南帕米尔北缘切实界别辉长岩LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年、地球化学特征及其地质意义

南帕米尔北缘切实界别地区广泛分布的基性岩体（岩脉）侵位于下二叠统中,LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb同位素定年获得其成岩年龄为269.5±1.3Ma,反映该地区存在中二叠世基性岩浆活动。岩体中SiO2含量为46.68%~49.20%,TiO2平均值为1.40%,（K2O+Na2O）在3.94%~5.83%之间,属于碱性系列;稀土元素配分模式呈LREE富集型,δEu值为0.92~1.31,无明显Eu异常;明显富集K、Rb、Sr、Ba等大离子亲石元素,相对亏损Nb、Ta、Ti、P等高场强元素及Th、U放射性生热元素,类似于板内玄武岩;微量元素构造环境判别图亦显示其形成于板内构造环境。与邻区二叠纪基性火山岩地球化学特征对比,结果表明,南帕米尔和南羌塘在二叠纪同处于板内伸展环境,而冈底斯带属于岛弧背景,这为帕米尔和青藏高原石炭纪—二叠纪构造单元的划分与对比提供了岩浆作用方面的依据。     

闽西晚中生代基性岩脉的地球化学研究

对闽西三个地区基性岩脉的地球化学研究发现,该区域的基性岩脉为亚碱性岩石系列,具有高 Al、低 Ti、Na2O > K2O的特征;相对富集大离子亲石元素,亏损高强场元素.半村辉绿岩脉和拔里角闪辉长岩脉以 Nb、Ta、Ti负异常为特征,林子坟辉长辉绿岩脉具有 Nb、Ta负异常和 Ti弱正异常.半村和拔里的岩脉稀土元素总量高,明显富集轻稀土元素,(La/Yb)N=6.8～8.4;林子坟的岩脉稀土元素总量相对较低,轻稀土元素弱富集,(La/Yb)N=2.0.结合基性岩脉的地球化学特征和区域构造演化分析,初步认为半村和拔里的基性岩脉来自与俯冲作用有关的富大离子亲石元素流体交代的富集地幔;林子坟基性岩脉是软流圈地幔部分熔融的产物,地壳混染作用是其相对富集大离子亲石元素的原因.结合玄武岩构造环境判别图解可知,半村和拔里岩脉具有的大陆边缘弧的特征并不指示基性岩脉形成的构造环境,而是说明其源区受到俯冲板片派生出来的流体交代作用.半村和拔里岩脉形成于大陆板内拉张带,林子坟岩脉形成于板内裂谷环境.与华南其他地区的基性岩脉对比表明,虽然晚中生代华南地区处于拉张的构造背景下,但是岩脉形成的构造环境与微量元素地球化学特征均有明显的差异,反映了各地区构造环境演变和地幔演化的复杂性.     

塔河地区海西晚期火山岩地球化学特征及地质意义

通过岩心观察,塔河地区海西晚期先后发育基性火山岩和中酸性火山岩两大类。两类火山岩具有不同地球化学组成:基性火山岩K2O+Na2O=3.49%~4.25%,K2O/Na2O=0.18~0.381,为钠质系列玄武岩,富集大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Th和高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti、Zr、P,δEu≈1,无明显亏损;中酸性火山岩表现为高场强元素Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti亏损,大离子亲石元素K、Rb、Ba、Th较为富集,稀土元素δEu=0.43~0.661,铕具明显负异常特征,K2O+Na2O=6.86%~8.82%,K2O/Na2O=1.25~1.591,为钾玄或高钾钙碱性系列英安岩。强不相容元素Th/Ta、Nb/U比值说明,玄武岩与英安岩成因没有明显亲缘性,玄武岩来源于地幔,英安岩来源于地壳。结合邻区火成岩对比分析,塔河地区发育的玄武岩、英安岩分别与塔中地区玄武岩和南天山分区花岗岩具有相同的地球化学特征,构造判别图解表明,玄武岩形成于板内主裂陷期,英安岩、花岗岩形成于板块边缘岛弧构造环境,作为特殊古构造位置,塔河地区先后发育的玄武岩、英安岩为板内主裂陷盆地边缘和弧火山边缘相互耦合的产物。     

冈底斯南部打加错地区鸭洼基性杂岩的年代学及地球化学特征

前人对西藏冈底斯构造带古生代地质构造属性认识仍然存在多种解释。本文报道了位于冈底斯南部打加错地区的鸭洼基性岩浆杂岩的锆石U-Pb定年和地球化学数据,以期对这一问题进行约束。鸭洼基性杂岩单斜辉石岩的加权平均年龄为263.5±4.0Ma(MSWD=0.34),2件辉长岩分别为262.7±2.3Ma(MSWD=2.8)和263.9±2.4Ma(MSWD=3.8),反映冈底斯带存在二叠纪深成岩浆活动。鸭洼基性杂岩体的两类岩石属于碱性岩系列,具有高的TiO2含量,区别于冈底斯二叠纪岛弧型火山岩类,类似于板内玄武岩;稀土配分型式呈∑LREE富集型,Eu﹡值为0.98～1.07;高场强元素丰度与板内玄武岩平均丰度相近,Zr/Nb比值、Hf/Th比值分别变化在3.07～4.94和1.25～1.98范围内,类似于板内玄武岩;微量元素原始地幔标准化的蜘网图和MORB标准化的蜘网图显示岩浆形成于板内构造环境,微量元素构造环境判别图解也支持这一结论。结合区域上石炭——二叠纪沉积特点、火山活动和变形变质作用,认为冈底斯南部二叠纪时期为被动陆缘环境,以北地区属于主动陆缘环境。     

