Characteristics of Clay Minerals in the Luohe Formation in Zhenyuan Area,Ordos Basin,and its Uranium Prospecting SignificanceEI北大核心CSCD

Industrial uranium orebodies have recently been found through in-depth uranium exploration in the Luohe Formation in the southwestern Ordos Basin, which is an important breakthrough in deep prospecting for sandstone-type uranium deposits. The composition, content and characteristics of clay minerals in the Luohe Formation in the Zhenyuan area were systematically studied by means of thin section identification, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction and altered mineral spectral scanning. Unlike the most important uranium-bearing rock series in the Zhiluo Formation in the northeast and southwest of the basin, the ore-bearing Luohe Formation sandstone has low contents of clay minerals while the clay mineral assemblages vary in different sand bodies. Among them, the main types of mudstone, oxidized sandstone, calcareous sandstone and mineralized sandstone are illite-smectite mixed-layer mineral and illite, followed by kaolinite and chlorite, the main types uranium-rich sandstone and gray-green sandstone are kaolinite and illite-smectite mixed-layer mineral, followed by illite and chlorite. Even though adsorption of clay minerals, such as chlorite, illite-smectite mixed-layer mineral, kaolinite, and illite may contribute to U enrichment and uranium mineral precipitation, no correlation between clays and uranium minerals have been observed, indicating that clay minerals are not the main factor affecting uranium enrichment during the deep metallogenic process. The study of clay minerals in the Luohe Formation sandstone demonstrated that there are at least two phases of chlorite and one phase of kaolinite in the study area, which respectively represent two phases of alkaline fluid and one phase of acid fluid activities, revealing a fluid phase transition of alkaline-acidic-alkaline. Therefore, the clay minerals can be used as an important indicator for uranium mineralization. © 2020, Science Press. All right reserved.     

海拉尔—塔木察格盆地中部富油凹陷高含凝灰质碎屑岩储层成因及油气勘探意义

海拉尔—塔木察格盆地中部富油凹陷下白垩统铜钵庙组和南屯组广泛发育高含凝灰质碎屑岩储层,并已于其中获得了工业突破,但对其成因机制认识不清。在岩心、薄片、录井和测井等资料综合研究的基础上,结合大量海拉尔—塔木察格盆地及周边地区的火山事件分析,认为中部富油凹陷发育的高含凝灰质碎屑岩的岩石类型主要包括凝灰质砂岩、凝灰质泥岩、凝灰岩和沉凝灰岩。不同时期、不同凹陷高含凝灰质碎屑岩储层发育特点各异,整体来看从铜钵庙组到南屯组储层中的凝灰质含量越来越低,高含凝灰质碎屑岩储层主要发育在铜钵庙组和南一段沉积时期。高含凝灰质碎屑岩储层中的火山物质并非来源于自身断陷期发生的基性火山活动,而是来自于大兴安岭地区大规模的酸性火山喷发事件。海拉尔—塔木察格盆地高含凝灰质碎屑岩储层的成因机制包括两种类型：一种是同沉积期火山灰直接空降入湖型;另一种是同沉积期火山灰先沉降至陆上经河流搬运后再沉积的水携型。高含凝灰质碎屑岩储层中的火山碎屑物质受有机酸作用易于溶蚀,次生孔隙发育,为深部油气成藏提供了有效储层空间,并且火山喷发活动对优质烃源岩的形成具有促进作用,对于油气勘探具有重要意义。     

滇东威信地区龙潭组致密砂岩矿物组成特征及其油气地质意义

致密气是发育于低孔、特低渗透砂岩中的一种非常规资源,具有丰富的潜在油气储量,但由于其致密低渗透性,压裂改造是致密气高效开发的必须手段,而砂岩储集特征及物质组成对初步评价致密砂岩储层的资源潜力和生产能力有重要意义.运用X射线衍射、显微镜及扫描电镜等技术手段,对滇东威信地区二叠系龙潭组10个致密砂岩露头样品进行定性和定量分...     

