佛山市X波段双偏振雷达地形遮挡与覆盖面积分析

利用SRTM3高分辨率的数字高程模型(DEM)对佛山市已建成的4部X波段双偏振雷达进行地形遮挡分析。结果表明:南海、三水、顺德雷达在0.5°低仰角遮挡严重,而高明雷达在0.5°低仰角基本没有遮挡。在1.5°仰角除三水还有少量遮挡外,其他雷达基本没有遮挡。另外,南海、三水雷达仰角1.8°、2.8°,顺德雷达仰角1.5°、2.5°,高明雷达仰角0.5°、1.5°低层2层仰角组网的扫描数据比较可靠。X波段双偏振雷达总的覆盖面积约为30005km^2,2部雷达共同观测面积为22569km^2,占总覆盖面积的75%,3部雷达共同观测面积为12503km^2,占总覆盖面积的42%,4部雷达共同观测面积为5608km^2,占总覆盖面积的19%。佛山市X波段雷达整体的遮挡率比较低、覆盖面积大、布网情况好。     

基于高分辨率高程数据统计分析新一代天气雷达组网的地形遮挡影响

新一代天气雷达由于受到地形限制产生波束遮挡导致波束能量衰减,从而造成雷达探测回波强度偏弱、雷达定量估测降水结果失真,因此对于雷达波束遮挡情况的统计和分析是一项重要的基础研究工作。利用SRTM （Shuttle Radar Topography Mission）数字高程数据对中国目前业务运行的212部新一代天气雷达波束遮挡情况进行模拟计算分析。计算结果包括雷达单站遮蔽角、VCP21模式0.5°、1.5°、2.4°、3.4°、4.3°仰角波束遮挡率、混合扫描及分区混合扫描波束遮挡率、雷达单站探测范围覆盖情况;计算并绘制全国天气雷达组网遮挡率拼图,统计全国天气雷达组网遮挡情况;利用2019年8月广东省11部天气雷达基数据对比验证单站及组网遮挡计算结果。结果表明雷达组网探测面积覆盖率超过70%,整体覆盖效果较好,遮挡计算结果与实际数据对比验证结果高度一致,对雷达数据订正、降水估测等产品具有正贡献。      

陕西天气雷达覆盖率评估与分析北大核心CSCD

提出计算地表任意一点上空对应的特定高度的雷达探测覆盖率的方法,并利用地形高程数据,研究了陕西及周边省份23部新一代天气雷达的探测能力。此外,对3部高山雷达站负仰角观测模式进行了数值模拟,给出最优的最低观测仰角。结果表明,新一代天气雷达对陕西上空不同高度的一重覆盖率和二重覆盖率分别为:0.5 km高度为48.6%、2.3%,1 km高度为80.0%、18.9%,2 km高度为98.7%、74.5%,3 km高度为99.9%、97.1%,4 km高度均为100%。将陕西3部X波段天气雷达考虑在内的话,1 km高度的一重覆盖率和二重覆盖率分别提升至82.7%、32.1%。在此基础上,依据年平均降雨量、GDP和人口数量,提出了计算陕西境内雷达覆盖盲区(县)建设雷达优先级的方法。研究可为未来在雷达覆盖盲区建设天气雷达提供理论和技术支撑。     

利用反射率因子垂直廓线填补雷达波束遮挡区的方法研究

新一代天气雷达很多位于地形复杂的山区,地形遮挡形成观测盲区,严重影响了新一代天气雷达数据的应用效果。利用基于高分辨率地形数据计算的波束遮挡信息,依据反射率因子垂直廓线,由高仰角无遮挡的反射率因子观测数据得到低仰角完全遮挡区的数据。以杭州雷达为例,通过直接对比反射率因子值和对比填补前后雷达估算降水效果两种途径检验了填补效果,结果表明：填补与观测“真值”有很好的一致性,填补后降水估算效果优于填补前。本文提出一种填补低仰角完全遮挡区的方法,适用于均匀性降水系统。     

新一代天气雷达降水估算的区域覆盖能力评估

准确分析雷达的覆盖能力是应用新一代天气雷观测数据的重要基础,本文提出依据0℃层高度和雷达波束阻挡来分析雷达降水估算有效覆盖范围的方法,并以浙江为例,客观评估了新一代天气雷达针对降水估算的区域覆盖能力。分别评估雷达网当前业务中默认的降水估算混合扫描方法和考虑地形影响的混合扫描方法的覆盖效果,结果表明:相对SA雷达230 km的降水估算半径,本地主汛期内有17%的区域因波束太高而不适宜于降水估算;而在适宜高度范围内的有效覆盖与波束阻挡直接相关;无论哪种方法,因波束阻挡产生的盲区都较小;而业务默认方法由于未处理波束阻挡,导致35%的降水低估风险区,浙江大部分地区都存在低估风险;而考虑波束阻挡后有效覆盖区达82%以上,且对全年绝大部分降水的区域覆盖效果都相当好。鉴于浙江雷达网良好的覆盖能力,提出改进的雷达降水估算混合扫描方法,即在应用波束阻挡的同时,以本地0℃层为波束高度约束,从所有仰角中提取混合扫描数据。对比分析表明,该方法不仅满足区域覆盖的要求,而且估算的降水空间分布与地面观测实况的一致性最好。     

