冬季黑潮延伸体海温异常结构及其与热带太平洋海温变化关系分析

基于NASA遥感系统提供的2003~2015年全球高分辨率海表温度资料,应用经验正交函数分析、时滞相关分析等方法,对北太平洋冬季黑潮延伸体区海温异常特征及其与热带海表温度的可能关系进行了初步分析。研究发现,冬季延伸体区的海温异常主要表现为两类结构特征,其一为上游区域发展型,包括海盆尺度一致性变化的季节模态和纬向反位相的收缩型结构;其二为纬向延展型,包括分叉东扩结构和通道东扩结构,且该两结构型在2010年前反位相,使得2006年前暖异常东扩路径基本控制在36°N以南,其后至2010年期间,暖异常东扩路径偏北,而2010年后结构型转为同位相,暖异常东扩路径偏北。分叉东扩结构表现为与热带海温变化紧密相关,进一步的时滞相关分析与合成分析表明,热带太平洋不同地区对中纬度海温分叉东扩的影响存在差异,Ni?o3区海温异常超前延伸体区分叉东扩模态约1~2个月,而Ni?o3.4区及Ni?o4区则与延伸体区海温分叉东扩保持前后各约3个月的宽谱同期负相关,或可表明El Ni?o的东部型和中部型对中纬度延伸体暖流分叉东扩存在超前和同期相关影响,且中部型影响更显著。     

黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋的季节变化对北太平洋风暴轴的影响

利用NOAA最优插值逐日海表温度(SST)资料和NCEP/NCAR的逐日大气再分析资料,本文分析了黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋的变化对北太平洋风暴轴的影响。结果表明,黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋位置的季节变化很弱,而其强度的变化则非常显著,北太平洋风暴轴强度与海表温度锋强度具有一致的协同变化。冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度最强,增强了其上空大气的斜压性,从平均有效位能向涡动有效位能的斜压能量转换以及从涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换均在黑潮延伸体区域显著增加,斜压涡旋在此区域生成更加频繁,在随西风向下游运动过程中不断从背景平均流中获得能量,从而导致北太平洋风暴轴增强,且将其中心轴线固定在黑潮延伸体区域上空,而夏季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度非常弱,其上空大气斜压性减弱,从平均有效位能向涡动有效位能的斜压能量转换以及从涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换均显著减少,斜压涡旋在此区域生成减少,导致北太平洋风暴轴减弱,且中心移至太平洋中部,位置偏北。     

冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋对北太平洋风暴轴的影响

利用NOAA最优插值逐日海表温度资料和NCEP/NCAR的逐日大气再分析资料,分析了冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋的变化及其对北太平洋风暴轴的影响。结果表明,冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度和纬度位置既存在年际变化,也存在年代际变化,且强度和位置的变化是相互独立的。冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度的年际变化对北太平洋风暴轴没有显著的影响,而其年代际变化则对北太平洋风暴轴具有非常显著的影响,当冬季海表温度锋偏强时,大气斜压性在鄂霍次克海及阿拉斯加附近区域上空增强,而在海表温度锋下游至东太平洋区域上空显著减弱,平均有效位能向涡动有效位能的斜压能量转换在45°N以北的太平洋区域上空有所增多,而在30°-45°N的太平洋区域上空有所减少,涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换在35°N以北的西太平洋区域以及45°N以北的东太平洋区域都显著增加,而仅在其南部边缘存在东西带状的减弱区域,导致40°N以北海区北太平洋风暴轴增强,40°N以南海区北太平洋风暴轴减弱,冬季海表温度锋偏弱时则有与之相反的结果。冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋纬度位置的变化对北太平洋风暴轴也存在较显著的影响,当海表温度锋位置偏北时,在其下游45°N以南的太平洋区域上空大气斜压性减弱,45°N以南的中东太平洋区域上空区域平均有效位能向涡动有效位能、以及涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换都减少;而在45°N以北的太平洋区域上空大气斜压性增强,在阿拉斯加湾附近上空尤其显著,在黑潮延伸体区域附近以及45°N以北的中东太平洋上空平均有效位能向涡动有效位能、以及涡动有效位能向涡动动能的斜压能量转换都显著增加,导致北太平洋风暴轴在其气候平均态轴线两侧呈现北正南负的偶极子形态;海表温度锋位置偏南时则有与之相反的结果。冬季黑潮延伸体区域海表温度锋强度和位置的变化均对北太平洋风暴轴具有显著的影响,其具体的物理机制还需要进一步的研究。      

