甚高频时岩石介电常数的测试方法和特性

本文讨论20-200MHz频率范围内平行板电容法测量岩石介电常数和电导率的方法,指出常用的静电场公式的局限性,给出较精确的似稳场动态公式,并讨论20-50MHz频率范围内的岩石介电特性。     

蠕变及超声波频率下砂岩的衰减

为了在较宽频域内研究砂岩衰减变化,实验在13.2MPa的初应力水平下,测得了蠕变(1小时~3天)和超声波(470 KHz、700KHz)频率下干燥的大庆、紫蓬山砂岩衰减.发现蠕变衰减随蠕变时间增大而增大,且均大于超声波频率下的衰减,最小相差亦有40%.将衰减与应力作用频率关系转化为衰减与蠕变量关系后,二者线性相关,相关系数大于95%.且据此将蠕变量向超声波频率对应的应变量外推所得的衰减值与实验测得的衰减值符合较好.实验得到的应变量与衰减的线性关系,解释了已有的0.1~1 MHz下衰减近似常量的事实,亦可预测岩石从蠕变破裂所对应的最低频率到MHz频率范围内衰减变化.     

岩石声频散的实验研究及声波速度的外推

对岩石声频散进行了实验研究，用不同频率的声学探头使用超声波脉冲穿透法对砂岩和泥岩样品进行了测量，并分析了两者的频散现象.结果表明：在51kHz-1MHz频率范围内，在干燥状态下岩芯有频散现象；在饱水状态下，砂岩的频散现象更明显，岩芯中流体的存在是影响纵波频散的一个重要原因.利用频散方程计算不同频率时的速度值，并与实验结果进行了比较，说明频散方程可以较好的描述砂岩与泥岩的频散关系.     

岩石电磁辐射信号观测系统构建及检验

针对岩石电磁实验研究需要,构建专用岩石电磁辐射信号观测系统。铜板电容传感器的采用,将观测的频率带宽由固定点频拓宽至2.5 kHz—800 kHz的宽频带范围;PXIe-6368数据采集卡的应用,消除了PAC声发射仪的带通滤波和波形前端滤波功能对信号的影响,使观测系统可以记录到原始的EME信号。通过人工信号和岩石加载实验,对观测系统进行检验,发现:该观测系统可以采集2.5 kHz—800 kHz频带范围内0.1 mV以上EME信号,具有每通道最大2 M采样率、最多16通道同步采集功能。本套电磁辐射信号观测系统可以用来检测岩石加载过程中产生的EME信号,也可用于多种岩石物性参数的多通道同步采集。     

含流体砂岩地震波频散实验研究

为了研究孔隙流体对不同渗透率岩石地震波速度的影响,在实验室利用跨频带岩石弹性参数测试系统得到了应变幅值10-6的2~2000Hz频段下的地震波速度和1 MHz频率下的超声波速度,利用差分共振声谱法得到了频率600Hz岩石干燥和完全饱水情况下岩石声学参数.实验表明,在低饱和度下,致密砂岩在地震和超声频段下没有明显的频散;在高饱和度下纵波速度的频散变得明显.从干燥到完全水饱和条件,不同频率测量的致密砂岩的体积模量随岩石孔隙度增高而降低,且体积模量的变化量受岩石微观孔隙结构的影响较大.高孔、高渗砂岩无论在低含水度下还是在高含水饱和度下频散微弱,并且在地震频段下围压对于岩石纵横波速度的影响要大于频率的影响.高孔、高渗砂岩和致密砂岩不同含水饱和度下的频散差异可应用于储层预测,油气检测等方面,同时该研究可以更好地帮助理解岩石的黏弹性行为,促进岩石物理频散理论的发展,提高地震解释的精度.     

岩石破裂电磁辐射频率与岩石属性参数的关系

为进一步明确岩石破裂电磁辐射频率特征,基于岩石破裂电磁辐射是由岩石破裂时传播裂纹引起原子扰动产生的假说, 通过断裂力学理论中小范围屈服条件下张开位移法计算岩石破裂时的裂纹宽度,由单脉冲电磁辐射频率与裂纹宽度之间的关系,研究电磁辐射频率与岩石属性参数之间的关系,并给出了它们之间的关系表达式;单独讨论了不同属性参数对电磁辐射频率的影响.结果表明,电磁辐射频率随弹性模量增大而增大,随岩样尺寸和强度增大而减小,随泊松比的变化、岩石弹模的不同电磁辐射频率有变化;当弹模较小时,泊松比的影响也较小,而当弹模很大,即岩石刚度很大时,泊松比的增大会导致频率的增大;裂纹初始长度的变化受试件尺寸的影响,进而影响频率,当尺寸较大时,裂纹长度对频率影响较小,当尺寸较小时,频率随裂纹长度增大而增大.通过计算几种常见岩石破裂时电磁辐射频率值发现,岩石破裂时电磁辐射频率达到10⁵ Hz量级,这与现有的实验结果相吻合.     