松辽盆地钱家店地区姚家组砂岩黏土矿物特征及其与铀矿化的关系

[研究目的]钱家店铀矿床位于松辽盆地西南部,含铀岩系为上白垩统姚家组.目的层中含有大量的黏土矿物,因此揭示姚家组砂岩黏土矿物特征,对铀的成矿作用探讨至关重要.[研究方法]本文通过系统的显微镜下鉴定、扫描电镜、X射线衍射等分析测试手段,对钱家店地区姚家组砂岩黏土矿物的镜下特征、成分及含量进行了系统的观察和研究.[研究结果...     

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部直罗组古层间氧化带 形成机制探讨

鄂尔多斯盆地东北部是我国重要的砂岩型铀矿成矿带之一,蕴藏着丰富的铀资源。通过研究发现,区内铀矿床与古层间氧化带具有非常紧密的联系。通过对纳岭沟、大营铀矿床直罗组下段古层间氧化带中各后生蚀变砂岩与原生砂岩的物质成分及地球化学指标的研究,发现绿色砂岩与灰色砂岩在物质成分上的主要区别体现在黏土矿物、方解石及黄铁矿含量上,并且不同蚀变类型砂岩具有其各自的地球化学指标特点。基于对古层间氧化带中各后生蚀变的研究,初步探讨了古层间氧化带的形成机制。这一成果为深化本区铀成矿机理、建立区域铀成矿模式提供了重要的理论依据。     

海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷兴安岭群黏土组合及分布特征

通过对X-射线衍射和扫描电镜的黏土资料分析,确定兴安岭群一、二段黏土组合并阐明其分布特征。研究表明兴安岭群兴一段凝灰泥岩或泥岩中有7种黏土组合,在凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩和砾岩中有7种黏土组合;兴二段凝灰泥岩或泥岩中有6种黏土组合,在凝灰岩、凝灰质砂岩和砾岩中有7种黏土组合。兴一段以伊利石和绿泥石高含量、兴二段以高岭石、伊利石高含量为其特征。     

Petrogenesis and geological history of a uranium source rock: a case study in northeastern Washington,U.S.A.

A small (4 km²) drainage basin in northeastern Washington contains highly uraniferous groundwater and highly uraniferous peaty sediments of Holocene age. The U is derived from granitic bedrock that underlies the entire drainage basin and that contains 9–16 ppm U. This local bedrock was studied by petrographic, chemical and isotopic methods to determine conditions of its petrogenesis and post-emplacement history that may have contributed to its present high U content and source-rock capability. The original magma was derived by anatexis of Precambrian continental crust of probable mixed metaigneous and metasedimentary character. Mineral-melt partitioning controlled the enrichment of U in chemically evolved phases of the crystallizing melt. Following emplacement in the upper crust at ∼100Ma, the pluton interacted with meteoric-hydrothermal water at ambient temperatures 300°C. Locally intense fracturing promoted alteration, and fracturing and alteration probably continued during later regional uplift in the Eocene. Regional uplift was followed by low-temperature alteration and weathering in the middle to late Tertiary. The combined result of hydrothermal alteration and low-temperature alteration and weathering was the redistribution of U from primary mineral hosts such as allanite to new sites on fracture surfaces and in secondary minerals such as hematite. Zones of highly fractured and altered rock show the most obvious evidence of this process. A model is proposed in which high-angle fractures beneath the drainage basin were the sites of Tertiary supergene enrichments of U. Recent glacio-isostatic uplift has elevated these older enriched zones to shallow levels where they are now being leached by oxidizing groundwater. The chemistry, mineralogy, texture and geological history of this U source-rock suggest criteria for locating other granitic terrane that may contain uraniferous waters and associated young surficial U deposits. The details of U distribution and mobility at this site also apply to the general topic of U mobility in granitic rocks.     

