四川九寨沟葫芦沟金矿地质特征及其对成矿作用的指示

九寨沟葫芦沟金矿是川陕甘金成矿三角区典型的微细浸染型金矿床之一,矿体主要受断裂控制,赋存于中泥盆统三河口组三段上亚段灰岩(D_2s~(3-2))和下亚段板岩(D_2s~(3-1))中,容矿岩石以花岗斑岩为主,板岩次之,两者混合岩类少见。葫芦沟金矿床相关地球化学特征显示,构造-岩浆活动对成矿起了重要的控制作用,有深部流体参与成矿的迹象。富矿岩石板岩与花岗斑岩的主量、微量元素地球化学研究表明,矿石中Au、As、Ag、Hg、Cu、Fe、Zn、S、Sb等成矿元素极为富集,其形成的Au-(Fe+S)-Ag-Sb和As-Hg 2种元素组合,与矿床内黄铁矿、辉锑矿、毒砂等矿化特征极为吻合,反映它们与金成矿具紧密联系。研究表明:区内岩浆活动时代与金矿成矿时代相当,岩浆活动不仅为区内成矿提供热源动力,而且还提供了一部分颇为主要的成矿物质(岩浆水源和矿源);之后,浅成—超浅成花岗质酸性岩浆活化并萃取了矿源层中泥盆统三河口组(D_2s)中的Au,形成了含Au较高的成矿热液,在构造改造和多元含矿地热流体作用下,又以其能干性和化学活泼性等特点,为金矿的形成提供了良好的赋矿空间,直至演变形成葫芦沟金矿床。     

基于GIS的证据权重法在成矿预测中的应用--以甘肃省岷县-礼县地区的金矿预测为例

在深入了解甘肃省岷县—礼县地区金矿成矿特征的基础上，以地理信息系统(GIS)为平台，对该区进行成矿分析后认为中泥盆统李坝群、中泥盆统西汉水组和中石炭统下加岭组为成矿的有利地层组合；金矿床(点)多出现于花岗岩体外接触带距岩体边缘0．5～5．0km范围内的黑云母化蚀交带中；半径为1．61km的断层影响带为最佳的有利成矿的断层影响范围；Au—As—Ag—Sb—Pb为成矿的有利地球化学元素异常组合。利用GIS的空间分析功能，分别提取了上述各成矿有利因素，进而建立了证据权重模型，选择了地层、岩体、断裂、化探等11个证据因子。在此基础上，根据该区成矿概率的分布进行了成矿远景区的预测，共圈出了7个成矿远景区：Ⅰ．中川岩体北侧；Ⅱ．中川岩体东侧以及中川岩体与碌碡坝岩体所夹区域；Ⅲ．间井岩体南侧；Ⅳ．教场坝岩体南侧；Ⅴ.碌碡坝岩体西侧；Ⅵ．教场坝岩体东侧；Ⅶ．柏家庄岩体南侧。其中前4个远景区覆盖了几乎所有的已知金矿床(点)，而后3个远景区目前还未发现金矿床(点)，预测结果对于该区的进一步找矿具有一定的指导意义。     

陕西省凤太矿集区柴蚂金矿床成矿流体特征

<正>1矿区地质概况柴蚂金矿位于陕西省凤(县)-太(白)矿集区的西北部,毗邻八卦庙超大型金矿床。矿区出露的地层主要为中泥盆统的古道岭组、上泥盆统的星红铺组和九里坪组。星红铺组是区内主要金矿的赋矿层位,其第一岩性段的第二、四岩性层是柴蚂金矿的赋矿层位,岩性主要为铁白云质粉砂质千枚岩、斑点状铁白云石质粉砂质千枚岩、     

湖南白马山-龙山金矿带包裹体-同位素地球化学及成矿流体特征

文章测试了白马山-龙山金矿带中龙山、古台山、高家坳一带金矿床的石英包裹体水的δ(18)D‰、δ(18)O‰值,龙山、古台山一带金矿床石英δ(18)D值具有相似变化范围,变化范围为-59‰～-66‰,极差不大(7‰),分析结果认为本区成矿流体与区域液体主要为大气降水.而高家坳一带金矿中石英δD值变化较大为-57.7‰～-87.7‰,极差达30‰,矿液为封存于地层中的原生水与大气降水混合而成.龙山一带金矿床硫化物的δ(34)S值变化不大,大部分样品集中在-2.O‰～ 2.O‰之间,硫主要来源于深部岩浆,少量来自于地层.产于中泥盆统半山组中的高家坳一带金矿硫化物δ(34)S值变化范围大,集中在6.21‰～22.25‰的,反映其硫主要来自沉积岩层的硫化物.这些同位素特征表明,白马山-龙山金矿带经历了多期成矿作用,早期为成矿流体与大气降水混合成矿;晚期为地下热水为主,有变质水及岩浆水混合的混合型成矿溶液.     

