跨流域引水工程对祖厉河流域径流的影响研究

祖厉河流域在黄土高原干旱半干旱区是一个十分典型的流域,河流径流量的变化主要受降水、下垫面、人类活动等因素的影响.引黄灌溉回归水的加入,增大了河流天然径流量,并且回归水对枯期径流的影响更为显著.考虑未来引洮工程的影响,对祖厉河流域的径流变化趋势进行了分析预测,表明各阶段年径流呈丰枯交替变化,在2005年以前总体上呈衰减趋势,20世纪90年代衰减趋势加剧,到2000年后,特别是2010年以后,受引洮一期工程回归水的影响,径流又呈稳定回升趋势.     

基于遥感和 GIS 的洮河流域面源污染流域尺度模拟及防治对策研究

基于遥感与GIS技术的研究进展,采集洮河流域高程数据、土地利用类型、土壤类型特性、气象数据等,在SWAT模型中模拟与面源污染有关的降水、地表径流、壤中流、下渗和蒸散发等水文过程,计算侵蚀量、总氮和总磷等面源污染负荷,研究洮河流域面源污染特征。结果表明：洮河流域多年平均侵蚀量为0.70×10⁸ t,多年平均总氮面源污染负荷为244.11 t,洮河流域多年平均总磷面源污染负荷为27.91 t,洮河流域1967—2017年多年平均侵蚀量、总氮面源污染、总磷面源污染负荷总体呈不明显的波动减少趋势,同时提出了改变土地利用方式、设置植被过滤带、坡改梯等面源污染防治对策及建议。     

三工河径流系列重建及未来趋势预测

新疆三工河流域位于天山北麓中段东部 ,发源于博格达峰西北侧 ,著名的高山湖泊、国家级风景区—天池位于该河中游 ,下游是阜康市。对三工河径流量的研究 ,对于保持天池足够的蓄水量及当地环境和资源的开发利用都是非常重要的。但该河仅有短期不连续的径流实测资料 ,且测站断面迁移频繁 ,因而有多种径流估算值。应用Linest函数 ,对影响径流的因子进行筛选 ,重建了三工河 196 1年至 1999年径流系列 ,据此计算三工河多年平均径流量为 0 .6 16× 10 8m3 ,Cv值 0 .10 3。用方差分析法对径流的未来变化趋势作了初步预测 ,为正确评估当地水资源承载能力 ,保持水资源的可持续利用 ,尤其是目前有争议的地下水资源的评估和合理开发提供了定量依据。     

天山北坡中段主要河流的枯季径流分析

枯水径流是构成河川径流年内分配的重要组成部分,在水资源评价、生态环境及工程水文分析计算中是必不可少的,它是河川径流的一种特殊形态。研究区域地处新疆经济社会发展的中心地带—天山北坡经济带,是水资源紧缺地区,对其枯季径流进行较深入的分析研究,有其重要的现实意义。对天山北坡中段主要河流的冬季、枯水期、最小月和最小日平均流量作了初步分析,并提出某些区域性的基本规律。     

洮儿河流域中上游水循环要素变化及其原因

选取洮儿河流域中上游地区为研究区,分析1961～2000年期间径流、降水、气温等水文气象要素的演化趋势.采用特征参数时间序列法,初步探讨了气候变化与土地利用/覆被变化的径流效应,并通过洮南站40年天然径流与实测径流的比较,定量分析水资源开发利用对径流的影响.结果表明:降水、气温均呈一定的上升趋势,径流表现出先减少、后增加、再减少的趋势;年降水、年气温分别与天然年径流呈正相关和负相关的关系,然而这种影响随着时间序列的延长均有所减弱;近30年间,植被覆盖度降低可能是天然年径流增加的主要原因;水资源的开发利用导致1986～2000年期间的年径流减少5.8亿m3,占天然年径流量多年均值的37.1%.     

玛纳斯河最小生态径流计算

玛纳斯河流域水资源开发和利用程度较高,常被称作是开发利用干旱区水资源的成功范例。通过国内外最小生态径流的各种计算方法,如最小连续30d平均流量法、7Q10法、Tennant法、环境功能设定法、水质目标约束法,利用玛纳斯河干流两个参证水文站的径流及水质资料对玛纳斯河最小生态径流进行计算,并对计算成果进行对比分析,并对不同方法的结果进行了评价。     

基于PCA和BP神经网络的径流预测

径流预测为流域水资源的合理开发利用与统筹配置提供依据。运用多元线性回归、主成分回归、BP神经网络及主成分分析和BP神经网络相结合的方法,对新疆呼图壁河流域石门水文站2009-2011年各月径流量进行预测,并采用相关系数、确定性系数及均方根误差对各模型预测精度进行比较。结果表明：（1）神经网络等智能算法具有高速寻优的能力,对短时间尺度的月径流量的预测结果较好;（2）主成分回归等常规算法能充分反映出某地区径流的年际的稳定性,对全年径流总量的模拟精度较高;（3）主成分分析和BP神经网络相结合的方法,提高了神经网络的收敛速度,同时降低了局部极值的影响,优于简单的BP神经网络,适用于呼图壁河月径流量预测。     

