北极Svalbard地区Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面物质平衡和运动特征分析

对位于北极Svalbard群岛新奥尔松﹙Ny-(A)lesund﹚的Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川首个物质平衡年(2005/06年度)的冰川表面物质平衡及其运动特征进行研究,并阐述了Austre Lovénbreen冰川末端位置的变化状况.结果表明: (1) Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川净物质平衡分别为-0.44和-0.20 m w.e.,年消融量分别为0.99和0.94 m w.e.,对应冰川零平衡线高度分别为478.10和494.87 m.(2) 两条冰川符合Svalbard地区跃动冰川运动的特征模式.运动速度矢量的水平分量表现为:向主流线辐合或平行于主流线.下游运动速度较慢,而在中上游运动相对较快.Austre Lovénbreen冰川表面各观测点的运动速度平均值为2.28 m·a-1,运动速度最大值和最小值分别为3.91和0.81 m·a-1;Pedersenbreen冰川表面观测点运动速度平均值为6.74 m·a-1,运动速度最大值和最小值分别为8.13和5.49 m·a-1.运动速度矢量的垂直分量表现为:消融区冰川消融量随海拔升高而减弱,Austre Lovénbreen冰川至E断面表现出微弱的积累,海拔高度略有升高.实际垂直运动量总体符合冰川运动的一般形式,即积累区向下运动,消融区向上运动.(3) Austre Lovénbreen冰川末端2005/06年度处于退缩状态,平均退缩量达21.83 m·a-1,各观测点中最大、最小退缩量分别为77.30和2.76 m·a-1,差异显著.     

北极Svalbard地区Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面物质平衡和运动特征分析

对位于北极Svalbard群岛新奥尔松(Ny-lesund)的Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川首个物质平衡年(2005/06年度)的冰川表面物质平衡及其运动特征进行研究,并阐述了Austre Lovénbreen冰川末端位置的变化状况。结果表明:(1)Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川净物质平衡分别为-0.44和-0.20m w.e.,年消融量分别为0.99和0.94m w.e.,对应冰川零平衡线高度分别为478.10和494.87m。(2)两条冰川符合Svalbard地区跃动冰川运动的特征模式。运动速度矢量的水平分量表现为:向主流线辐合或平行于主流线。下游运动速度较慢,而在中上游运动相对较快。Austre Lovénbreen冰川表面各观测点的运动速度平均值为2.28m·a-1,运动速度最大值和最小值分别为3.91和0.81m·a-1;Pedersenbreen冰川表面观测点运动速度平均值为6.74m·a-1,运动速度最大值和最小值分别为8.13和5.49m·a-1。运动速度矢量的垂直分量表现为:消融区冰川消融量随海拔升高而减弱,Austr...     

1990-2019年贡嘎山地区典型冰川表碛覆盖变化及其空间差异

表碛覆盖型冰川是中国西部较为常见的冰川类型。表碛层存在于大气—冰川冰界面,强烈影响大气圈与冰冻圈之间的热交换。表碛厚度的空间异质性可极大地改变冰川的消融率和物质平衡过程,进而影响冰川径流过程和下游水资源。基于Landsat TM/TIRS数据,运用能量平衡方程反演了贡嘎山地区冰川表碛厚度,研究了贡嘎山地区冰川在1990—2019年间表碛覆盖范围及厚度变化情况,同时对比了东西坡差异。结果表明：① 贡嘎山地区冰川表碛扩张总面积达43.824 km²。其中,海螺沟冰川扩张2.606 km²、磨子沟冰川1.959 km²、燕子沟冰川1.243 km²、大贡巴冰川0.896 km²、小贡巴冰川0.509 km²、南门关沟冰川2.264 km²,年均扩张率分别为3.2%、11.1%、1.5%、0.9%、1.0%和6.5%;② 海螺沟冰川、磨子沟冰川、燕子沟冰川、大贡巴冰川、小贡巴冰川、南门关沟冰川表碛平均增厚分别为5.2 cm、3.1 cm、3.7 cm、6.8 cm、7.3 cm和13.1 cm;③ 西坡冰川表碛覆盖度高,表碛覆盖年均扩张率低,冰川末端退缩量小;东坡冰川表碛覆盖年均扩张率高,但表碛覆盖度总体低于西坡,冰川末端退缩量大。     