广西贵港新村金矿地球化学特征及深部找矿前景

在矿床地质研究的基础上,对新村金矿已开采中段岩(矿)石进行系统采样,进行成矿微量元素、稀土元素等矿床地球化学特征分析。通过分带指数法和变异性指数,确定新村金矿的原生晕轴向垂直分带序列。并结合前人总结的中国金矿床原生晕综合轴向(垂直)分带性研究成果,建立了新村金矿床轴向分带的原生晕叠加模式,从而对其深部成矿远景进行预测。研究结果表明,Au及其伴生元素均来自寒武系黄洞口组中上段碎屑岩中,Au与Ag、As、Sb、W等元素组合密切,As、Sb为前缘晕指示元素,Au、Ag为主矿化元素,W、Mo为矿化的尾晕指示元素,Sb等典型前缘晕元素出现在分带序列的中下部,典型的后尾晕元素Mo出现在中部,指示深部可能还有盲矿存在或第二个富集带。同时为其他同类型金矿床深部找矿和勘探工作提供指导。     

黔西南泥堡金矿床硒元素地球化学特征与意义

泥堡金矿床微量元素的聚类分析与因子分析结果显示,Au、As、Sb、Hg、Tl、Ag、W、Se相关性好,表明Se与Au在成矿作用过程中可能具有密切联系,硒化物主要出现在浅成低温热液矿床或成矿的中晚阶段。泥堡金矿床Au成矿温度集中于180～260℃,表明泥堡金矿床中Se可能主要以硒化物的形式存在。黔西南地区不同金矿床的黄铁矿、毒砂、辉锑矿、辰砂、雄黄等硫化物中,Se具有一定的富集,Se与S的地球化学性质相似,Se主要以置换硫化物中的S的形式存在。成矿过程中HS-和HSe-均可作为卡林型金矿中Au的载体,Se能为研究该区乃至贵州黔西南地区卡林型金矿中Au成矿环境、成矿机制及成矿流体演化规律提供间接性证据,提出Se可作为黔西南地区卡林型金矿床找金的指示元素。     

中国金矿床成矿规律与找矿预测研究

在系统分析研究中国1 572座小型及以上规模金矿床资料的基础上,以找矿预测为目的,根据成矿地质作用类型划分了沉积型、火山岩型、岩浆热液型和剪切带型金矿4种类型。提出了中国金矿床空间分布不均衡性和成矿时代爆发性特点:陆块区分布的金矿床占全国总金矿数的60%,中生代金矿占全国总金矿数的71.5%。研究发现侵入岩和次火山岩是金矿床最主要的成矿地质体,并总结了识别隐伏岩体空间位置的方法。通过对450座代表性金矿床地质事实的统计研究,提出中国金矿主要为两类:一类金矿床Au和Ag共伴生,成矿温度约250℃,Au的成色一般低于900,As和Sb含量极低,成矿早阶段形成强度不等的钾长石化、钠长石化;另一类金矿床Au和As、Sb共伴生,成矿温度低于250℃,Au的成色一般高于900,Ag含量低,成矿早阶段蚀变主要为硅化,有的为次生石英岩。以元素地球化学特征作为切入点,探讨了金从流体组分转变为成矿结构面中的固体矿物组分这一短暂过程的迁移沉淀机制,为金矿的找矿提供了借鉴依据。     

南秦岭东河地区金矿床特征及成因分析

南秦岭东河金矿位于南秦岭西段,属南秦岭成矿带西成金铅锌多金属成矿带的东延部分,为陕甘川金成矿三角地带。区内出露地层为中上志留统舟曲岩组、志留系—泥盆系大河店组,其中,中上志留统舟曲岩组上岩段(S2+3z3)是金矿化产出的主要层位;区内断裂构造十分发育,主要表现为平行分布的近东西的层间挤压破碎带,为区内主要的控矿构造;区内构造破碎带内及旁侧发育的石英脉与金矿化关系密切。工作区内共圈定金矿体8条,矿体均近东西走向,其中主要矿体Au-8长度390m,平均厚度2.54m,Au平均品位为2.41×10-6。东河地区金矿床主要受断裂构造的控制;其次岩性、岩浆岩对金矿的形成也起一定的作用。通过对本区成矿地质背景、矿床地质特征、控矿因素等方面的研究,认为研究区金矿床为沉积-叠加改造型中-低温热液金矿床。     