基于SRTM数据的波束遮挡能量耗损率计算方法和效果分析

地形对波束遮挡是影响雷达观测资料质量的重要误差源之一。基于SRTM数据的雷达波束遮挡能量耗损率方法是根据雷达站地理位置及其周围一定范围内的地形信息,计算出探测目标时波束能量的耗损百分比。可以用于对雷达波束能量遮挡进行定量订正,提高雷达基数据质量控制精度。本文详细介绍了波束遮挡能量耗损率计算原理和方法,并利用晴空回波特点分析了波束遮挡对雷达回波强度的影响;提出雷达回波概率特征方法,通过建立北京CINRAD/SA雷达样本数据集,统计得到不同仰角层的概率空间分布,并与波束遮挡能量耗损率进行对比分析。结果表明:雷达波束遮挡能量耗损率与实际雷达回波资料统计的概率空间分布有很好的一致性。     

基于气候统计特征的雷达回波质控方法

利用北京南郊S波段雷达2011—2016年的观测资料,从雷达气候统计的角度,利用不同强度回波发生频率的统计特征及其空间分布特征,对雷达地物杂波和波束遮挡的识别与订正方法进行研究。结果表明:①利用雷达回波出现频率特征,可以很好地识别雷达近中心地物杂波和受地形高度影响的地物杂波特征;同时还可以直观地识别出雷达波束遮挡区域以及遮挡程度。北京南郊雷达地物杂波主要分布在近雷达中心和北京西部、西北部的山前地区,地物杂波主要集中在0.5°仰角和1.5°仰角层上。雷达波束遮挡主要集中在由高大建筑引起遮挡的东南方位向和由于地形引起波束遮挡的西西北方位向,波束遮挡主要集中在0.5°仰角层。②采用局部可变区域平均垂直廓线方法利用高仰角回波订正低仰角回波,能有效订正地物杂波,并保留回波的局部特征。对于波束遮挡区域的回波填补,也能够较好地保持上下层仰角回波之间的连续性,同时兼顾了回波不均性分布等特性。③基于雷达气候特征进行地物杂波识别和波束遮挡识别,无需依照先验知识,相比于传统方法能更好地反映本地雷达回波真实情况,且具有方法简单、可快速复用、本地适用性强等优点。     

新一代天气雷达负仰角探测能力分析

由于地球曲率的影响,当CINRAD.SA新一代天气雷达使用目前最低仰角同定为0.5°的模式探测时,探测肓区较大,对低层降水回波的探测能力严重不足.在实地展开试验的基础上,推导了负仰角探测时雷达最低探测高度计算公式,计算出仰角为0.5°、0°、-0.3°、-0.5°时不同探测距离上的雷达最低探测高度,对比分析不同仰角观测模式的主要雷达产品特点,探讨新一代天气雷达使用负仰角观测模式的局限性,提出了新一代天气雷达使用负仰角观测的建议.     

新疆C波段多普勒雷达地物回波识别方法应用研究

地物回波直接影响雷达定量探测降水物质以及雷达资料同化的应用,基于回波纹理变化以及径向速度参数开展新疆C波段多普勒雷达地物回波识别方法应用研究。通过雷达探测范围内第一层至第三层仰角地形遮挡与FY-2H总云量信息,对不同天气条件下新疆伊宁、喀什两部雷达低层仰角的地物回波识别方法效果进行定性分析,结果表明：晴空天气条件下,该方法不仅能够有效识别雷达站附近的地物回波,同时对因地形遮挡引起的地物回波也能进行有效识别;在降水天气条件下,能够有效识别地物回波且未对降水回波造成误判;高分辨率的地形数据以及卫星产品对雷达地物回波的识别有一定指导意义,可作为判定因子进一步改进雷达质控方法。     

基于天气雷达网三维拼图的混合反射率因子生成技术

首先基于1:25万的DEM(digital elevation model)数据、雷达站点信息、雷达波束高斯分布模式和标准大气情况下的波束传播路径计算了雷达的波束阻挡率,并把它与雷达实测的反射率因子分布情况进行比较,发现两者具有很好的定性一致性和很强的定量相关性;其次根据设置的波束阻挡率阈值和波束下限(波束底部越过地形的高度)阈值得到不受地形阻挡的最小扫描仰角在同一平面上的投影,即混合扫描仰角,这样计算出来的混合扫描仰角与雷达扫描方式无关,可用于不同扫描方式下的混合扫描反射率因子(没有波束阻挡的最低扫描仰角的反射率因子在同一平面上的投影)的获取;然后根据混合扫描仰角,利用标准大气情况下的雷达测高公式计算等射束高度,把来自雷达网中各雷达的等射束高度进行拼接得到等射束高度拼图,其中在各雷达重叠覆盖区,取最小的等射束高度;最后利用新一代天气雷达网三维拼图反射率因子数据以及等射束高度拼图数据得到天气雷达网的混合反射率因子,以便用于大范围降水估算算法中的降水率的计算.     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.