Numerical Experiment on Impact of Anomalous SST Warming in Kuroshio Extension in Previous Winter on East Asian Summer Monsoon

The impact of anomalous sea surface temperature (SST) warming in the Kuroshio Extension in the previous winter on the East Asian summer monsoon (EASM) was investigated by performing simulation tests using NCAR CAM3.The results show that anomalous SST warming in the Kuroshio Extension in winter causes the enhancement and northward movement of the EASM.The monsoon indexes for East Asian summer monsoon and land-sea thermal difference,which characterize the intensity of the EASM,show an obvious increase during the onset period of the EASM.Moreover,the land-sea thermal difference is more sensitive to warmer SST.Low-level southwesterly monsoon is clearly strengthened meanwhile westerly flows north (south) of the subtropical westerly jet axis are strengthened (weakened) in northern China,South China Sea,and the Western Pacific Ocean to the east of the Philippines.While there is an obvious decrease in precipitation over the Japanese archipelago and adjacent oceans and over the area from the south of the Yangtze River in eastern China to the Qinling Mountains in southern China,precipitation increases notably in northern China,the South China Sea,the East China Sea,the Yellow Sea,and the Western Pacific to the east of the Philippines.North China is the key area where the response of the EASM to the SST anomalous warming in the Kuroshio Extension is prominent.The surface air temperature shows a warming trend.The warming in the entire troposphere between 30oN and 50oN increases the land-sea thermal contrast,which plays an important role in the enhancement of the EASM.Atmospheric circulation and precipitation anomalies in China and its adjacent regions have a close relationship with the enhancement of the Western Pacific subtropical high and its northward extension.     

Absolute instabilities in the spatially developing Kuroshio Extension

Satellite observations have long revealed to us a spatially growing Kuroshio Extension (KEx), but its underlying dynamics is yet to be studied. With a normal mode model of absolute/convective instability, it is found that the mean zonal jet is unstable at all the sections in the downstream region (east of 154 °E). In each of the resulting complex dispersion relation diagrams there lies a single saddle point associated with a positive temporal growth rate; that is to say, the mean jet is absolutely unstable, implying that KEx favors self-sustained oscillations. By calculation the absolute instability wave has a period increasing from about 27 days to 72 days, and a slightly decreasing wavelength from 360 km to 250 km, as longitude increases from 154 °E to 174 °E, agreeing with those inferred from the wavelet power spectra and Hovmöller diagram of the satellite observations. As KEx travels downstream, the associated eigen-structure of the perturbation velocity changes from a surface trapped mode to a mode with components maximized in the vertical interior. This study shows that at least a portion of the KEx intraseasonal variability is of intrinsic origin, and may be predictable with the absolute/convective instability theory.     

冬季大气环流对北太平洋海冰和黑潮暖流海温的强迫作用

本文应用奇异值分解等统计方法，探讨冬季北太平洋海冰浓度、海温与大尺度大气环流型间的联系。分析结果表明:冬季北太平洋海域海冰存在一个主要的分布型，即鄂霍次克海和白令海的海冰呈反位相。海冰的该种分布特征是与大气中的WP型紧密联系的，并以大气超前海冰一个月最为明显。同时，WP型强迫作用于黑潮暖流区的海温，海温滞后大气一个月。具体表现为在东亚冬季风较弱的年份，鄂霍次克海海冰增多，白令海海冰减少，黑潮暖流区海温增高，反之则相反。     

