考虑应变率效应的广义Hoek-Brown动态强度准则

岩石强度特性具有明显的围压效应和应变率效应,研究复杂应力状态下动态强度准则对于岩石动力学分析至关重要。利用10~(-5)~10~(2.32) s~(-1)应变率范围内砂岩静动态间接拉伸和单、三轴压缩强度试验数据,进行了广义Hoek-Brown强度准则预测砂岩动态强度的适用性研究,分析了材料参数的应变率效应。结果表明,广义Hoek-Brown强度准则能够较好地描述同一应变率下较低拉应力区到较高压应力区砂岩强度规律,低应变率区单轴抗压强度c_s和参数a变化不大,高应变率区随应变率的增加非线性增大,而参数m几乎不受应变率影响。基于分析建立了单轴抗压强度c_s和参数a的应变率效应函数关系,提出了由低应变率到高应变率下的广义Hoek-Brown动态强度准则统一表达式,进一步探讨了岩石强度依赖应变率效应和围压效应的物理机制。     

裂隙水压力对岩体强度的影响

运用断裂力学理论定量地分析了裂隙长度、方向、间距对岩石强度的影响, 详细推导了含裂隙水压力岩体的初始开裂强度公式。 通过有关试验结果证实, 所建立的公式具有较高的可靠性, 可用于暴雨入渗边坡和实际工程岩体稳定性评价。     

岩石强度和应变速率对水平挤压变形影响的离散元模拟

离散元模拟是一种新的动力学模拟方法,它可以提供模型内部肉眼不能辨别的微小形变信息,生动的给出构造形变的几何特征与动力学过程,是我们深入了解地质构造形成演化历史、理解岩石变形机制、准确解译地震数据的良好方法.本文基于离散元理论构建模型,用C 和Java语言编写程序加以实现,模拟挤压条件下盐上褶皱和推覆带构造的形成、演化过程,通过四组对比实验的比较分析,详细研究了岩性强弱和推覆速度对盐相关挤压构造演化的控制作用.研究结果表明1)沿积压方向,断层的年龄由老到新,约靠近推覆前端的断层越新.在挤压形变过程中,一旦有新的主要断层形成,之前的老断层即停止活动;2)脆性地层发育较多的断层,主断层贯穿整个地层,韧性地层中断层数量较少,断层位移小,只切断部分地层;3)脆性地层形变过程中地层厚度基本不变,显示地层内部应变较小,韧性地层的厚度有明显变化,显示地层内部应变较强;4)在岩性相似的务件下,挤压速率幔的系统断层发育较多,并且形变传播较远.     

考虑塑性应变率梯度的单轴压缩岩样轴向响应

基于剪切应变率梯度格式,采用解析方式研究了岩石材料在单轴压缩条件下的应变软化的结构响应。根据非局部连续介质模型,提出了一维二阶剪切应变率梯度格式。非局部剪切应变率与局部剪切应变率及其二阶梯度有关。将经典塑性理论中的局部剪切应变率替换为非局部剪切应变率,可以直接得到局部剪切应变率的封闭解析解,而不必通过将局部剪切应变对时间求导获得。通过对局部剪切应变率积分,得到了沿剪切带方向的相对剪切速度。试件峰值强度后的端部速度由弹性及塑性两部分构成。前一部分由虎克定律描述;后一部分与相对剪切速度有关。对弹性及塑性两部分速度求和,得到了单轴压缩岩样剪切破坏问题轴向响应的解析式。研究表明：试样高度越大、内部长度越小、剪切软化模量越大及泊松比越小,则岩样的轴向响应倾向于脆性。根据岩样与矿柱的相似性,岩样响应倾向于脆性,意味着矿柱将失去稳定性,发生矿柱岩爆。目前的基于剪切应变率梯度格式的主要优点是简洁。     