不同岩石中地应力分布

根据对世界范围内的岩浆岩、沉积岩和变质岩中实测地应力资料的回归分析表明:这三大类岩石中的地应力分布各不相同, 与岩石成因密切相关。对地应力与岩石杨氏模量及深度的关系的讨论, 显示出地应力随岩石杨氏模量增高而增大。      

微震监测:弥补岩石声发射到天然地震间的空白

<正>通常把岩体微小破裂会伴随产生强度较弱的地震波称为微地震(Microseismic)。大多数微地震事件震动能量一般为102~1010 J,频率范围介于50~1500 Hz之间,持续时间通常小于1 s,微震的地震矩震级MW介于0~4之间。地震具有非线性多尺度特性。实验室岩石压裂试验产生的声发射(AE)为微尺度现象(微米-毫米级),频段达到超声波频率(MHz),能量换算成震级范围为M-12~-6;微震为小尺度岩石破裂(米级),频     

DEMETER卫星观测的LF/MF电场频谱特征初步研究

利用法国DEMETER卫星观测的电场数据,研究了中国及邻区(0°—60°N,60°E—140°E),频段为10kHz—3MHz,时间段为2008年1月1日—2008年9月12日期间的平均功率谱密度特征.文中选择了Kp指数的日平均值小于或等于4的数据,获得LF频段(10—20kHz)和MF频段(20kHz—3MHz)以16天为周期的昼侧和夜侧的平均功率谱密度空间分布图,得到了以下初步结果.LF频段:①昼侧,不同频率的谱在对应时段上形态相似度不高,主要呈现纬度分带特征.夜侧,不同频率的谱在对应时段上形态相似度较高,主要差异在于谱的幅度,同一频率不同时段的谱分带特征不明显;②昼侧谱的幅度值跨度要比夜侧的小很多,前者一般为1—1.5个数量级,而后者一般在2个以上,甚至达到4个数量级;③在汶川地震前后,平均功率谱密度在成都—兰州一线存在明显的变化.MF频段:①昼侧,不同频率对应时段的谱形态没有明显的相似性,同一频率不同时段的谱形态可能具有较好、弱或不具有相似性,具有明显、弱或不具纬度分带特征.夜侧,某些频段对应时段的谱形态具有明显的相似性,同一频率不同时段或者分时期的不同时段的谱形态具有较好的相似性,不具有明显的纬度分带特征,具有弱分区或者弱经度分带特征;②昼侧和夜侧的谱幅度变化都不大,基本都在0.5个数量级之内;③在汶川地震前后没有发现明显的平均功率谱密度变化.     

部分饱和条件下砂岩的速度频散实验室测量和Gassmann流体替换

在地震频带(2～2000hz)和超声频段(1MHz)测量了四块砂岩样品分别饱和水和饱和甘油条件下的弹性模量。我们观察到,不同水饱和度的高渗透率样品和不同甘油饱和度的低渗透率样品,低频(2-2000Hz)范围内的速度频散是非常很小。然而,在高渗透率样品的不同甘油饱和度条件下和低渗透率样品不同水饱和度条件下,相同的频率范围(2～2000Hz),速度频散却非常明显。观测表明,流体的流动性很大程度上控制着孔隙内流体的运动和孔隙之间的压力。高流动性使得孔隙之间或非均匀区间的孔隙压力容易达到平衡,导致岩石处于一个低频控制状态,而满足Gassmann方程条件。相反,即使在地震频率范围,低流动性也会产生孔隙之间的压力梯度,而引起频散。随着流动性的降低,速度频散曲线显示出了一个向低频区间系统性迁移的趋势。同时,我们针对这些具有纵波速度频散背景下的砂岩样品,探讨了Gassmann理论的应用。预测纵波速度的两个边界公式,分别是Gassmann-Wood和Gassmann-Hill理论。观察表明,波致流机制影响着纵波速度在Gassmann-Wood和Gassmann-Hill理论边界之间的转变。随着流动性的降低,低频(2～2000Hz)纵波速度从Gassmann-Wood理论边界向Gassmann-Hill理论边界移动。同时我们也研究了不同频率下的岩石-流体机制。     