柴达木盆地西部新生代砂岩碎屑组分变化记录的沉积转型事件

应用砂岩碎屑成分分析法对柴达木盆地西部干柴沟地区新生代地层进行了系统的物源分析。砂岩组分镜下鉴定和含量统计分析结果表明,研究区内砂岩类型以长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主,岩屑类型以沉积岩岩屑为主。镜下识别出一些标志性的矿物和岩屑,它们的出现及其含量在剖面垂向上的变化,指示柴达木盆地西部干柴沟地区上干柴沟组与下油砂山组界线附近的沉积物源发生了明显变化,说明柴达木盆地西部地区在渐新世与中新世之交约20Ma时发生了一次重大的沉积转型事件。这次沉积事件在青藏高原北部其他地区也可以找到一系列踪迹和响应,是探索青藏高原北缘构造隆升历史的一个重要界线。     

A petrological study of a vertical section of the Narrabeen Group at Helensburgh,N.S.W.

A detailed petrological study has been made of a complete section of the Narrabeen Group exposed in a bore near Helensburgh. The Clifton Sub‐Group is characterised by two major cycles in which thick units of predominantly arenaceous sediments are interspersed with red‐brown claystones. Rock fragments are abundant in the sandstones, particularly near the base of the sub‐group, while siderite is common as a minor constituent. The red‐brown claystones show a marked contrast in composition with the shaly members of the thicker units in that quartz and siderite are absent or sparse and hematite is prevalent. However, the clay mineral contents of the two claystone formations differ. The upper or Bald Hill Claystone contains only kaolinite, whereas inter‐layered clay minerals and illite are present in addition to kaolinite in the lower or Stanwell Park Claystone. Hematite is absent from the upper few feet of the Bald Hill Claystone and kaolinite, partly in the form of vermicular crystals, may comprise the whole sample but elsewhere boehmite or siderite is prevalent. The texture varies from pisolitic to brecciated. The Gosford Formation overlying the Clifton Sub‐Group is composed predominantly of shales which resemble in texture and composition those of the later Wianamatta Group. A brief discussion of the origin of the Narrabeen Group is given.     

ASD field hyperspectral measurements for discrimination of the ferruginous rocks and the iron ore types at El Gedida-Ghorabi area,Bahariya Oasis,Western Desert,Egypt

The ironstone succession at El Gedida-Ghorabi-Naser area of El Bahariya depression is subdivided into lagoonal manganiferous mud and fossiliferous ironstone consisting mainly of hematite and goethite-hydrogoethite. The application of the ASD field spectroradiometer measurements (spectral range) in the ASTER data led to the interpretation of the presence of ferruginous units as quartzitic sandstone, gluconitic sandy clay, and pink marly limestone. The existing iron ore minerals in the iron ore localities were also classified into high Mn hematite, low Mn hematite, goethite, hydrogoethite as well as low- and high-grade Hematite and Barite. Quartz, feldspars, rutile, and clay minerals (e.g., kaolinite and illite) are mainly associated with the iron ore. Accessory minerals of manganese, e.g., psilomelane and pyrolusite, were also present. The Barite mineral is recorded as a common mineral association with the iron ore deposits at El Gedida and Ghorabi localities. The stratigraphical units investigated in the study area include the oldest gravely clayey sandstones of the Bahariya Formation overlain by the fossiliferous and oolitic limestones of the El-Hamra, Qazzun, and Naqb Formations. Quartztic sandstones and clayey sandstones of the Radwan Formation and youngest Quaternary sediments of sandy-clayey materials were often found as intermittent cover and overburden in unconformity surfaces over the iron ore bands.     

Tuffaceous sediments as source rocks for uranium: A case study of the White River Formation, Wyoming