天山山区典型内陆河流域径流组分特征分析

通过对天山南北坡的两个典型流域降水、地下水、河流、融冰雪水δD和δ¹⁸O及水化学检测,基于同位素径流分割模型定量分析了年内径流组分特征。结果表明：（1）两条河流的径流组成中地下水为构成径流的主要成分,其次是冰川融水,融雪水及降水,但南北坡径流组分表现出较明显的差异,乌鲁木齐河流域中冰川融水的比重要大于黄水沟流域,对气候变化响应明显。（2）两条河流在不同季节径流组分也表现出较大差异,春季径流组分差异最为明显。     

基于径流分类的流域降雨—径流过程动态神经网络建模

利用聚类分析,将径流序列分为不同类型的子径流序列,对这些子序列建立神经网络模型,采用Elman动态神经网络对沂沭河流域上游临沂子流域日径流量进行预测分析,通过与不加分类的总体神经网络的模拟结果进行对比分析。确定性系数、相关系数、平均相对误差和平均相对均方根误差4个统计指数及流域径流过程线和次洪误差分析结果都表明:Elman动态神经网络能够对日径流量进行较好模拟,但基于径流分类的降雨—径流模型表现出更优良性能,能较大程度提高径流模拟精度。     

气候变化对不同气候区流域年径流影响的识别

气候变化对流域径流的影响显著,但不同流域径流对各气候因子敏感性不同,具有明显的空间分异性。本文以位于半湿润、湿润地区的松花江、子牙河以及西苕溪流域为例,基于Budyko 水热平衡经验模型,采用归因分析方法分离了气象要素趋势性变化对年径流和潜在蒸发变化率的贡献与差异性。结果表明:1960-2008年,在上述3个流域中,降水趋势性变化对年径流变化的贡献比潜在蒸发大。松花江和子牙河流域各气象要素趋势性变化对潜在蒸发变化率的贡献排序为:温度>风速>水汽压>日照时数,而西苕溪流域为:温度>日照时数>风速>水汽压。在气候要素共同作用下,松花江和子牙河流域平均年径流分别以0.48和1.51 mm a^-2的速率减少,而西苕溪流域年径流则以1.42 mm a^-2的速率增加。所得结果加深了气候变化对径流影响机制和程度的认识,可作为流域水资源适应性管理的科学依据。     

渭河与泾河流域水沙变化规律及其差异性分析

依据渭河和泾河流域1956—2016年实测水文资料、水利水保统计数据、TerraClimate年平均温度和Landsat地表反射率数据集,分析了流域水文要素、气温及植被覆盖度的历年变化规律,采用双累积值曲线法、累积距平法、有序聚类法、Lee-Heghinan法、秩和检验法等数理统计方法,确定了流域年径流量和年输沙量变化...     

1961-2005年水利水保措施对潮河流域年径流量的影响(英文)

Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area,the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961-2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station(Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations.Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method.The referenced period(1961-1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period(1981-2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961-2005 applying double accumulative curve method,mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique.Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model,impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively.The major results could be summarized as follows:(1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s,the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970.(2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities.(3) During 1981-1990,1991-2000,2001-2005 and 1981-2005,the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108,0.28×108,1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%,7.13%,40.71% and 23.79% accordingly.Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.     

水利水保措施对潮河流域年径流量的影响 —— 基于经验统计模型的评估

利用时间序列对比法分析了1961-2005 年潮河流域降水、径流、用水量、水利工程、 水土保持措施变化。结果表明: (1) 自20 世纪60 年代以来, 潮河流域年平均面雨量略有减 少, 但流域年径流量却呈明显减少趋势, 1991-2000 年的流域年径流量平均值为1961-1970 年 的90.9%, 减少幅度较大; (2) 潮河流域径流量的变化主要与水利水保等人类活动有关。利用 降水-径流经验统计模型评估了流域水利水保措施对年径流量的影响程度: 1981-1990 年、 1991-2000 年、2001-2005 年、1981-2005 年, 受水利水保措施影响所产生的年均减水量分别 为1.15、0.28、1.10、0.79 亿m³, 水利水保措施减水效应分别为31.99%、7.13%、40.71%、 23.79%。水利水保措施对枯水时段的减水效应更为突出。     

Impacts of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on annual runoff in the Chaohe River Basin during 1961–2005

Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area, the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961–2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station (Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations. Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method. The referenced period (1961–1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period (1981–2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961–2005 applying double accumulative curve method, mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique. Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model, impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s, the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970. (2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities. (3) During 1981–1990, 1991–2000, 2001–2005 and 1981–2005, the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×10⁸, 0.28×10⁸, 1.10×10⁸ and 0.79×10⁸ m³ respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%, 7.13%, 40.71% and 23.79% accordingly. Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.     