2000—2014年喀喇昆仑山音苏盖提冰川表面高程变化

喀喇昆仑山区冰川由于存在正物质平衡或跃动、前进现象,被称之为“喀喇昆仑异常”,不过该地区冰川变化差异显著,尤其是大型表碛覆盖冰川,呈现与其他类型冰川明显的差异性响应,为理解喀喇昆仑冰川异常的机理,冰川尺度的详细变化研究十分必要。音苏盖提冰川位于喀喇昆仑山乔戈里峰北坡,是中国面积最大的冰川,是典型的大型表碛覆盖冰川。通过应用TanDEM-X/TerraSAR-X（2014年2月）与SRTM-X DEM（2000年2月）的差分干涉测量方法计算音苏盖提冰川表面高程变化,并结合冰川表面流速对冰川表面高程变化和跃动进行分析和讨论。结果表明：2000—2014年音苏盖提冰川表面高程平均下降了1.68±0.94 m,即冰川整体厚度在减薄,年变化率为-0.12±0.07 m·a^-1。冰川表面高程变化分布不均,其中南分支（S）冰流冰川整体减薄较为显著,冰川南分支冰流运动速度较快,前进/跃动的末端占据了冰川的主干,阻滞原主干冰川物质的向下运移（跃动）,导致原主干冰舌表面高程上升;冰川厚度减薄随着海拔升高先下降后保持稳定,同时呈现一定的波动性;低海拔表碛区域消融大于裸冰区,可能存在较薄表碛,因热传导高、覆盖大量冰面湖塘和冰崖存在,加速了冰川消融;在坡度小于30 °的区域,冰川厚度减薄随着坡度的减小而加剧;坡向朝南冰川厚度略微增加（0.01 m）,西南坡向冰川厚度略微减薄（-0.03 m）,其他坡向冰川厚度减薄明显。近14 a来,表碛覆盖的音苏盖提冰川表面高程整体下降表明物质处于亏损状态,冰川跃动导致局部冰川表面高程的增加。     

近25 a布喀达坂峰冰川变化与气候的响应

利用面向对象分类方法,从Landsat影像中提取了1990年、2000年、2010年、2015年4期布喀达坂峰地区冰川空间分布数据,并利用GIS技术分析研究区最近25 a来冰川变化,探讨了冰川对气候变化的响应关系。结果表明：布喀达坂峰冰川总面积退缩了7.28 km²,退缩速率为0.29 km²·a^-1,占1990年的1.78%,且1990-2000年、2000-2010年、2010-2015年各个时段内冰川退缩速率呈较快-快-慢的状态,不同朝向的冰川退缩速率略有差异,南坡山谷冰川退缩速率最快,北坡坡面冰川次之,中段平顶冰川退缩速率最慢;冰川表面运动速度沿中流线向冰川侧脊和冰川末端递减,符合冰川运动一般规律,而不同类型的冰川其表面运动速度的时空变化具有差异性。研究发现,夏季均温的显著升高和年降水量的缓慢增加的共同作用是引起布喀达坂峰冰川退缩的主要原因。此外,地势条件和冰川自身结构等因素对冰川变化的作用也不容忽视。     

北极Svalbard群岛Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面运动特征

以野外实测数据为基础,分析北极Svalbard群岛Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面运动特征。结果表明:(1)Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面水平运动速度平均分别为2.14 m·a-1和6.28 m·a-1,变差系数平均分别为0.24和0.14,夏季水平运动速度略高于冬季,水平运动速度与其所处海拔高度具有多项式型关系,冰川主流线表面水平运动速度高于两侧,冰川两侧的表面水平运动速度不对称,Austre Lovénbreen冰川从源头至末端依次表现为运动的压缩区、拉伸区和压缩区;(2)Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面垂直运动速度平均分别为0.76 m·a-1和0.90 m·a-1,两条冰川表面夏季垂直运动速度均大于冬季且夏季变差系数小,垂直运动速度与海拔高度具有一元线性相关性,表面物质平衡造成的高程变化对垂直运动速度的贡献率最大;(3)Austre Lovénbreen和Pedersenbreen冰川表面应变率分布表现为沿主流线方向逐渐减小然后负向增加,且其变差系数平均分别为0.19和0.15。     