基于MRAS证据权重模型的河南老湾地区金矿成矿预测

河南省老湾地区是桐柏—大别有色贵金属成矿带上重要的金成矿区。在综合分析该区成矿因素的基础上,提取构置了地层、韧性剪切域、脆性断束、岩浆岩、与Au有关的蚀变带和Au、As、Sb、Ag水系沉积物单元素异常等9个预测变量,基于MRAS软件,采用证据权重模型对该区金矿进行了成矿远景预测工作。本次采用0.10 km×0.10 km的网格单元进行预测,经过各预测变量的先验概率计算、权重值统计、独立性检验和后验概率的计算等过程,划分出A、B、C三个级别的成矿远景区块,根据预测网格分布特点及该区金矿地质特征,圈出了Ⅰ级找矿远景区4处,Ⅱ级找矿远景区4处。综合分析认为：已知金矿床或矿点多数落入A级或B级成矿远景区块,C级成矿远景区块主要是在A级或B级成矿远景区块的周边,与成矿区带从中心向边缘渐变的特征相符合;圈出的Ⅰ级找矿远景区内均已发现金矿床(点),并且后验概率平均值较高,具有较好的金矿找矿潜力。     

甘肃寨上卡林型金矿床地质特征与控矿因素

寨上金矿床产于南秦岭古生代裂陷海槽局限盆地上泥盆统含C、Ca质复理石建造中，矿床规模较大，品位低，成矿元素复杂；受特定岩相沉积环境的含矿地层和后期陆内造山脆-韧性叠加断裂及伴随的成矿流体的联合控制；是西秦岭近2年新发现的较典型的沉积岩容矿的卡林型金矿床；由含As黄铁矿、含As黄铁矿-毒砂、铜-金与锑-金矿石组成；含Au黄铁矿、毒砂具有特征的增生环带结构；矿化带、矿体成矿元素具有Au-As-Hg-Cu-Pb-Zn-Ba组合特点。     

Wavelength-dispersive X-ray fluorescence spectrometric determination of Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites

Komatiites are mantle-derived ultramafic volcanic rocks. Komatiites have been discovered in several States of India, notably in Karnataka. Studies on the distribution of trace-elements in the komatiites of India are very few. This paper proposes a simple, accurate, precise, rapid, and non-destructive wavelength-dispersive x-ray fluorescence (WDXRF) spectrometric technique for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in komatiites, and discusses the accuracy, precision, limits of detection, x-ray spectral-line interferences, inter-element effects, speed, advantages, and limitations of the technique. The accuracy of the technique is excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th and very good (within 4%) for Y. The precision is also excellent (within 3%) for Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th. The limits of detection are: 1 ppm for Sc and V; 2 ppm for Cr, Co, and Ni; 3 ppm for Cu, Zn, Rb, and Sr; 4 ppm for Y and Zr; 6 ppm for Nb; 10 ppm for Ba; 13 ppm for Pb; and 14 ppm for Th. The time taken for determining Sc, V, Cr, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Ba, Pb, and Th in a batch of 24 samples of komatiites, for a replication of four analyses per sample, by one operator, using a manual WDXRF spectrometer, is only 60 hours.     

硅酸盐类样品中硅、铁、铝、钛、锰、钙、镁、钾、钠和磷的x射线荧光光谱测定

本文拟定了一种以熔融法制备样片,用X射线荧光光谱测定硅酸盐类样品中Si、Fe、Al、Tj、Mn、Ca、Mg、K、Na、P等元素的分析方法。在对不同靶材X光管和分光晶体实验对比的基础上,选择了最佳的测量条件。该法具有快速、准确,测量范围广,检测限低,价格便宜等优点。经过近百个各种类型标样或管理样品的分析对比表明,本法不仅适用于硅酸盐类岩石样品的分析,还适用于铁矿、铝土矿、碳酸盐类岩矿样品以及水泥、耐火材料等样品的分析。     

高压微波消解法测定醋酸纤维过滤器采集的微尘粒子中的砷镉钴铬铜铁锰镍铅钒锌

最新的流行病学研究表明,空气中较高浓度的悬浮细颗粒可能对人类的健康有不利的影响。根据该项研究显示,由于心脏病、慢性呼吸问题和肺功能指标恶化而导致死亡率的升高与细尘粒子有关。这些研究结果已经促使欧盟于1999年4月出台了限制空气中二氧化硫、二氧化氮、氧化氮、铅和颗粒物含量的法案(1999/30/EC),对各项指标包括对可吸入PM10颗粒的浓度提出了新的限制性指标。PM10颗粒是指可以通过预分级器分离采集的气体动力学直径小于10μm的细颗粒。目前研究的兴趣重点逐步偏向PM2.5这些更细微颗粒物,PM2.5这种颗粒物对健康有明显的不利影响。在欧盟指令2008/50/EC中,对PM10和PM2.5都提     

