姚桥煤矿水文地质特征及矿井水害防治措施

姚桥煤矿开采水文地质资料表明,煤层开采矿井的直接充水含水层--山西组煤层顶、底板砂岩裂隙含水层组与太原组灰岩岩溶裂隙含水层一般以静储量为主,富水性较弱;第四系松散含水层组、下石盒子组底部分界砂岩含水层、奥陶系灰岩岩溶裂隙含水层、老窑水主要是通过断裂或导水裂隙向矿井充水,故而提出了留设保安煤柱,探放断层水、老窑水等针对性的水害防治措施。     

济宁市王楼煤矿侏罗系含水层水文地质条件分析

王楼煤矿目前正在开采3上煤层,主要水害为顶板水和采空区积水。顶板水主要水源为3煤顶部砂岩水及侏罗系砂砾岩水,其中侏罗系砂砾岩水是矿井防治水工作的主要对象。区内局部地段侏罗系砂砾岩含水层直接覆盖在煤层露头之上,成为3煤层开采的直接充水含水层。运用历年来的抽水试验成果及水位动态变化资料,对侏罗系含水层的水文地质特征进行了分析,并对断裂构造对含水层及矿井充水的影响进行了评价。结果表明:侏罗系下部砂砾岩段大部地区富水性弱-中等,是开采浅部煤层时矿井的主要补给水源之一;上侏罗统砂砾岩裂隙含水层与山西组3上煤层顶底板砂岩水存在较好的水力联系;在区内该含水层除二段上部富水性较弱外,其余的层段富水性均较强,主要接受上部岩浆岩含水层的补给;煤层开采造成的冒落裂隙带在局部地段影响到侏罗系含水层,从而使侏罗系含水层成为煤层开采的直接充水水源。     

河南新密煤田二1煤层充水特征分析

新密煤田在开采二1煤层时,矿井涌水量从每小时数立方米到上千立方米,差别极大,个别矿井因水量太大多年达不到设计开采能力。在研究矿区水文地质条件的基础上,分析了煤层的充水特征,认为煤层的顶板直接充水含水层是二叠系下统下石盒子组底部的砂岩裂隙水,底板直接充水含水层是石炭系太原组灰岩岩溶裂隙含水层,奥陶系岩溶裂隙含水层是煤层底板间接充水含水层;通常情况下顶板水不会对采煤构成威胁,灾害性突水主要来源于煤层底板;石炭系灰岩含水层与奥陶系灰岩含水层水力联系较密切,通常矿井大的涌水都有奥陶系灰岩水参与;大隗断层使得区内寒武系中上统灰岩直接与二叠系石千峰组砂、页岩接触,隔断了南北两侧的水力联系,并将矿区分割为两个水文地质亚区;矿井在开采深度在+50m标高以上时,充水水源主要来源于煤层顶板,底板无水,在开采深度在+50m以下时,矿井涌水量相对较大,随着开采深度的增加,矿井涌水量有逐渐减小的趋势。该研究对确定矿井充水因素,进行突水预防具有指导和借鉴意义     

永夏煤田顺和煤矿水文地质特征分析

本文结合区域水文地质条件,对矿井主要含水层和隔水层进行了分析和评价。对矿井主采二2煤层充水因素进行了分析,尤其是断层构造。指出山西组煤层顶板砂岩裂隙水为二2煤层充水的重要因素之一,导水断裂构造、封闭不良钻孔等可能导通石炭系太原组灰岩岩溶裂隙含水层和奥陶系灰岩岩溶裂隙含水层,可造成突水淹井事故。     

峰峰矿区大淑村矿水文地质条件探析

大淑村井田周边赋存的断层均为倾向井田外侧的正断层,致使井田部位相对抬升,切断了含水层的补给来源,地下水补给、排泄不良,井田处于相对封闭的水文地质单元之中。井田内开采上组煤的主要充水含水层为大煤顶板砂岩含水层,次为野青灰岩和伏青灰岩含水层;煤层回采冒落后,下石盒子组底部砂岩含水层将成为间接充水含水层。这些含水层的富水性弱,单位涌水量均小于0．05L／（s·m）,因此,大淑村井田开采上煤组的矿井水文地质类型为中等,矿井受水害的影响不大,矿井防治水的工作简便易行。     