岩石力学性质的应变率效应试验

以玄武岩为试样,开展了中低应变率下的岩石单轴抗压试验。本次研究分析应变率对岩石抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比等力学参数的影响,分别提出了岩石抗压强度、弹性模量、泊松比等参数与应变率之间的拟合关系式。以峰值应力对应的应变和峰值后的软化模量为脆性评价指标,分析加载应变率对岩石脆性的影响。研究表明:(1)岩石抗压强度、弹性模量均随应变率的增加而增加。(2)岩石泊松比随应变率增加而减小。(3)随着应变率增加大,峰值应力对应的应变增大,峰值后的应变软化程度减小,岩石脆性减弱。(4)应变率对岩石抗压强度影响较大,对弹性模量和泊松比的影响较小。(5)曲线拟合效果良好,提出的拟合关系式合理。     

岩石单轴抗拉强度的几何形状效应研究

提出了一种模拟岩石破坏过程的细胞自动机模型,以力、位移作为基本状态变量,基于基本的力学规律构造了细胞自动机模型的矢量局部更新规则,克服了以往规则确定随意性以及标量化的缺点。利用该模型模拟了岩石的单轴破坏过程,研究了非均质性对单轴直接拉伸破坏过程的影响,并研究了几何形状（长宽比）对单轴拉伸强度的影响,研究结果加深了对岩石单轴抗拉强度的了解,对试验有一定的指导作用,应进一步加强岩石的直接拉伸试验研究。     

Experimental investigation of the strain rate effect on crack initiation and crack damage thresholds of hard rock under quasi-static compression

Acta Geotechnica - The crack closure stress σcc, crack initiation stress σci and crack damage stress σcd are important mechanical parameters to describe the brittle failure mechanism...     

Strain rate effect on the compressive strength of frozen sand

Cylindrical specimens of fine Ottawa sand (A.S.T.M. designation C-109), compacted at the optimum moisture content and saturated before unidirectional freezing, have been tested in uniaxial compression at a cold room temperature of —5.5°C and strain rates between 10⁻⁷ and 10⁻² s⁻¹. The results agree with an extrapolation of data obtained by Sayles and Epanchin [1], but are much higher than those obtained by both Goughnour and Andersland [2] and Perkins and Ruedrich [3] at strain rates below 10⁻⁵ s⁻¹. There is evidence that this may be due to variation in total moisture (ice) content, the conditions under which the specimens were frozen (closed system or an open system) and to the end effects at the platen—specimen interface.     

岩石类材料的能量基率相关弹塑性损伤模型

岩石类材料的动态本构模型研究是岩石动力学理论研究的基础问题。相比于其他的非线性理论,损伤力学理论已证实可成功地模拟岩石类材料的应变软化和渐进破坏等特征,可用于解释其静、动态破坏机制。现有的通过理论推导得出的动态本构中大部分并未考虑损伤因素,而通过维象学试验方法建立起的动态本构则缺乏损伤力学理论基础。为此基于弹性余能等效原理和损伤力学的基本概念,并结合动态试验,推导建立了岩石类材料的率相关弹塑性损伤模型。并通过与文献中的试验资料对比,证明了模型的有效性,为岩石类材料组成的结构的动力响应研究奠定了基础。     

The effect of weathering on pore geometry and compressive strength of selected rock types from Turkey

Weathering processes cause important changes in rock porosity. Besides porosity, distribution of pore sizes is significant for the identification of changes due to rock weathering and its effects on fabric. The formation of secondary porosity in different types of rock taken from different parts of Turkey was examined and the results are presented in this paper. The aim of this study was to observe changes in porosity due to weathering. Effective porosity, mercury intrusion porosimetry, and optical and scanning electron microscopy were used to evaluate the changes in pore geometry of the rocks. Additionally, the dry density, water absorption and uniaxial compressive strength of the rocks at different weathering stages were determined. Analysis of experimental data showed that microstructure of the rocks in relation to weathering is the main feature, which controls their physical and mechanical properties. The study revealed that fabric characteristics, particularly the pore and fracture geometry are very important characteristics for assessment of the behaviour of weathered rock.     