Isotopic systematics of He,Ar, S,Cu, Ni,Re, Os,Pb, U,Sm, Nd,Rb, Sr,Lu, and Hf in the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits

This paper reports the first results of a study of 11 isotope systems (³He/⁴He, ⁴⁰Ar/³⁶Ar, ³⁴S/³²S, ⁶⁵Cu/⁶³Cu, ⁶²Ni/⁶⁰Ni, ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr, ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd, ^206–208Pb/²⁰⁴Pb, Hf–Nd, U–Pb, and Re–Os) in the rocks and ores of the Cu–Ni–PGE deposits of the Norilsk ore district. Almost all the results were obtained at the Center of Isotopic Research of the Karpinskii All-Russia Research Institute of Geology. The use of a number of independent genetic isotopic signatures and comprehensive isotopic knowledge provided a methodic basis for the interpretation of approximately 5000 isotopic analyses of various elements. The presence of materials from two sources, crust and mantle, was detected in the composition of the rocks and ores. The contribution of the crustal source is especially significant in the paleofluids (gas–liquid microinclusions) of the ore-forming medium. Crustal solutions were probably a transport medium during ore formation. Air argon is dominant in the ores, which indicates a connection between the paleofluids and the atmosphere. This suggests intense groundwater circulation during the crystallization of ore minerals. The age of the rocks and ores of the Norilsk deposits was determined. The stage of orebody formation is restricted to a narrow age interval of 250 ± 10 Ma. An isotopic criterion was proposed for the ore-bearing potential of mafic intrusions in the Norilsk–Taimyr region. It includes several interrelated isotopic ratios of various elements: He, Ar, S, and others.     

Viscous, cohesive, non-Newtonian, depositing, radial slurry flow

Mining induced subsidence can significantly affect mining costs where major surface facilities and natural environment need to be protected. Overburden grout injection is a technology used to control coal mine subsidence by injecting the mine waste material extracted from the coal back into the inter-burden rock during longwall mining. The flowing slurry is here categorised as a nonlinear viscous cohesive (Bingham plastic) fluid. During longwall mining the grout slurry is pumped into the separated beds of the rock mass through a central vertical borehole, which is drilled deep into the inter-burden rock strata above the coal seam. However, a blockage can occur in the injection system when the slurry velocity falls below a certain critical threshold velocity, indicating a material phase change from cohesive-viscous to cohesive-frictional. In situ field injection tests through boreholes have been simulated at a smaller scale at the CSIRO laboratory in Brisbane by pumping the slurry through a radial disk (gap = 4 mm) from its centre. Laboratory experiments indicate a general, nonlinear, cohesive, viscous, frictional model for shear behaviour of the slurry, in which the material shear parameters are functions of the disk radial distance. Complete dimensional and dimensionless analytical solutions have been developed based on an approach related to Bingham–Herschel–Bulkley fluid mechanics. The derived formulae include relations for minimum pump pressure, local pressure and pressure gradient, wall shear stress, volume rate, velocity and velocity gradient. The theoretical results match the experimental measurements. The experiments covered slurries with maximum particle sizes of 0.5 to 2 mm with about 50% being larger than 100 µm. The viscosities at the various solids concentrations were measured with a standard torsion viscometer. This study differs from the previous research in several distinct aspects, namely, consideration of the variable shear parameters rather than fixed values, inclusion of total nonlinear behaviour, and implementation of a friction function to mimic behaviour of the deposited and consolidating stiff slurry, which can cause a significant pressure rise as a result of the increased shear resistance.     

硅酸盐中铁、锰、钛、钙、钾、磷、硅、铝、镁、钠、锶、铷、钡的X-射线荧光光谱定量测定

本文介绍样品经四硼酸锂熔融制成玻璃小饼。采用Lachance模式和理论a系数来校正元素间的效应,由3080E型X-射线荧光谱仪和DF-350B数据处理系统完成硅酸盐中十三个项目的测定。     