中国华北地区冬季降水异常特征及其与大气环流和海温的关系

利用1951—2012年中国冬季160站降水资料、NCEP/NCAR再分析资料及NOAA海温资料,分析了中国华北地区冬季降水的异常变化特征及其与大气环流和海温的关系。结果表明:华北地区冬季降水主要呈现为全区一致变化的特征,且年际变率较大,具有2~4 a的年际变化周期。降水异常偏多(少)年,西伯利亚高压偏弱(强),阿留申低压偏弱(强),850 h Pa上华北地区盛行的西北风较弱(强),控制该地区的东亚冬季风偏弱(强),该地区有偏南(北)风距平,500 h Pa上东亚槽脊系统偏弱(强)。影响华北地区冬季降水的异常水汽主要来源于南海及其以东的西太平洋。前期夏季日本以东的西风漂流区、同期冬季近海的黄渤海区域的海温均与中国华北地区冬季降水存在显著的正相关关系。     

冬季北太平洋大气低频环流的年际和年代际变化特征及其与大气环流和海温异常的联系

利用1979—2015年ECMWF逐日再分析资料,通过EOF分解和回归分析研究了冬季北太平洋大气低频环流的年际和年代际变化特征及其与海表面温度异常(SSTA)和大气环流异常之间的联系。研究结果表明:冬季中纬度北太平洋地区850 h Pa低频尺度环流存在3个明显的变化模态:第一模态为海盆尺度的单极型异常气旋(反气旋)式环流,同期太平洋SSTA呈现El Ni1o(La Ni1a)以及PDO暖位相(冷位相)空间分布,阿留申低压强度增强(减弱),对流层中高层是正位相(负位相)的PNA型遥相关,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴中东部南压(北抬);第二模态为在白令海峡和副热带地区呈气旋式与反气旋式环流南北向偶极型变化,同时中纬度北太平洋SSTA呈现NPGO(North Pacific Gyre Oscillation)正位相(负位相)的空间分布,黑潮区域SSTA偏暖(偏冷),北太平洋SSTA经向梯度加大(减小),对流层中高层为负位相(正位相)的WP型遥相关,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴整体偏北(偏南),强度增强(减弱);第三模态为北太平洋中西部和北美西岸呈气旋式与反气旋式环流东西向偶极型异常,黑潮区域SSTA偏冷(偏暖)而北太平洋东部SSTA偏暖(偏冷),SSTA纬向梯度加大(减弱),同时赤道东太平洋出现类似La Ni1a(El Ni1o)的SSTA分布,北太平洋天气尺度风暴轴中东部明显减弱(加强)而西部略有加强(减弱)。     

Delayed Atmospheric Temperature Response to ENSO SST： Role of High SST and the Western Pacific

Tropical zonally symmetric atmospheric warming occurs during ENSO’s warm phase, and lags the equa- torial east Pacific sea surface temperatures (SSTs) by 3–4 months. The role of the Indian and Atlantic oceans on the atmospheric delayed response has been pointed out by earlier studies. For 1951–2004, a regression analysis based on the observed SST data shows the western Pacific has a similarly important role as the Indian and Atlantic. Nevertheless, there is time mismatch of around 1–2 months between the zon...     

黑潮区海温对中国北方初霜冻日期的影响研究

利用站点观测和再分析资料研究了黑潮海温（SST）与中国北方初霜冻日期的关系。结果表明,前期夏季各月及初秋黑潮区SST异常变化和中国北方秋季初霜冻日期的关系十分显著。当黑潮区SST偏高（低）时,华北大部、黄淮北部、河套北部、内蒙古中部和东北部、环渤海区域初霜冻日期偏晚（早）。进一步分析显示,夏末和初秋黑潮区SST异常主要通过影响其上空初秋及秋季局地大气环流系统,对华北、黄淮北部等地区初霜冻造成影响。当黑潮区SST偏高（低）时,我国华北至日本以东区域上空500 hPa高度场偏高（低）,低层风场则出现东南（西北）风,从而导致东亚大槽偏弱（强）,来自北方的冷空气活动势力被削弱（增强）,从而导致上述区域初霜冻发生较常年偏晚（早）。     