Modelling size effect on rock aggregates strength using a DEM bonded-cell model

Empirical evidence has shown that particle breakage affects the mechanical behaviour of granular materials. The source of this mechanism takes place at the particle scale, and the main consequence on the macromechanical behaviour is increasing compressibility. Due to the inverse correlation between particle size and particle crushing strength, coarse rockfill materials are particularly vulnerable to mechanical degradation due to particle breakage. However, such coarse materials do not fit in standard laboratory devices, and the alternative of large sample testing is usually unavailable or too expensive. Alternatively, recent works have proposed multi-scale approaches using the discrete element method (DEM) to carry out numerical testing of coarse crushable materials, although few studies have focused on size effects. This article presents the application of a DEM bonded-cell model to study particle size-strength correlation on angular rock aggregates. Each particle is modelled by a cluster of perfectly rigid polyhedral cells with Mohr–Coulomb contact law. Constant cell density within particles implies that the presence of potential fragmentation planes increases with size. Therefore, particle strength decreases with size. A comprehensive sensitivity analysis was carried out through 1477 particle crushing simulations in a given particle size. Based on published experimental data on calcareous rock aggregates, part of the simulations were used for calibration, and 97 additional simulations of a coarser size fraction were performed for validation. The results show a good agreement with the empirical data in terms of size effect and data scatter through Weibull statistics.

     

考虑围压对岩石强度尺寸效应影响的统计模型

根据岩石材料内部所含缺陷分布具有随机性的特点,基于Weibull分布,采用Mohr-Coulomb准则来表示岩石细观单元的计算强度,建立了考虑围压影响的岩石强度尺寸效应统计模型。利用该模型探讨了均质度和围压对强度尺寸效应的影响,结果表明:不均匀性是强度离散性和存在尺寸效应的根本原因,材料越均匀,强度值的离散性越低,而尺寸效应也越不明显;围压会影响材料强度对试样尺寸变化的敏感性;围压越大,材料强度增大,与尺寸效应有关的材料强度所占比例减小,材料强度尺寸效应变得不明显。     

应变速率对含砾滑带土抗剪强度影响研究

在三轴实验中所得滑坡滑带土强度结果既受实验方法影响,也与不同的实验条件和应变速率密切相关。以某滑坡为例,结合室内试验,基于蒙特卡洛原理建立含砾滑带土数值试验模型,揭示不同应变速率下滑带土强度特性的响应规律,并建立反映不同应变速率下滑带土强度预测模型。结果表明,不同应变速率下抗剪强度值差异明显,呈现明显的分区性(相对高应变速率区和相对低应变速率区),各区中应变速率对抗剪强度值的影响不同。     

Effect of strain rate on strength properties of low-calcium fly-ash-based geopolymer mortar under dry condition

This paper presents the mechanical and elastic properties of inorganic polymer mortar under varying strain rates. The study includes a determination of the compressive strength, modulus of elasticity and Poisson’s ratio at 0.001, 0.005, 0.01 and 0.05 mm/s strain rate. A total of 21 cylindrical specimens having 100 mm length and 50 mm diameter were investigated, and all tests were carried out pursuant to the relevant Australian Standards. Although some variability between the mixes was observed, the results show that, in most cases, the engineering properties of geopolymer mortar compare favourably to those predicted by the relevant Australian Standards for concrete mixtures. It was found that the change in the strain rate causes different behaviour related to the percentage of the ultimate load. The ultimate strength, Young’s modulus and Poisson’s ratio of the geopolymer mortar depend on the strain rate. It was also found that as the strain rate increases, mechanical and elastic properties of geopolymer mortar substantially increase in logarithmic manner.     