宁夏红石湾煤矿涌水量评价

在分析红石湾煤矿区地质及水文地质条件的基础上,对矿井的充水因素进行了论述,认为区内的古近系孔隙水含水层分布广,厚度大,富水性较强,但由于其距首采区的主采煤层(三煤)较远,导水裂隙带的最大破坏高度尚未达到该含水层,且其间有近20m厚的隔水层,所以该含水层对煤矿开采影响较小;影响区内煤矿涌水量的主要含水层为二叠系石盒子组砂岩含水层和山西—太原组砂岩含水层。采用富水系数比拟法、狭长水平巷道水动力学法、大井法对煤矿涌水量进行了计算,通过对各种计算方法适应性的评述及计算结果的对比,最后选用狭长水平巷道水动力学计算结果作为矿井正常涌水量,大井法计算结果作为矿井的最大涌水量。     

河南瑞平煤电(集团)庇山矿充水因素分析

通过对河南省汝州市庇山煤矿区的水文地质条件分析,认为矿井主要充水水源为上部老窑积水、第四系孔隙水、砂岩裂隙水及灰岩岩溶裂隙水.除第四系松散孔隙含水层富水性较强外,其它各含水层富水性均较弱,对井下煤层开采威胁不大,老窑积水是构成上部煤层开采充水的主要因素,充水通道为采空塌陷带及构造断裂带.建议开展水文地质物探工作,为矿井防治水提供参考依据.     

金能煤业分公司矿井水文地质条件分析

金能煤业分公司矿井地处贺兰山北段山前冲积平原边缘,东临黄河。地表受山洪、黄河、采空塌陷积水等水体影响,地下受基岩中砂岩裂隙含水层、老空区积水危害,矿井水文地质条件复杂。历史上发生过多次突水。在分析研究矿井水文地质特征及充水因素的基础上,认为矿井涌水量主要来源是上水平、上区段采空区泄水及采空区灌浆后下部出水,其次是各含水层充水,再次是生产用水的排泄;煤层开采形成的冒落带、导水裂隙带,基岩裂隙,断层破碎带是主要的充水通道。并提出了切实可行的矿井防治水方法与对策,对金能煤业分公司和神华宁煤集团其他开采石炭-二叠系煤层矿井的防治水工作具有重要意义。     

吴堡矿区首采地段水文地质特征及矿床充水条件分析

从鄂尔多斯盆地东部地下水类型、含水岩组等区域水文地质条件入手,对陕北石炭二叠纪煤田吴堡矿区首期开采地段水文地质条件进行了分析。分析表明,区内第四系松散层含水层在首采区虽然分别较广,但水量相对较小,正常情况下与其下含水层贯通的可能性较小,对于煤矿开采影响较小;基岩风化裂隙潜水、太原组灰岩溶隙裂隙及砂岩裂隙承压水及奥陶系灰岩岩溶承压水是煤矿开采中最为主要的突水类型。从矿坑充水水源、充水通道和充水强度角度对首期开采地段进行了矿床充水因素的研究。研究认为,矿井充水水源为煤层顶底板砂岩裂隙水、灰岩裂隙溶隙承压水及奥陶系岩溶承压水;充水通道主要是煤层开采后顶板形成的冒落带和导水裂隙带以及底板受其承压水的影响而产生的破坏带。建议在矿井设计前对首采地段进行三维地震勘探,进一步查明区内断层性质、规模和易发生矿井涌水的部位,为建井设计、矿坑底板的突水和防治提供依据。     

