩为研究对象,通过岩石热解分析、岩石抽提和族组分分析、有机元素分析以及煤岩光学分析等方法,对泥页岩中有机质丰度、类型、热成熟度、生烃潜力等地球化学特征参数进行测试;利用扫描电镜、X射线衍射、物性测试等手段,对泥页岩中矿物组成、孔渗特征等储层评价参数进行分析。研究结果表明：鄂尔多斯盆地海陆过渡相地层中泥页岩分布广泛,埋藏偏深,单层厚度较薄,但累计厚度大;泥页岩中有机碳(TOC)含量平均为2.5%,丰度较大;有机质母质中干酪根类型主要为Ⅲ型;镜质体反射率(Ro)平均为1.2%,热演化程度达到中高成熟阶段;具有较大的生烃潜力(S1+S2);同时,石英、长石等脆性矿物含量较高;发育多种孔、缝类型;保存条件良好,为页岩气提供有利的成藏环境。     

柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系页岩气地质特征及控制因素

柴达木盆地侏罗系赋存着丰富的煤炭和油气资源,已有钻井和近年施工的页岩气参数井多次证实有页岩气存在。文中在柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系共识别出9个富有机质泥页岩段,对这些泥页岩的岩性、厚度、分布、有机质组成和热演化程度等特征进行研究,分析了柴北缘侏罗系页岩气地质特征。富有机质泥页岩层发育5种岩相类型,包括油页岩、黑色页岩、碳质泥岩、灰黑色泥岩和黑灰色粉砂岩,主要形成于冲积扇辫状河、辫状河三角洲泥炭沼泽、扇三角洲和湖泊沉积体系,而最有利的富有机质泥页岩成因环境是湖泊、辫状河三角洲泥炭沼泽。柴北缘侏罗系富有机质泥页岩层厚度大(平均累计厚度10～916 m);TOC含量为1.24％～8.6％,总体大于4％;有机质类型较好（H1-H4段和H6-H8段为Ⅱ2 Ⅲ型,H5和H9段为Ⅰ Ⅱ1型）,热演化程度整体处于未成熟成熟阶段。从古气候、盆地构造演化和沉积古环境3个方面探讨了柴北缘侏罗系页岩气层的控制作用。研究表明,富有机质泥页岩主体形成于古气候潮湿温暖的早、中侏罗世,早侏罗世末和晚侏罗世气候干热化阻断富有机质泥页岩的发育;侏罗纪5个阶段的断陷盆地演化控制着泥页岩层的形成发育,湖西山组沉积期为形成于潜西-冷湖-南八仙地区的快速断陷盆地,沉积了H1-H3富有机质泥页岩段,有机质丰度高,厚度大,结构稳定性较好;小煤沟组沉积期主要为局限发育在潜西和大煤沟地区的断陷速率快慢周期变化盆地,形成了局限分布的H4-H6泥页岩;大煤沟组沉积期为以鱼卡和大煤沟地区为沉积中心的缓慢断陷盆地,形成了与煤层共生的H7泥页岩,有机碳含量高,厚度大,分布稳定;石门沟组沉积期为向东不断迁移的缓慢快速断陷盆地,沉积了分布不稳定厚度中等的H8泥岩和厚度大,有机质丰度高,区域连续分布的H9泥页岩;采石岭组和红水沟组沉积期为干旱气候条件下的前陆挠曲盆地,没有富有机质泥页岩形成。因此,下侏罗统H1-H3泥页岩,中侏罗统H7、H9泥页岩是柴达木盆地北缘侏罗系页岩气勘探开发的重点层位。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

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