Fine-grained tuffaceous sediments of the White River Formation (Oligocene) are evaluated as a possible source of uranium for the sedimentary uranium deposits of Wyoming. The evaluation is based upon a model in which volcanic glass is considered to be a major host of uranium and thorium and in which uranium and silica are released during alteration of glass to montmorillonite. The evaluation scheme is applicable to other tuffaceous sediments in similar geologic settings. The average uranium and thorium contents of glass separates and glassy air-fall ashes of the White River Formation are 8 ppm and 22.4 ppm respectively, and these values approximate the average composition of glass deposited in Wyoming basins in Oligocene time. Comparison of these values with the uranium and thorium concentrations in montmorillonite separates indicates little change in thorium concentrations but reductions in uranium concentrations which average 3.3 ppm. In spite of the apparent major removal of uranium during alteration of glass to montmorillonite, whole-rock samples of tuffaceous siltstones show an average uranium loss of only 0.4 ± 0.4 ppm, because of generally small amounts of clay alteration. This conclusion is generated by comparisons between glassy ash and partially altered vitric siltstones, the latter corrected for dilution of glass and clay-altered glass with uranium- and thorium-poor primary and detrital materials. The original volume of the White River Formation is adequate to generate economically significant quantities of mobile uranium, even with such modest losses. Uranium and silica which are mobilized during glass alteration can coprecipitate as uraniferous secondary silica in areas where solutions become silica saturated. These precipitates indicate pathways of ancient, uranium-rich solutions in tuffaceous rocks. Exploration efforts in the White River Formation and underlying units should concentrate on areas where such pathways intercept reducing environments. Intercepts of this type are present at some uranium deposits in the study area and this lends support to a tuffaceous source rock model.     

Tuffaceous ephemeral lake deposits on an alluvial plain, middle Tertiary of central California

The Oligocene and Miocene Valley Springs Formation is one element in the middle to late Cenozoic alluvial fill of the Central Valley of California and represents a large fluvial depositional system that extended westward from sediment-filled palaeovalleys in the high Sierra Nevada to a piedmont alluvial plain under the present Central Valley. The Valley Springs Formation consists largely of tuffaceous mudrock, tuffaceous sandstone, polymict conglomerate and rhyodacitic tuff. The most prominent lithofacies in the formation is yellowish grey or greyish yellow, tuffaceous mudstone and claystone characterized by crude, commonly wavy layering or bedding, an irregular fracture, and common clay-lined partings, fissures, and small branching tubules. Petrographic and X-ray diffraction analyses of the composition, texture, fabric, mineralogy and organic content of an 8 m thick section of the tuffaceous mudrock lithofacies have provided evidence for an origin quite different from the earlier interpretations of this lithofacies as altered tuffs. Numerous rounded mudstone or claystone clasts in a detrital mud matrix, together with abundant freshwater microfossils (megaspores, chrysophyte cysts, diatoms and sponge spicules), indicates that the lithofacies is a mostly epiclastic sedimentary deposit. Root traces, fissuring, orientated clay skins lining pores and secondary surfaces, and mineralogical data are evidence of periodic exposure and desiccation. The tuffaceous mudrock lithofacies of the Valley Springs Formation, interpreted in the context of the middle to lower regions of a piedmont alluvial system, most probably represents a complex of ephemeral lake and marsh environments on a low gradient alluvial plain. The inferred abundance of shallow lakes, ponds and marshes implies a climate that was wetter than the semi-arid climate of the region today.     

皖南前南华纪浅变质岩系的沉积地质特征及其构造古地理意义

皖南地区前南华纪浅变质岩系是江南造山带东段的重要组成部分。根据对本区前南华纪浅变质地层——环沙组和牛屋组所进行的沉积地质学研究,可识别出浊积岩相和深海—半深海相沉积,两者均属活动类型沉积建造。进一步的沉积相序研究表明,环沙组沉积环境总体反映出浅—深—浅—深的沉积变化,牛屋组沉积环境总体反映出由深变浅的沉积变化。对发育于环沙组和牛屋组上段的小型斜层理进行测量,经水平校正后两者古流向都指向北,证明其物源都来自南方。沉积岩骨架颗粒统计结果表明,环沙组物源构造属性为岩浆弧,牛屋组上段物源构造属性为再旋回造山带。结合侵入牛屋组下段的花岗岩地球化学特征研究,推测环沙组沉积于弧后盆地,牛屋组下段沉积于边缘海盆地,牛屋组上段沉积于周缘前陆盆地。在总结前人研究成果的基础上,探讨了江南造山带东段本区相应时段的大地构造演化格局。     

Stratigraphy of the upper Gondwana formations around Sohagpur,western part of the Satpura Gondwana Basin,Central India