中国冰川区表碛厚度估算及其影响研究进展

表碛覆盖型冰川是中国西部分布较为广泛的冰川类型,其典型特征是冰川消融区部分或全部覆盖了一层厚度不一的表碛。与裸冰或雪相比,表碛覆盖层下冰的融化过程有独特性,表碛厚度空间分布对一条冰川的消融、物质平衡和径流过程的影响有别于无表碛覆盖型冰川。本文回顾了近年来表碛厚度分布及其影响的研究,通过对这些进展进行总结以进一步明晰表碛影响研究的方向;同时着重介绍了近期发展的基于遥感影像热红外波段和可见光近红外波段、大气—表碛层—冰川界面能量平衡过程的表碛厚度估算方法和表碛覆盖综合评估模型,结合地面观测,分析了以遥感反演的表碛层热阻系数表征表碛厚度的精度,介绍了这类模型在表碛覆盖型冰川物质平衡和径流研究中的应用效果,以及在综合评估流域/区域尺度表碛影响的应用情况,并分析了该模型存在的不足及进一步改进的研究方向,为实现中国西部区域表碛影响的系统评估奠定基础,从而提升对区域水资源和冰川灾害的模拟和预测能力。     

天山木扎尔特河流域的冰川地貌与冰期

木扎尔特河流域位于天山最大现代冰川作用中心托木尔峰的东南坡,在第四纪冰期与问冰期气候旋回中,河谷与山麓带留下了4套形态清晰的冰川沉积.冰碛地形包含着丰富的古环境变化信息,对它们进行研究有助于认识该流域的冰川演化与重建该地区的古环境.应用ESR测年技术.选用石英颗粒中对光照与研磨较敏感的Ge心作为测年信号,对该流域的第三套破城子多列终碛垅及其冰水沉积,第四套克孜布拉克冰碛剥蚀平原上覆河流相砾石沉积以及一出露完整的沉积剖面进行测年.结合地貌地层学原理以及其他古环境研究资料进行综合分析可得出:河谷中第一套3-4列终碛垅形成于小冰期;第二套高大的吐盖别里齐终碛垅为新冰期冰进产物;破城子终碛垅沉积于MIS2-4;克孜布拉克冰碛形成于MIS6.破城子终碛垅地形及测年结果表明末次冰期冰川作用过程中该处至少存在3次大的冰进,可分别对应于MIS4、MIS3b与MIS2.MIS2与MIS3b时冰川为复合山谷冰川.MIS4与MIS6时为山麓冰川.末次冰期冰川作用过程中,古木扎尔特冰川长约92-99 km.克孜布拉克冰期最盛时的古木扎尔特冰川长约120 km.     

南极内陆考察沿线GPS高精度定位点测量结果分析

中山站至 Dome- A考察是中国承担的“国际横穿南极科学考察”( ITASE)计划的一部分。考察沿线布设有 GPS高精度定位点 ,通过两期观测数据的计算可知 ,考察沿线的冰川整体上以8- 2 4 m/a的速度向西北方向 (兰伯特冰川盆地方向 )流动 ,而且 ,越接近冰盖边缘 ,运动速度越快 ,最快达到 1 0 0 m/a。同时 ,由于冰川的流动 ,引起了 GPS点垂直方向 0 .2 - 1 m的沉降量     