基于灰色理论的脆性岩石抗压强度尺寸效应试验研究

采用相同直径不同高度的圆柱形白色大理岩及灰岩试样进行单轴压缩试验研究,验证了脆性岩石抗压强度在一定范围内随高径比的增大而减小的规律。依据岩石单轴压缩试验结果,基于灰色预测GM（1,1）模型建立了脆性岩石的单轴抗压强度与试件高径比之间的非线形关系式,该经验公式对脆性岩石具有统一的形式,同时通过式中参数a值反映了由于岩性、试验条件等不同而引起的强度差异。利用该关系式可以很方便地在相关岩土工程中为相似岩石估算其强度值提供参考、借鉴。     

Effects of size and strain rate on the mechanical behaviors of rock specimens under uniaxial compression

Size and strain rate are two key factors that dramatically influence the estimation of rock mechanical behaviors. To better understand the effects of size and strain rate on measured rocks, rock specimens with six different sizes were tested at six different strain rates under uniaxial compression using the MTS 815 Rock Mechanics Test System. Having determined that the size and strain rate significantly affect the peak strain, peak stress, elastic modulus, acoustic emission (AE), and failure pattern of the rock specimens, the relation was established between the strength and the size and strain rate of red sandstone. And the variation was revealed among the size and strain rate, the AE, and the failure pattern. It turned out that the peak stress was negatively correlated with the rock size and was positively correlated with the strain rate. When the length to diameter ratio (L/D) of the rock specimen was less than 2.0, the AE appeared mildly. The AE quantities gradually increased before the peak stress, and then sharply decreased after the peak stress. The failure pattern of the rock specimen was relatively complicated, with a fracture plane appearing along the axial direction. Conical failure type was also presented. When the L/D ratio of the specimen was greater than 2.0, the AE characteristics of red sandstone showed the radical model. There were relatively few AE rings before the peak stress. But the AE rings increased suddenly and dramatically during the peak stress. The rock specimens primarily failed with a single shear plane. Moreover, with an increase in the strain rate, the AE activities were enhanced and the AE quantities increased. When the strain rate of the rock specimen was less than 5.0?×?10^?4/s, the rock specimen failed with a shear or tensile-shear pattern. And when the strain rate was greater than 5.0?×?10^?4/s, the rock specimen tended to fail in a conical pattern.     

考虑围压影响的岩石峰后应变软化力学模型

试验表明,随着围压增加,岩石峰后残余强度和割线模量增加,如何模拟围压对岩石峰后应变软化力学行为的影响是岩石峰后力学行为研究的关键。利用Z. Fang[1]提出的峰后强度下降指数描述围压对岩石峰后残余强度和割线模量的影响,与摩尔-库仑模型结合,建立了考虑围压影响的岩石峰后应变软化力学模型。在FLAC环境下,利用Fish函数方法开发了相应的数值计算程序。数值算例研究了Tennessee大理岩在不同围压下的应变软化过程,模拟结果与试验数据基本一致,表明建立的模型合理,可以应用于岩石峰后软化过程的模拟。     

The effect of surface profile, rock strength and pretension load on bending behaviour of fully grouted bolts

Fully encapsulated rock bolting has, in recent years, become a universally accepted system of ground reinforcement in mining and tunnel construction. The application of bolting systems extends both to rebar as well as cable bolting. The effectiveness of the bolt application has been studied in shear, both by laboratory tests as well as by numerical modeling. A specially constructed double shearing apparatus (DSA) was used to examine the shearing behaviour of a bolt installed perpendicularly across two joints. The experimental study was complemented with three-dimensional numerical analysis. Parameters examined include, the effect of reinforced material on tension/compression zones along the sheared bolt, shear resistance, shear displacement and induced strains and stresses during bolt bending process. The study was undertaken at both free load and pretension conditions. The conclusions drawn from the study were the level of bolt resistance to shear was influenced by bolt profile configuration, the strength of the rock or medium influenced the level of load generated on the bolt and the increased bolt pretension contributed to increased shearing load of the bolted medium. The numerical simulation of the bolt/medium interaction and deformational behaviour were found to be in close agreement with the experimental test results.     