黄陵二号煤矿充水因素分析

通过对黄陵二号煤矿充水因素的分析,结合矿井实际涌水量,认为矿井在开采延安组2号煤层时,延安组中部含水层为矿井的直接充水含水层,直罗组下段含水层为矿井主要的间接充水含水层;上部的洛河组砂岩水是矿井井筒充水的主要水源,也是矿井充水的间接充水含水层;矿井的主要充水通道为开采沉陷裂隙,充水方式为顶板进水。最后指出,该矿井开采2号煤层的最大隐患是直罗组下段砂岩顶板突水和井筒洛河组砂岩涌水。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

Mountains,nations, parks,and conservation

Between 1985 and 1991, two new mountain protected areas (MTNPA) covering more than 35,000 km² and based on participatory management models — the Makalu-Barun National Park and Conservation Area, Nepal, and Qomolangma Nature Preserve, Tibet Autonomous Region — were successfully established through the collaborative efforts of Woodlands Mountain Institute and conservationists in China and Nepal. Characteristics common to both projects include the importance of establishing (1) effective rationales, (2) local support constituencies, (3) a senior advisory group, (4) a task force, (5) linkages between conservation and development, and (6) fund raising mechanisms. The lessons derived from the experiences of Woodlands Mountain Institute are of significant value to others in preserving MTNPA. Increased collaboration and communication between all interested in conservation, however, will remain a critical component for expanding mountain protected area coverage to throughout the world.     

Regional distribution of Al,B, Ba,Ca, K,La, Mg,Mn, Na,P, Rb,Si, Sr,Th, U and Y in terrestrial moss within a 188,000 km2 area of the central Barents region: influence of geology,seaspray and human activity

Five hundred and ninety-eight samples of terrestrial moss (Hylocomium splendens and Pleurozium schreberi) collected from a 188,000 km² area of the central Barents region (NE Norway, N Finland, NW Russia) were analysed by ICP-AES and ICP-MS. Analytical results for Al, B, Ba, Ca, K, La, Mg, Mn, Na, P, Rb, Si, Sr, Th, U and Y concentrations are reported here. Graphical methods of data analysis, such as geochemical maps, cumulative frequency diagrams, boxplots and scatterplots, are used to interpret the origin of the patterns for these elements. None of the elements reported here are emitted in significant amounts from the smelting industry on the Kola Peninsula. Despite the conventional view that moss chemistry reflects atmospheric element input, the nature of the underlying mineral substrate (regolith or bedrock) is found to have a considerable influence on moss composition for several elements. This influence of the chemistry of the mineral substrate can take place in a variety of ways. (1) It can be completely natural, reflecting the ability of higher plants to take up elements from deep soil horizons and shed them with litterfall onto the surface. (2) It can result from naturally increased soil dust input where vegetation is scarce due to harsh climatic conditions for instance. Alternatively, substrate influence can be enhanced by human activity, such as open-cast mining, creation of ‘technogenic deserts’, or handling, transport and storage of ore and ore products, all of which magnify the natural elemental flux from bedrock to ground vegetation. Seaspray is another natural process affecting moss composition in the area (Mg, Na), and this is most visible in the Norwegian part of the study area. Presence or absence of some plant species, e.g., lichens, seems to influence moss chemistry. This is shown by the low concentrations of B or K in moss on the Finnish and Norwegian side of the (fenced) border with Russia, contrasting with high concentrations on the other side (intensive reindeer husbandry west of the border has selectively depleted the lichen population).     

NEW SET OF LOW CONCENTRATION STANDARDS FOR LA, CE, SM, YB, LU, Y, SC, V, NB AND TA IN SILICATES

We have developed a set of four synthetic standards for the rare earth and high field strength elements designed for use in the determination of those elements in silicates. The base material is a glass nominally at the eutectic of the MgO-Al₂O₃-SiO₂ ternary system. The nominal doping level was 2 wt% of the elements as oxides. To avoid problems associated with peak interference, the elements were doped in four separate glasses.