1900-2007年横断山区部分海洋型冰川变化

横断山区7条海洋型冰川近百年进退速度变化呈现出以退缩为总趋势的阶段性变化,具体表现为20世纪初至1930s的冰川稳定,1930s-1960s的冰川后退,1970s-1980s的冰川稳定或减速后退,20世纪80年代中期以来的冰川后退,这与我国、北半球及横断山区同期的气候变化呈明显对应,展现出冷干阶段冰川稳定或前进、暖湿阶段后退的态势,但各冰川的变化幅度因纬度位置、坡向、冰川规模、局地环境等而存在明显差异.1982/83年大、小贡巴冰川、海螺沟冰川冰舌段的消融水当量分别为2710mm、3139 mm和5281 mm,1990/91-97/98期间海螺沟冰川冰舌段的年均消融水当量为6157 mm,比1982/83年增加了876 mm.2002年夏季白水1号冰川的积雪消融量由于表碛覆盖较少表现出明显的随海拔升高而降低的特征,平均消融水当量为1086.25 mm,2008.9-19.10.13期间白水1号冰川物质平衡花竿的观测表明,花竿布设区域10月6号左右转入物质积累期.期间日均积累深为1cm,折合水当量5mm.     

1990—2015年喜马拉雅山冰川变化的遥感监测

基于Landsat系列遥感数据,运用比值阈值法（B3/B5）和目视解译,研究1990—2015年喜马拉雅山冰川面积的分布与变化特征。结果表明：25年间研究区冰川面积共减少2553.10 km²,年均退缩率为0.44%/a,研究时段冰川加速退缩。研究区冰川主要分布在西段地区,中段次之,东段最少,近25年来西段、东段和中段地区冰川均表现为退缩趋势,其中东段地区退缩最快,中段最慢。从地形分布和变化特征看,5°~25°范围内冰川的分布面积较多,近25年来各坡度等级冰川均在退缩,其中25°~30°之间冰川面积退缩较快,在极平缓/极陡峭地区退缩较慢。尽管8个坡向上冰川均表现为退缩趋势,但退缩幅度有所差异,北坡与西北坡冰川退缩较慢,其他坡向退缩较快。研究时段表碛物覆盖型与非表碛物覆盖型冰川均在退缩,但后者的退缩幅度较大,表明研究区表碛物在一定程度上抑制了冰川消融。     

1978-2015年喀喇昆仑山克勒青河流域冰川变化的遥感监测

本文采用1978、1991、2001和2015年的Landsat MSS、TM、ETM+和OLI遥感影像,通过遥感图像计算机辅助分类和目视解译等方法提取冰川边界,分析喀喇昆仑山克勒青河流域冰川在1978-2015年间的进退变化。结果表明：1978-2015年间研究区冰川面积由1821.70 km2减少至1675.92 km2,减少145.78 km2,占1978年冰川总面积的8.00%;冰川消融率较低,在气候变暖的背景下反而呈现出退缩速率由快变慢的趋势。研究区东南向冰川退缩率明显高于西北向,冰川退缩率随冰川规模的增大而减小。研究区内有27处冰川在1978-2015年间发生过特殊的前进现象,面积与长度显著增加。其中,木斯塔冰川西侧冰川末端在1996-1998年间前进速度为904 m/a,乔戈里冰川东侧冰川末端在2007-2009年间前进速度为446 m/a,5Y654D0097冰川末端在1978-1990年间前进速度为238 m/a,初步判定这三条冰川为跃动冰川。以10 a为滞后期分析研究区周边气象站点资料发现：研究区气温持续升高,降水量以1981年为分界点呈现“先减后增”趋势是冰川退缩速率减慢的原因之一;此外,亚大陆型冰川性质、巨大山势条件和高山冷储作用,也可能是冰川退缩幅度较小的原因。     

Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains in the past half-century: Based on the revised First and Second Chinese Glacier Inventory