The present work provides a detailed lithological map of the western part of the Satpura basin around Sohagpur and reports the presence of new archosauromorph fossil bones from that region. The study area is dominated by the Bagra Formation along with a narrow patch of the underlying upper part of the Denwa Formation. The lower Denwa and the underlying Pachmarhi formations are absent here. The presence of the Pachmarhi Formation, as a tongue shaped area, as mapped by Crookshank (1936) is discarded in this study on the basis of lithology and petrographic analyses, instead the presence of the Bagra Formation is suggested in this area. A comparison of the lithologies and the vertebrate faunas of the upper Gondwana formations between eastern and western part of the basin has been carried out for the first time. The comparison indicates that the Denwa Formation present in the western sector represents only the topmost part of the formation while the complete succession of Denwa is preserved in the eastern sector. The Bagra Formation in the western sector documents the presence of sheet-like sandstone bodies unlike the eastern part. The vertebrate fauna of the eastern part is dominated by temnospondyl amphibians while that of the western part is dominated by archosauromorph. The vertebrate fossils of upper part of Denwa Formation, found from similar lithologies in west and east though, have differences in the amount of transportation before their burial.     

鄂尔多斯盆地东缘泥质岩黏土矿物特征及其地质意义

为研究鄂尔多斯盆地东缘石炭-二叠纪古气候特征及其与成煤作用之间的关系,利用X射线衍射（XRD）及扫描电子显微镜（SEM）对研究区石炭-二叠系泥质岩中的黏土矿物组成及其环境意义进行分析。结果显示,区内泥质岩中黏土矿物主要以高岭石、伊利石/蒙皂石混层矿物为主,次为伊利石和绿泥石。黏土矿物的垂向组合特征表现为:高岭石在桥头剖面、扒楼沟剖面和成家庄剖面山西组,桥头剖面太原组底部、成家庄剖面太原组上部及本溪组中部含量偏高。伊利石在各个剖面的山西组中含量较高,绿泥石仅在山西组中上部、太原组下部含量较高。扫描电镜下黏土矿物晶体形态规则,未见明显磨蚀痕迹,伊利石结晶度为0.42°△2θ~0.63°△2θ,平均值为0.47°△2θ,结晶度较好,混层比相对质量分数平均值25.1%,表现为自生黏土矿物。根据自生黏土矿物的习性指出研究区古气候总体表现为温暖潮湿、间或在太原组早期和山西组中-晚期伴有短周期干冷气候。古气候与沉积环境两者相互印证指示聚煤作用强度的变化过程,是控制研究区内聚煤作用的关键因素。      

湘中下石炭统粘土矿物组合特征

湖南中部下石炭统是一套以碳酸盐岩为主夹碎屑岩含煤岩系的沉积,根据粘土矿物在下石岩统剖面分布规律,结合各组段岩性岩相特征,可推断出粘土矿物组合特征及其环境分布,从滨岸碎屑沉积到滨外泥质陆棚、滨外浅水碳酸盐陆棚,到深水碳酸盐陆棚和浅海盆地,即从滨岸向盆地方向,高岭石含量急剧减少,伊利石逐渐增加,伊利石/蒙脱石混层矿物和绿泥石则先是增加,然后又趋于减少,其最高含量分别在浅水碳酸盐陆棚和滨外泥质陆棚。测水组含煤岩系粘土矿物以高岭石为主,伊利石次之,并有一定量的绿泥石和伊利石/蒙脱石混层矿物,它们在垂向上的变化反映了沉积环境水介质酸碱度和盐度的变化规律。     