东北地区冬季气温对海温异常响应的研究

利用HadISST OI海温和中国东北地区92站逐日气温资料,使用广义平衡反馈分析方法(GEFA)结合EOF分析方法(GEFA-EOF)研究了近50a中国东北地区冬季气温对海表温度异常(SSTA)的响应.结果表明:对于热带和北半球中纬度5个海盆来说,东北地区冬季气温异常与同期热带大西洋和北大西洋海温异常有密切关系,与其他海盆关系不显著;热带大西洋的"正—负—正"三极型模态(TA3)以及北大西洋纬向上"正—负—正"三极型模态(NA3)分别对东北地区冬季气温的异常偏低和偏高有显著的强迫作用,且对北部地区的强迫作用大于南部地区.热带大西洋和北大西洋对东北地区冬季气温异常影响的可能途径为:热带大西洋TA3模态通过在北半球激发的"正—负—正"的遥相关波列,致使东亚大槽移至贝加尔湖地区,有利于极地冷空气南下至东北地区,导致该地区的冷冬;北大西洋的"正—负—正"三极型模态(NA3)直接响应使得东亚大槽减弱消失,极地冷空气南下受阻,导致该地区冬季气温异常偏高.     

The Asymmetric Atmospheric Response to the Decadal Variability of Kuroshio Extension during Winter

The Kuroshio extension(KE)exhibits interdecadal variability,oscillating from a stable state to an unstable state.In this paper,ERA-Interim reanalysis data are used to discuss the possible reasons for the asymmetric response of the atmosphere to symmetric sea surface temperature anomaly(SSTA)during periods of differential KE states.The analysis has the following results:the SSTA presents a nearly symmetrical distribution with opposite signs during the KE stable and unstable periods.During the KE stable period,the storm track is located north of 40°N and is significantly enhanced in the northeast Pacific Ocean.The atmospheric response is similar to the West Pacific/North Pacific Oscillation teleconnection(WP/NPO like pattern)and presents a barotropic structure.The inversion results of the potential vorticity equation show that the feedback of transient eddy vorticity manifests a WP/NPO like pattern and presents a barotropic structure,which is the main reason for bringing about the response of the WP/NPO like pattern.The magnitude of the feedbacks of both diabatic heating and transient eddy heating is small,which can offset one another.During the KE unstable period,the main body of the storm track is located to the south of 40°N,and there is no significant response signal in the atmosphere,except near the west coast of North America.Compared with the KE stable period,the asymmetry of response of the transient eddy vorticity is the main reason for the asymmetric response of the atmosphere.     

On the Tropical Atlantic SST warm bias in the Kiel Climate Model

Most of the current coupled general circulation models show a strong warm bias in the eastern Tropical Atlantic. In this paper, various sensitivity experiments with the Kiel Climate Model (KCM) are described. A largely reduced warm bias and an improved seasonal cycle in the eastern Tropical Atlantic are simulated in one particular version of KCM. By comparing the stable and well-tested standard version with the sensitivity experiments and the modified version, mechanisms contributing to the reduction of the eastern Atlantic warm bias are identified and compared to what has been proposed in literature. The error in the spring and early summer zonal winds associated with erroneous zonal precipitation seems to be the key mechanism, and large-scale coupled ocean?Catmosphere feedbacks play an important role in reducing the warm bias. Improved winds in boreal spring cause the summer cooling in the eastern Tropical Atlantic (ETA) via shoaling of the thermocline and increased upwelling, and hence reduced sea surface temperature (SST). Reduced SSTs in the summer suppress convection and favor the development of low-level cloud cover in the ETA region. Subsurface ocean structure is shown to be improved, and potentially influences the development of the bias. The strong warm bias along the southeastern coastline is related to underestimation of low-level cloud cover and the associated overestimation of surface shortwave radiation in the same region. Therefore, in addition to the primarily wind forced response at the equator both changes in surface shortwave radiation and outgoing longwave radiation contribute significantly to reduction of the warm bias from summer to fall.     