Glaciers are the most important fresh-water resources in arid and semi-arid regions of western China. According to the Second Chinese Glacier Inventory (SCGI), primarily compiled from Landsat TM/ETM+ images, the Qilian Mountains had 2684 glaciers covering an area of 1597.81±70.30 km2 and an ice volume of ~84.48 km³ from 2005 to 2010. While most glaciers are small (85.66% are <1.0 km²), some larger ones (12.74% in the range 1.0–5.0 km²) cover 42.44% of the total glacier area. The Laohugou Glacier No.12 (20.42 km²) located on the north slope of the Daxue Range is the only glacier >20 km² in the Qilian Mountains. Median glacier elevation was 4972.7 m and gradually increased from east to west. Glaciers in the Qilian Mountains are distributed in Gansu and Qinghai provinces, which have 1492 glaciers (760.96 km²) and 1192 glaciers (836.85 km²), respectively. The Shule River basin contains the most glaciers in both area and volume. However, the Heihe River, the second largest inland river in China, has the minimum average glacier area. A comparison of glaciers from the SCGI and revised glacier inventory based on topographic maps and aerial photos taken from 1956 to 1983 indicate that all glaciers have receded, which is consistent with other mountain and plateau areas in western China. In the past half-century, the area and volume of glaciers decreased by 420.81 km² (–20.88%) and 21.63 km³ (–20.26%), respectively. Glaciers with areas <1.0 km² decreased the most in number and area recession. Due to glacier shrinkage, glaciers below 4000 m completely disappeared. Glacier changes in the Qilian Mountains presented a clear longitudinal zonality, i.e., the glaciers rapidly shrank in the east but slowly in the central-west. The primary cause of glacier recession was warming temperatures, which was slightly mitigated with increased precipitation.     

THE MORPHODYNAMICS OF THE MONT BLANC MASSIF IN A CHANGING CRYOSPHERE: A COMPREHENSIVE REVIEW

One of the most glacierized areas in the European Alps, the Mont Blanc massif, illustrates how fast changes affect the cryosphere and the related morphodynamics in high mountain environments, especially since the termination of the Little Ice Age. Contrasts between the north‐west side, gentle and heavily glaciated, and the south‐east side, steep and rocky, and between local faces with varying slope angle and aspect highlight the suitability of the study site for scientific investigations. Glacier shrinkage is pronounced at low elevation but weaker than in other Alpine massifs, and supraglacial debris covers have developed over most of the glaciers, often starting in the nineteenth century. Lowering of glacier surface also affects areas of the accumulation zone. While modern glaciology has been carried out in the massif for several decades, study of the permafrost has been under development for only a few years, especially in the rock walls. Many hazards are related to glacier dynamics. Outburst flood from englacial pockets, ice avalanche from warm‐based and cold‐based glaciers, and rock slope failure due to debuttressing are generally increasing with the current decrease or even the vanishing of glaciers. Permafrost degradation is likely involved in rockfall and rock avalanche, contributing to the chains of processes resulting from the high relief of the massif. The resulting hazards could increasingly endanger population and activities of the valleys surrounding the Mont Blanc massif.     

The Retreat of Tien Shan Glaciers (Kyrgyzstan) Since the Little Ice Age Estimated from Aerial Photographs, Lichenometric and Historical Data

The retreat of 293 glaciers in the Tien Shan Mountains (Kyrgyz Republic) from their maximum extent during the Little Ice Age (LIA) is estimated using aerial photographs from 1980 to 1985 and maps at a scale of 1:25000, constructed during period 1956–1990. Two indices of changes are used: the linear distance from the glacier terminus to its Little Ice Age moraine and the difference in absolute elevation of the terminus and the moraine. Historical information about the front positions of glaciers in the 1880s to the 1930s was used as an indirect control of remote sensing data. The age of moraines in key regions was estimated by lichenometry. On average, Tien Shan glaciers have retreated by 989 ± 540 m since the LIA maximum. Their front elevations (dh) rose by 151 ± 105 m. These changes are similar to changes observed in the Alps and western Norway, Pamir‐Alay and Koryak plateau, but greater than in east Siberia over the same interval. Differences between four regions in Tien Shan (northern, western, inner, central) are generally small, though in the northern Tien Shan the glacier retreat and frontal rise are more prominent (1065 ± 479 m and 215 ± 140 m, respectively).     