Impacts of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on annual runoff in the Chaohe River Basin during 1961–2005

Taking the Chaohe River Basin above the Miyun Reservoir in North China as a study area, the characteristics and variation trends of annual runoff and annual precipitation during 1961–2005 were analyzed applying Mann-Kendall test method on the basis of the hydrologic data of the major hydrological station (Xiahui Station) located at the outlet of the drainage basin and the meteorological data of 17 rainfall stations. Human activities including water conservancy projects construction and water diversion as well as implementation of soil and water conservation from 1961 to 2005 were carefully studied using time series contrasting method. The referenced period (1961–1980) that influenced slightly by human activities and the compared period (1981–2005) that influenced significantly by water conservancy and soil conservation measures were identified according to the runoff variation process analysis and abrupt change points detection during 1961–2005 applying double accumulative curve method, mean shift t-test method and Mann-Kendall mutation test technique. Based on the establishment of a rainfall-runoff empirical statistical model, impacts and the runoff-reducing effects of water conservancy and soil conservation measures on runoff reduction were evaluated quantitatively. The major results could be summarized as follows: (1) The annual precipitation in the drainage basin tends to decrease while the runoff has declined markedly since the 1960s, the average annual runoff from 1991 to 2000 was only 90.9% in proportion to that from 1961 to 1970. (2) The annual runoff variations in the drainage basin are significantly related to human activities. (3) During 1981–1990, 1991–2000, 2001–2005 and 1981–2005, the average annual runoff reduction amounts were 1.15×108, 0.28×108, 1.10×108 and 0.79×108 m3 respectively and the average annual runoff-reducing effects were 31.99%, 7.13%, 40.71% and 23.79% accordingly. Runoff-reducing effects by water conservancy and soil conservation measures are more prominent in the low water period.     

塔里木河干流径流量变化与太阳黑子活动的关系

本文运用Morlet 小波分析方法, 分析了1957-2011 年塔里木河干流年径流量与太阳黑子相对数的关系。结果表明, 55 年间塔里木河干流年径流量和太阳黑子相对数都呈减小的趋势。塔里木河干流年径流量变化存在4 a、8 a、18 a、21 a 左右的主周期。在8~9 a 和18~21 a 尺度上年径流量序列与太阳黑子相对数序列具有相近的主周期。年径流量变化所表现的4 年主周期与太阳黑子活动关系不大;18~21 a 主周期特征应主要受太阳黑子活动的影响;8 a 主周期也与太阳黑子活动显著相关, 但由于受到人类活动的强烈干扰, 致使在20 世纪80 年代以后两者关系被扰乱。预测2012-2020 年间塔里木河干流将处于枯水期, 年径流量的平均值约为35×10⁸~40×10⁸ m³。     

1933~2012年无定河径流突变与周期特征诊断

选取黄河中游区实施水土保持最早的一级支流无定河流域,利用滑动-T、曼-肯德尔和山本等3种突变检测方法相互验证,确定了在受人类活动显著影响下,径流的突变年份为1972年,自此径流平均减少3.55×10⁸m³;基于径流突变前降水与径流的显著相关性,并借助地统计克里格空间插值法,重建1933~2012年无定河流域出口控制水位站天然径流变化序列。采用小波分析法诊断天然径流序列的周期变化,结果显示：天然年径流存在6个不同时间尺度的“丰-枯”演变特征,其平均周期分别对应着35.5、22.2、16.8、12.2、9.3和3.3 a。     

新疆孔雀河流域生态基流与天然植被需水量研究

研究和确定流域生态基流及天然植被需水量是为了遏制因河道断流或流量减少而造成的生态环境退化,以确保流域生态系统健康发展.根据孔雀河流域植被类型分布及多年径流状况,将河道分为A、B两部分,A段为孔雀河上游塔什店至第三分水枢纽常年未断流河道;B段为第三分水枢纽以下天然植被主要分布区.基于塔什店水文站近50 a水文数据,结合T...     

2000-2017年河龙区间输沙量锐减归因分析

2000年以来,黄河输沙量锐减。科学认识黄河输沙量变化原因,具有重要意义。以河龙区间为研究对象,分析了河龙区间输沙量变化趋势,构建了梯田、淤地坝以及植被等大规模生态建设措施的减沙贡献率计算方法,阐述了2000-2017年河龙区间输沙量锐减原因,针对河龙区间输沙量变化趋势和治理格局,提出了河龙区间治理对策。主要结论为：① 1952-2017年,河龙区间年降水量无显著变化趋势,研究区年输沙量呈现极显著减少趋势（p < 0.001）;② 1979年和1999年为研究区输沙量发生突变的两个时间节点（p < 0.05）,1952-1979年区间年均输沙量为9.30亿t,1980-1999年区间年均输沙量为4.20亿t,2000-2017年均输沙量大幅降至1.03亿t,降幅达89%;③ 受植被和梯田共同影响,2000-2015年研究区坡面土壤侵蚀量变化介于1.90亿~5.13亿t之间,且呈下降趋势;2000-2011年河龙区间淤地坝年均拦沙量为1.38亿t;④ 植被恢复是河龙区间输沙量减少的主要原因,贡献率为54%,梯田和淤地坝合计贡献了34%,水库拦沙和引水取沙贡献了12%;⑤ 植被恢复主要导致径流含沙量降低,而淤地坝建设主要降低了流域泥沙输移比。