一种新的实时电磁逆散射方法

为解决介质圆柱体逆散射问题,提出一种新的在线逆散射方法,通过支持向量机将逆散射问题转化成一个回归估计问题. 该方法可应用于各种逆散射方面, 尤其是目标的几何与电磁参数重构和埋地目标探测. 文中首次将支持向量机方法应用到该领域,设置多个散射场的观测点,通过提取散射场的不同信息作为样本信息训练支持向量机, 建立了介质圆柱体的逆散射模型, 利用该模型重构了介质圆柱体的电磁参数,同时探测了埋地位置. 数值结果显示了该方法的有效性和准确性,为目标的实时逆散射研究提供了一种有效方法.     

Radar wave scattering loss in a densely packed discrete random medium: Numerical modeling of a box-of-boulders experiment in the Mie regime

In rough geologic media such as alluvial gravels, glacial tills, talus or colluvium, the grain sizes may span the range of GPR in situ wavelengths. Here we experimentally and numerically modeled the scattering loss from both rough-surface and subsurface dielectric scatterers. The combination of the selected radar frequency and the dimension of the scatterers placed the scattering within the Mie regime. We compared the GPR signal amplitude and waveform reflected from the metal sheet on the bottom of a large box filled with boulders with the numerically computed response from a discrete random medium (DRM) model. The DRM consists of a collection of densely packed ellipsoids. The size and orientation of the ellipsoids are randomized; the size has a Gaussian distribution similar to the physical experiment. The dielectric permittivity of the ellipsoids is constant and their electric conductivity is negligible. The starting in situ dominant pulse wavelength at 900 MHz was about 17 cm, as was about the average rock dimension. Experimentally, the 900-MHz radar pulse underwent most dispersion within the first in situ wavelength of depth, and then, at 500–700 MHz dominant frequency, the pulses underwent a near inverse range dependency loss rate, as if the media were a pure dielectric. The numerical model agrees well with the experimental data. Both experimental and numerical results support a significant scattering loss in Mie regime. Besides the scattering attenuation loss, velocity dispersion has also been observed from both observation and simulation. However, the scattering attenuation and dispersion cannot be fit by the Kramers–Kronig relation that is commonly found in intrinsic attenuation and worth further theoretical investigations.     

Magnetotellurics and radio-wave interference sounding

The plane harmonic electromagnetic fields are considered in the theory of magnetotelluric methods in the range of frequencies from 0.0001 Hz to 20 kHz. These fields are natural by their origin and contain information on the depths from tens of meters up to 100 km and more. The magnetotelluric soundings, which use the fields of radio stations, expand the frequency band almost up to 1 MHz and make it possible to study the depths from the first few meters. The method of radio-wave interference sounding supplements geoelectric prospecting on plane waves into the range of even higher frequencies (up to 100 MHz). In this case, the conduction and displacement currents become comparable, which makes it possible to distinguish objects both by their electrical conductivity and by their dielectric permittivity. For the two-layered model of a medium, there exist simple kinematic methods of data interpretation of a radio-interferometry sounding. Within multilayer, and especially horizontally heterogeneous, media, methods for solving equations of electrodynamics and inverse problems of geophysics are required. In the present paper, the foundations of the theory of radio-interferometry sounding, the methodology, its role in geoelectric prospecting, and the opportunities for the solution of geological problems are discussed.     

Studies of the dielectric constant of Indian rocks and minerals and some other materials

The experimental arrangement for the measurement of the dielectric constant has been described in brief. The dielectric constants of numerous metamorphic, igneous and sedimentary rocks have been reported in the frequency range of 100 KHz and 20 MHz, whereas the dry samples have less dispersion in the dielectric constant, the wet samples, in turn, have greater dispersion. The role of water in increasing the values of the dielectric constant has been discussed. There is no direct correlation between the amount of water and the change of the dielectric constant. In general, basic rocks have higher values than the acidic rocks.     

复杂山区初至波层析反演静校正

提高静校正精度是取得复杂山区良好地震成像的一个重要条件.而建立在水平折射面假设基础之上折射波静校正方法,无论是假设前提还是实际应用效果,都不适应于地表剧烈起伏,速度纵、横向变化大的复杂区.为此本文提出使用初至波层析反演静校正方法,即利用地震记录中初至旅行时反演出表层速度模型,计算出炮点和检波点的静校正量.通过正演模拟数据和实际资料的验证,很好的解决了复杂地表引起的静校正问题.     