贵州省冷(暖)冬年的特点与春季总降水量及温度的关系

利用 1951～ 2 0 0 1年贵州省 32个代表站冬季 (12～ 2月 )温度资料 ,对冷暖冬年进行划分 ,并分析其环流因子 ,发现冷冬年西风带亚洲地区以经向环流为主 ,低纬度西太平洋副热带高压偏弱 ,位置偏东 ,暖冬年则相反。冷暖冬年与来年春季总降水量、温度都有较好的关系 ,对短期气候预测有很好的参考价值。     

Impacts of SST anomalies on the North Atlantic atmospheric circulation: a case study for the northern winter 1995/1996

The present paper selects the northern winter of December 1995–February 1996 for a case study on the impact of sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the atmospheric circulation over the North Atlantic and Western Europe. In the Atlantic, the selected winter was characterized by positive SST anomalies over the northern subtropics and east of Newfoundland, and negative anomalies along the US coast. A weak La Niña event developed in the Pacific. The North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) index was low, precipitation over the Iberian Peninsula and northern Africa was anomalously high, and precipitation over northern Europe was anomalously low. The method of study consists of assessing the sensitivity of ensemble simulations by the UCLA atmospheric general circulation model (UCLA AGCM) to SST anomalies from the observation, which are prescribed either in the World Oceans, the Atlantic Ocean only, or the subtropical North Atlantic only. The results obtained are compared with a control run that uses global, time-varying climatological SST. The ensemble simulations with global and Atlantic-only SST anomalies both produce results that resemble the observations over the North Atlantic and Western Europe. It is suggested that the anomalous behavior of the atmosphere in the selected winter over those regions, therefore, was primarily determined by conditions within the Atlantic basin. The simulated fields in the tropical North Atlantic show anomalous upward motion and lower (upper) level convergence (divergence) in the atmosphere overlying the positive SST anomalies. Consistently, the subtropical jet intensifies and its core moves equatorward, and precipitation increases over northern Africa and southern Europe. The results also suggest that the SST anomalies in the tropical North Atlantic only do not suffice to produce the atmospheric anomalies observed in the basin during the selected winter. The extratropical SST anomalies would provide a key contribution through increased transient eddy activity, which causes an extension of the subtropical jet eastward from the coast of North America.     

华北地区冬季持续性异常低温事件与大气低频振荡活动的关系

采用1959—2009年日平均气温观测资料和NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,对华北地区冬季持续性异常低温事件进行了定义,并在此基础上统计分析了该区近50 a来冬季持续性异常低温事件的发生规律及环流特征,然后对华北地区持续性异常低温事件与大气低频振荡之间的关系进行了研究。研究表明,近50 a来华北地区共出现26次持续性异常低温事件;环流场上持续性异常低温过程对应的是乌拉尔山高压脊的建立、发展、消亡以及东亚大槽的维持、加深、减弱过程;同时,分析发现低频波动与持续性异常低温事件密切相关,10~20 d低频环流场上华北、东北地区上空的低频气旋、中西伯利亚的低频反气旋,及30~60 d低频环流场上西西伯利亚附近的低频反气旋及日本海附近的低频气旋是造成持续性异常低温事件的重要低频影响因子,进一步分析发现对流层高层到低层的低频信号主要是由中高纬向低纬且自西向东传播,来影响我国华北地区的。     

一次层积云发展过程对黑潮延伸体海洋锋强迫的响应研究——观测与机制分析

由于缺乏海上现场观测,对天气尺度扰动下,海表面温度锋 (海洋锋) 对海洋大气边界层 (MABL) 垂直结构和MABL内海洋性低云 (marine stratus) 的影响研究较少。2014年4月12日,中国海洋大学东方红2号科学考察船在黑潮延伸体海区的海洋锋附近捕捉到一次层积云的迅速发展。在比较稳定的天气形势下,由暖水侧向北穿越海洋锋时,云底和云顶高度升高,云区范围迅速扩大。本文利用多种大气-海洋联合观测数据,结合卫星观测和再分析资料,对此次层积云迅速发展的机理进行了综合分析。结果表明,在海上低压后部西北风控制下,在海洋锋的暖水侧 (下风方) 形成热通量大值中心和低压槽,有助于高空西风动量下传,进而又使得海气界面热通量增加,这种正反馈效应为MABL内混合层厚度加大和云底/顶高度在海洋锋的下风方升高提供有利背景条件。4月12日09:00~12:00(协调世界时),来自日本本州岛陆地的低空暖平流到达该热通量中心上空,暖平流与热通量中心的共同作用,导致该时段近海面暖中心强度异常增加,MABL中静力不稳定层加深和低压槽发展,综合作用的结果使得混合层厚度明显加深,云底高度升高,云区迅速发展。本研究有助于理解在复杂大气背景扰动下MABL对海洋强迫的响应机理。     