岩石密度和超高压岩石折返速率

在常温常压条件下对中国大陆科学钻CCSD主孔100-3000米岩心样品进行了密度测量,建立了密度连续剖面,并界定了不同超高压岩石的密度值。通过对比高温高压物性实验资料,岩石密度随着退变程度增强而降低,榴辉岩密度变化序列为3.52g/cm3→3.49g/cm3→3.07g/cm3→2.93g/cm3。超高压长英质岩石密度变化序列为3.00g/cm→2.80g/cm3→2.65g/cm3。上述实验资料是讨论不同折返阶段岩石所受浮力的基础,为研究折返速率大小提供了基本参数。本文通过折返板块运动平衡时,上浮力与粘滞力平衡这一关系式,定量研究了大陆俯冲板块的折返速率,认为密度差产生上浮力从而引起折返,温度对板块折返速率的影响最为显著;密度差大小、折返角度、折返板块大小对折返速率也有直接的影响。定量模拟分析表明,在温度高于850℃时,板块的折返速率可以超过100mm/a;当温度降至700℃时,折返速率则低于1.5mm/a。作者认为在折返早期,温度较高,板块快速折返至60-70km榴辉岩相深度;随着传导散热,温度降低,板块以较慢的速率折返至中下地壳。折返速率的估算表明,浮力是板块折返第一阶段(从>100km深部折返至<40km的中下地壳)的主要驱动力。     

Mercury,arsenic, antimony,and selenium contents of sediment from the Kuskokwim River,Bethel, Alaska,USA

The Kuskokwim River at Bethel, Alaska, drains a major mercury-antimony metallogenic province in its upper reaches and tributaries. Bethel (population 4000) is situated on the Kuskokwim floodplain and also draws its water supply from wells located in river-deposited sediment. A boring through overbank and floodplain sediment has provided material to establish a baseline datum for sediment-hosted heavy metals. Mercury (total), arsenic, antimony, and selenium contents were determined; aluminum was also determined and used as normalizing factor. The contents of the heavy metals were relatively constant with depth and do not reflect any potential enrichment from upstream contaminant sources.     

滇东南花岗岩与锡、银、铜、铅、锌多金属矿床的成因关系

滇东南锡、银、铅、锌多金属矿床主要分布在个旧、白牛厂、都龙3个矿区,而滇东南较大的3个花岗岩体又分别出露在3个矿区或附近.花岗岩体均形成于燕山晚期,岩石化学、矿物成分相似,富含锡、银、铅、锌、钨、铜等成矿元素.矿床主金属元素组合与岩体之间的距离由远而近出现由锡、钨、(铍、铌、钽)→锡、钨、(铁)、铜、铟→锡、铅、锌、银、铟、(锑)有规律的变化.花岗岩浆是成矿物质来源和成矿热源.岩浆侵入初期使上覆地层隆起产生背斜(凹陷部位成向斜);同时使地层产生一系列裂隙、压性断层或层间断裂;岩浆侵入晚期,这些断层再次活动,表现为张性,岩浆产生的含矿热液沿由其活动所造成的断裂迁移、充填、交代、沉淀而形成矿床.     

Bellechester,Minnesota, USA,lagoon collapses

Bellechester, Minnesota, is a small community of approximately 155 residents located on the county line between Goodhue and Wabasha counties in southeast Minnesota's karst region. Bellechester is served by a 21-year-old wastewater treatment facility (WWTF) consisting of three waste-stabilization ponds. On 28 April 1992 six sinkholes were discovered to have drained cell 2 of the WWTF resulting in the loss of approximately 8.7×10⁶ 1 of partially treated effluent and about 600 m³ of soil into previously undetected subsurface voids of unknown dimensions. In the week following the collapse, approximately 200 water wells located within a 5-km radius of the WWTF were sampled in an after-the-fact, emergency sampling program. Twelve samples with elevated fecal coliform levels, 18 samples with nitrate-nitrogen greater than the 10 mg/1 standard, and no samples with elevated chlorides were found. However, the elevated levels could not be unambiguously attributed to the WWTF collapse. This is the third WWTF to fail by sinkhole collapse in southeast Minnesota since 1974. All three collapsed lagoons have been located in similar geomorphic and stratigraphic settings. However, at least two lagoons have collapsed in the adjacent area in northeast Iowa, and these lagoons are located at different stratigraphic positions. Twenty-two WWTFs constructed in southeast Minnesota's karst region in the last 25 years have been identified as subject to potential sinkhole collapse. An unknown but significant number of manure storage lagoons, flood control structures, etc., have also been constructed in the karst region and are at risk. Public agencies are beginning to develop plans to deal with the risk associated with existing and future waste lagoons in this environment. The critical hydrogeologic parameters that can be used to prioritize the risk of collapse at existing facilities include: (1) the lithology of the first bedrock beneath each lagoon, (2) the thickness of surficial materials between the lagoon and the bedrock surface, (3) the presence and construction of liners (seepage rate), and (4) the proximity to existing sinkholes.