Triaxial strength of rock materials

SummaryTriaxial Strength of Rock Materials An attempt is made to define the nature and purposes of triaxial strength criteria, also to outline some factors to be considered in their selection and use.Seven alternative empirical strength criteria are compared on the basis of their simplicity and their fit to data for some fifteen hundred rock and concrete specimens. Two of these, one linear and one curved, are then compared in detail. Use of the curved rather than the linear criterion resulted in a significant reduction in strength prediction error.Methods of fitting the criteria to strength data are described. The parameters of the two criteria are then used to compare and classify rocks on the basis of their triaxial strength behaviour. Possible alternative formulations of the two criteria are considered in an appendix.

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ZusammenfassungDreiaxiale Festigkeit von Fels Es wird ein Versuch unternommen, Art und Zweck dreiaxialer Festigkeitskriterien zu bestimmen und einige derjenigen Faktoren zu ermitteln, die bei deren Auswahl und Anwendung von Bedeutung sind.Sieben verschiedene empirische Festigkeitskriterien werden nach ihrer Einfachheit und ihrer Übereinstimmung mit ungefähr 1500 Fels- und Betonproben verglichen. Zwei davon, eine linear und eine nicht linear, werden dann näher miteinander verglichen. Das nicht lineare Kriterium ergab, im Gegensatz zum linearen, eine bedeutende Verringerung des Fehlers in der Festigkeitsvorhersage.Methoden für die Anpassung der Kriterien an die Festigkeitsermittlungen werden beschrieben. Die Parameter der beiden Kriterien werden dann benützt, um Gesteine aufgrund ihres dreiaxialen Festigkeitverhaltens zu klassifizieren. Mögliche Alternativformulierungen der beiden Kriterien werden im Anhang behandelt.

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RésuméRésistance triaxiale de matériaux rocheux Une tentative est faite pour définir la nature et le but des critères de résistance triaxiale et aussi pour dégager les quelques facteurs devant être considérés pour leur choix et leur utilisation.Sept critères empiriques différents de résistance sont comparés sur le plan simplicité et concordance des mesures faites sur 1500 échantillons de roche et de béton. Deux de ces critéres, l'un linéaire, l'autre curviligne, sont ensuite comparés dans le detail. L'utilisation du critère curviligne plutôt que linéaire entraine une réduction notable de l'erreur dans la prédiction des résistances.Des méthodes d'ajustement des critères aux résistances mesurées sont décrites. Les paramètres des deux critères retenus sont ensuite utilisés pour comparer et classer les roches en fonction de leur comportement triaxial. En annexe, quelques autres possibilités de formulation des deux critères sont explicitées.

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With 7 Figures     

Visualizing the effect of excavation rate on rock deformation and fracturing of tunnels using a transparent soft rock surrogate

One of the most important problems during tunneling in soft rock is deformation and fracturing of the rock during tunneling. The problem was successfully explored by using a transparent rock surrogate to simulate the behavior of soft rock, which permitted visualizing conditions within the rock. Synthetic soft rock was made using consolidated fused quartz saturated with a blend of two mineral oils that have the same refractive index as the quartz. The tunnel was simulated using a smooth aluminum tube and two tunneling methods representing machining and blasting were considered. Two observation planes made of seeding particles were pre-placed within the model and used to track soil movements and crack propagation. Images of both planes were captured simultaneously using two orthogonal cameras. Rock deformations were concentrated in the vicinity of the tunnel face, and deformation rates behind the tunnel face were significantly greater than those ahead of the face. However, deformation rates and patterns varied considerably depending on the excavation method/rate. Fracturing mechanisms exhibited similar differences, for machining deformations occurred higher above the crown and propagated toward the tunnel face. Conversely for blasting deformations sprang from the crown upwards. These observations can assist with numerical simulations and in planning tunnel support systems.