近50 年来天山地区典型冰川厚度及储量变化

冰川储量变化与冰川水资源量变化以及冰川对河川径流的贡献量密切相关。在GPR-3S技术支持下, 本研究基于雷达测厚数据、不同时期的高分辨率遥感影像、地形图及实测资料, 分析了天山三个典型地区四条代表性冰川近期厚度及储量变化特征, 并通过对比探讨了造成变化差异的可能原因。结果表明, 1962-2006 年乌鲁木齐河源1 号冰川厚度平均减薄0.15m a^-1, 冰储量亏损26.2×10⁶ m³, 冰川末端平均退缩3.8 m a^-1;博格达峰南坡的黑沟8 号冰川在1986-2009 年间, 冰舌平均减薄0.57 m a^-1, 冰储量损失了25.5×10⁶ m³, 末端平均退缩11.0 m a^-1;位于博格达峰北坡的四工河4 号冰川在1962-2009 年间冰舌平均减薄0.32 m a^-1, 冰储量亏损14.0×10⁶ m³, 末端平均后退8.0 m a^-1;1964-2008 年间, 托木尔峰青冰滩72 号冰川冰舌平均减薄0.22 m a^-1, 由此至少造成冰储量亏损14.1×10⁶ m³, 末端退缩达40.0 m a^-1。对比分析显示, 青冰滩72 号冰川消融退缩最为强烈, 黑沟8 号冰川次之, 与乌鲁木齐河源1 号冰川、科其喀尔冰川相差不大, 稍大于四工河4 号冰川和哈密庙尔沟冰川。这种差异可能与区域气候变化和冰川物理特征有直接关系。     

Debris-covered Glaciers and Rock Glaciers in the Nanga Parbat Himalaya, Pakistan

The origin and mobilization of the extensive debris cover associated with the glaciers of the Nanga Parbat Himalaya is complex. In this paper we propose a mechanism by which glaciers can form rock glaciers through inefficiency of sediment transfer from glacier ice to meltwater. Inefficient transfer is caused by various processes that promote plentiful sediment supply and decrease sediment transfer potential. Most debris‐covered glaciers on Nanga Parbat with higher velocities of movement and/ or efficient debris transfer mechanisms do not form rock glaciers, perhaps because debris is mobilized quickly and removed from such glacier systems. Those whose ice movement activity is lower and those where inefficient sediment transfer mechanisms allow plentiful debris to accumulate, can form classic rock glaciers. We document here with maps, satellite images, and field observations the probable evolution of part of a slow and inefficient ice glacier into a rock glacier at the margins of Sachen Glacier in c. 50 years, as well as several other examples that formed in a longer period of time. Sachen Glacier receives all of its nourishment from ice and snow avalanches from surrounding areas of high relief, but has low ice velocities and no efficient system of debris removal. Consequently it has a pronounced digitate terminus with four lobes that have moved outward from the lateral moraines as rock glaciers with prounced transverse ridges and furrows and steep fronts at the angle of repose. Raikot Glacier has a velocity five times higher than Sachen Glacier and a thick cover of rock debris at its terminus that is efficienctly removed. During the advance stage of the glacier since 1994, ice cliffs were exposed at the terminus, and an outbreak flood swept away much debris from its margins and terminus. Like the Sachen Glacier that it resembles, Shaigiri Glacier receives all its nourishment from ice and snow avalanches and has an extensive debris cover with steep margins close to the angle of repose. It has a high velocity similar to Raikot Glacier and catastrophic breakout floods have removed debris from its terminus twice in the recent past. In addition, the Shaigiri terminus blocked the Rupal River during the Little Ice Age and is presently being undercut and steepened by the river. With higher velocities and more efficient sediment transfer systems, neither the Raikot nor the Shaigiri form classic rock‐glacier morphologies.     

Remote sensing detection of glacier changes in Tianshan Mountains for the past 40 years

Both marginal fluctuation and areal change were used to detect the accurate dynamics of glacier change in the study area using Landsat MSS, ETM, SPOT HRV and topographic maps based on GIS. From 1963 to 1977, four of eight glaciers advanced, two of them retreated and another two kept stable, the glacier advanced generally. From 1977 to 1986, four of eight glaciers retreated and the others kept stable, but the retreated glaciers were those which advanced from 1963 to 1977. From 1986 to 2000, seven of eight glaciers retreated and only one glacier kept stable, the retreating velocity was 10-15 m/a. Glacier recession in this period became very fast and universal. From 1963 to 2000, the area of glaciers decreased from 5479.0 ha to 4795.4 ha, up to 12.5%. It is alarming that most of glacier retreats happened from 1986 to 2000. This was very consistent with change process of summer mean temperature in this region and global warming beginning in the 1980s.