1961—2020年辽宁省暖冬现象气候特征分析

利用1961—2020年辽宁省56个气象站冬季逐日气温数据,根据国家标准《暖冬等级》,以1990—2020年为气候值作为参考,综合采用气候倾向率、IDW、滑动t检验突变分析以及小波分析等方法,分析辽宁省近60 a冬季平均气温的时空变化趋势,单站暖冬及区域暖冬事件的气候变化特征。结果表明：近60 a来辽宁省冬季平均气温以0.3℃/10 a的速率升高,辽宁中部和东部地区变暖趋势最为显著;20世纪90年代前的30 a属于偏冷时段,但增温效应强于后30 a,冬季平均气温在1987年前后出现了明显的由冷转暖的突变,1971年出现了相对较弱的冷暖转变;1988年后逐年单站暖冬事件的发生整体比1961—1987年出现单站暖冬事件明显增多。发生频次较高的地区分布在辽宁中部和东南部地区,为16—20次;近60 a来共有16次区域暖冬事件,21世纪后的20 a内共出现9次区域暖冬事件,占总数的60%;区域暖冬事件以准22 a和2—3 a为振荡周期。     

Development of warm SST errors in the southern tropical Atlantic in CMIP5 decadal hindcasts

SST errors in the tropical Atlantic are large and systematic in current coupled general-circulation models. We analyse the growth of these errors in the region of the south-eastern tropical Atlantic in initialised decadal hindcasts integrations for three of the models participating in the Coupled Model Inter-comparison Project 5. A variety of causes for the initial bias development are identified, but a crucial involvement is found, in all cases considered, of ocean-atmosphere coupling for their maintenance. These involve an oceanic “bridge” between the Equator and the Benguela-Angola coastal seas which communicates sub-surface ocean anomalies and constitutes a coupling between SSTs in the south-eastern tropical Atlantic and the winds over the Equator. The resulting coupling between SSTs, winds and precipitation represents a positive feedback for warm SST errors in the south-eastern tropical Atlantic.     

Large-scale atmospheric response to eastern Mediterranean summer-autumn SST anomalies and the associated regional impact

Since the Mediterranean Sea is halfway between subtropical and middle latitudes, and it represents a marginal oceanic region, research has tended to focus on how large-scale modes of atmospheric variability modulate its surface temperature. Conversely, the present study examines the potential influence of the Mediterranean Sea surface temperature (SST) anomalies on the Northern Hemisphere atmospheric circulation. In particular, this work explores the large-scale changes in the global circulation forced/influenced by the eastern Mediterranean summer-autumn SST pattern. To isolate the atmospheric response, AGCM sensitivity experiments with prescribed SST over the Mediterranean Sea and climatology elsewhere are analysed. Observational diagnostics upon the period used to define the boundary conditions (1979–2002) are also interpreted. Our results support the hypothesis of an atmospheric pattern initiated in the Mediterranean basin, pointing out both a local baroclinic response and a barotropic circumglobal anomaly. This atmospheric teleconnection pattern projects onto a hemispheric wave-like structure, reflecting the waveguide effect of the westerly jets. Results suggest, thereby, that the recurrent summer-autumn circumglobal teleconnection pattern can be excited locally by changes in the atmosphere over the Mediterranean region. A linear behaviour is found upon a regional impact over northeastern Africa. The remote impacts present however a nonlinear signature: anomalous warm conditions influencing on northern Europe and Euro–Asia, whereas anomalous cold conditions impacting more on the North Pacific basin. Limitations in our model setup are also discussed.