RESIDUAL STATICS ESTIMATION: SCALING TEMPERATURE SCHEDULES USING SIMULATED ANNEALING1

Linearized residual statics estimation will often fail when large static corrections are needed. Cycle skipping may easily occur and the consequence may be that the solution is trapped in a local maximum of the stack-power function. In order to find the global solution, Monte Carlo optimization in terms of simulated annealing has been applied in the stack-power maximization technique. However, a major problem when using simulated annealing is to determine a critical parameter known as the temperature. An efficient solution to this difficulty was provided by Nulton and Salamon (1988) and Andresen et al. (1988), who used statistical information about the problem, acquired during the optimization itself, to compute near optimal annealing schedules. Although theoretically solved, the problem of finding the Nulton–Salamon temperature schedule often referred to as the schedule at constant thermodynamic speed, may itself be computationally heavy. Many extra iterations are needed to establish the schedule. For an important geophysical inverse problem, the residual statics problem of reflection seismology, we suggest a strategy to avoid the many extra iterations. Based on an analysis of a few residual statics problems we compute approximations to Nulton–Salamon schedules for almost arbitrary residual statics problems. The performance of the approximated schedules is evaluated on synthetic and real data.     

Comparison of static-feedforward and dynamic-feedback neural networks for rainfall–runoff modeling

A systematic comparison of two basic types of neural network, static and dynamic, is presented in this study. Two back-propagation (BP) learning optimization algorithms, the standard BP and conjugate gradient (CG) method, are used for the static network, and the real-time recurrent learning (RTRL) algorithm is used for the dynamic-feedback network. Twenty-three storm-events, about 1632 rainfall and runoff data sets, of the Lan-Yang River in Taiwan are used to demonstrate the efficiency and practicability of the neural networks for one hour ahead streamflow forecasting. In a comparison of searching algorithms for a static network, the results show that the CG method is superior to the standard BP method in terms of the efficiency and effectiveness of the constructed network's performance. For a comparison of the static neural network using the CG algorithm with the dynamic neural network using RTRL, the results show that (1) the static-feedforward neural network could produce satisfactory results only when there is a sufficient and adequate training data set, (2) the dynamic neural network generally could produce better and more stable flow forecasting than the static network, and (3) the RTRL algorithm helps to continually update the dynamic network for learning—this feature is especially important for the extraordinary time-varying characteristics of rainfall–runoff processes.     

The radio frequency dielectric properties of the stratified UG1–UG2 geological unit in the Bushveld Complex

A new measurement technique enables the complex dielectric properties of the geological strata comprising the UG1–UG2 (Upper Group 1–Upper Group 2) unit of the Bushveld Complex in South Africa to be determined with unprecedented detail at radio frequencies (RF). Results of non-destructive laboratory measurements of representative diamond drill core samples from the UG1–UG2 unit are presented at 25 MHz. These data establish that the UG1 and UG2 chromitite layers are embedded in rock strata (norite, pyroxenite and anorthosite) which are translucent in the HF spectral band, whereas the chromitite layers themselves exhibit significant velocity contrast, making them good radar reflectors. The data presented here is useful for calibration of the radar system, and for predicting the range and resolution performance of borehole radars operating in both the hanging and footwalls of the economically important platiniferous UG2 reef.     

Application of the Brewster angle to quantify the dielectric properties of ground ice formations

Previous studies of ground ice using moveout type ground-penetrating radar (GPR) surveys indicate that the dielectric permittivity can constrain the type of ground ice present in the subsurface. Due to the high-loss nature of the active layer over permafrost targets, however, the signal strength of GPR signals is often insufficient to resolve the basal boundary required for determining the dielectric permittivity of an underlying unit. We apply a non-conventional antenna orientation and post-processing method to determine the dielectric permittivity of the unit underlying the lowest resolvable boundary. We conduct moveout surveys using a 450 MHz GPR with collinear parallel oriented antennas on two adjacent ground ice formations in the region of Thomas Lee Inlet, Devon Island, Nunavut. We exploit the Brewster angle to calculate the approximate dielectric permittivity of ground ice formations below the active layer. The results agree within 1 dielectric unit with on-ice permittivity measurements made during a complementary study of the site.