新疆伊犁盆地砂岩型铀矿床层间氧化带中粘土矿物特征及与铀矿化关系研究

新疆伊犁盆地砂岩型铀矿床,由于规模大、成矿环境和成矿条件好,在同类型矿床中具有良好的代表性,研究矿床的成矿作用对今后找矿勘查以及开采具有重要理论意义。本文在区域赋铀层位沉积环境研究基础上,以赋矿围岩为研究主体,对伊犁盆地典型铀矿床沉积序列和矿床的控矿层位开展研究,通过对赋矿沉积层位中粘土质对铀矿成矿的控制作用及与铀矿的空间联系和成因分析,开展系统的铀矿床学、能谱测试、显微结构、扫描电镜、地球化学、氢氧同位素等研究,特别是开展了富矿砂体中粘土矿物的种类、成分、结构、同位素、成因等的研究,对粘土质矿物对铀矿成矿的控制作用进行了系统研究。通过研究粘土矿物在伊犁盆地蒙其古尔砂岩型铀矿床成矿过程中的作用及与铀矿的空间联系和成因分析表明:粘土矿物在层间氧化带中分布较为广泛,在主要矿体的氧化还原过渡带中,尤其是部分具有强烈粘土蚀变的砂岩层中铀含量较其他层位要高,反映出粘土矿物与铀成矿是有成因关联的。通过系统的扫描电镜、能谱测试研究,从微观证明粘土矿物与铀成矿有相关关系;粘土矿物的存在导致在近地表含氧含铀水在经过砂岩孔隙时被具有较强吸附能力和巨大表面自由能的粘土矿物所吸附,形成了铀含量较高的片状,团块状的粘土矿物,其在铀成矿作用中起到了吸附和界面的作用,有利于赋矿空间的形成及定位。结合沉积作用、构造活动和后期流体成矿作用等因素,分析了成矿机制和成矿作用,赋矿层位中的粘土矿物、其它成矿条件如岩性(赋矿层和矿源层)、构造(对铀矿化的动力和对地下水径流及铀矿体)等共同控制了铀成矿作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地侏罗系直罗组砂岩发育特征

根据岩性旋回结构,在全盆地范围将直罗组划分为上、下两段。分段制图表明,直罗组上、下段地层厚度展布规律与全组厚度展布规律基本一致,均表现为西厚东薄;上段地层较下段厚。下段砂岩层数少、单层厚度大;而上段砂岩以层多、层薄为特点。直罗组砂岩总体成熟度较低,区域制图和碎屑组分等反映周缘存在多个源区。砂岩粒度分布表现为河道和分流河道等沉积特征。直罗组砂岩发育多种反映陆上河流沉积环境的层面和层理构造。综合分析认为,在今残留盆地范围内,直罗组下段以辫状河、曲流河沉积为主,东北部可见三角洲平原沉积。上段以辫状河、曲流河、三角洲和湖泊沉积为主。直罗组下段辫状河道砂岩具有良好的渗透性、连通性和成层性,是砂岩型铀矿和石油的良好储层。
     

准噶尔盆地阜东斜坡区中上侏罗统储集层特征差异及控制因素分析

准噶尔盆地是中国西部地区最重要的含油气盆地之一,阜东斜坡区中上侏罗统头屯河组和齐古组是近期勘探重点。根据野外露头、钻井岩芯和分析化验资料,详细分析头屯河组和齐古组储集层特征差异,包括储集层岩矿特征和物性特征差异。岩矿特征中重点对碎屑、填隙物以及孔隙类型和结构特征进行对比分析,物性特征中重点对储集层类型进行研究,发现齐古组储集砂层储集质量总体上要好于头屯河组。通过综合分析,认为阜东斜坡区中上侏罗统储集层特征差异主要受构造、沉积相、异常压力和成岩作用复合控制,构造演化的差异是导致头屯河组和齐古组储集层特征差异的最关键因素,头屯河组物性最好储集层的微相类型为水下分流河道,齐古组物性最好储集层的微相类型为分流河道,异常压力对原生孔隙保存以及黏土矿物发育位置起到重要影响,成岩作用对于重点层位储集层物性好坏起到决定性作用,其中凝灰质的蚀变序列对于后期油气开发有重要参考价值。     

柴达木盆地西北部红三旱地区始新世-渐新世砂岩物源分析

柴达木盆地西部红三旱一号三高点上、下干柴沟组砂岩的骨架矿物成分的模式分析显示,始新统—渐新统砂岩的源区主要为再旋回造山带。根据古水流推断物源区主要为阿尔金山。结合上、下干柴沟组砂岩成分模式分析的标准偏差对比和骨架矿物成分平均含量的变化特征,认为渐新世时(上干柴沟组)阿尔金山存在一期隆升事件。