龙首山芨岭地区基性岩脉地球化学特征及其地质意义

以甘肃省龙首山芨岭地区基性岩脉为研究对象,在研究基性岩脉地球化学特征基础上,探讨其岩浆源区特征及演化过程。该区基性岩脉SiO2为47.09%~51.13%;具有高Al（Al2O3为14.56%~15.97%）、富Na（Na2O为3.35%~3.69%）、低K（K2O为0.347%~1.23%）的特征。稀土总量较低（105.7×10-6~186.97×10-6）,稀土配分模式为右倾轻稀土富集型（（La/Yb）N=4.50~9.63）。富集元素Ba、U、Pb、P、Ti,亏损元素Rb、Th、K,属拉斑玄武岩系列。基性岩脉形成于板内拉张环境,经历了以橄榄石、单斜辉石、Ti-Fe氧化物为主的分离结晶作用;岩浆上升过程中基本未受到地壳物质的混染。其原岩岩浆是地幔岩部分熔融后,经地幔交代作用形成的熔体。基性岩脉岩浆产生于过渡型地幔源区,源区为尖晶石+石榴子石二辉橄榄岩地幔。     

云南保山二叠纪卧牛寺组玄武岩岩石地球化学特征及形成环境

通过对云南保山二叠纪卧牛寺玄武岩(P1w)的地球化学、岩相学及构造环境等的研究,利用电子探针、地球化学等方法进行了岩石样品检测,显示该套玄武岩w(SiO2)为46.14%~54.12%,w(MgO)为1.84%~7.69%,w(K2O+Na2O)为0.38%~9.75%,且w(Na2O)w(K2O),为钠质碱性玄武岩系列;轻稀土元素相对富集重稀土元素相对亏损,LREE/HREE=4.81~7.6,轻重稀土元素分异较为明显,Eu无明显异常(δEu=0.91~1.04),表明其岩浆在演化过程中斜长石分离结晶很弱,所有样品较强富集Pb,强烈亏损K、P、Ti、Rb和Sr,Ba元素丰度有明显波动。综合研究认为,该套玄武岩为富集地幔石榴石橄榄岩10%~30%部分熔融的产物,形成于大陆裂谷边缘拉张环境,岩浆源于富集地幔的部分熔融并沿断裂通道快速运移至地表迅速凝固的过程中,未经历明显分异或与其他物质的相互作用。     

东天山土屋铜矿闪长玢岩地球化学、U-Pb年代学及其地质意义

土屋斑岩铜矿位于大南湖晚古生代岛弧带中段,矿体主要赋存于闪长玢岩中。闪长玢岩为钠质亚碱性系列:w(SiO2)51.56%~56.98%;w(Al2O3)16.41%~19.17%;w(Na2O)2.6%~5.42%;w(K2O)0.582%~2.24%;全碱w(Na2O+K2O)3.182%~6.205%;w(K2O)/w(Na2O)为0.144~0.78。微量元素蛛网图右倾,大离子亲石元素富集,高场强元素相对亏损,Nb、Ta负异常明显。稀土总量较低,ΣREE为34.06×10-6~96.02×10-6,轻稀土富集,LREE/HREE为3.40~5.98,δEu为0.65~1.10,没有发生明显的斜长石结晶分异作用;δCe为0.90~0.99,表明氧化条件弱。根据闪长玢岩地球化学、U-Pb年代学及构造环境图解分析,显示闪长玢岩体形成于哈萨克斯坦-准噶尔板块活动陆缘。     

闽西南晚古生代以来伸展构造演化:中基性岩墙群的年代学、地球化学制约

为了深入探讨闽西南地区晚古生代以来的伸展构造演化特征,在岩石地球化学研究基础上,利用LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年方法对闽西南龙岩一带中基性岩墙群进行年龄测定。地球化学特征表明,该岩墙群属于钙碱性系列,主量元素以低Ti O2(0.99%~1.73%)、高Al2O3(13.80%~15.76%)、高K2O(0.59%~4.42%)、K2ONa2O为特征;富集轻稀土元素(LREE)及大离子亲石元素(LILE,如Rb,Ba,Th,K等),亏损高场强元素(HFSE,如Nb,Ta,Zr等)。锆石U-Pb测年结果表明,两期代表性岩墙分别形成于316 Ma和141 Ma,属于晚古生代中晚期和中生代晚期。本文运用构造环境判别方法,并结合沉积古地理特征,认为早期辉绿岩(316 Ma)可能形成于被动大陆边缘的板内拉张环境,晚期辉绿岩(141 Ma)可能形成于板块俯冲之后的火山弧-伸展的过渡环境。在以上研究基础上,讨论了闽西南地区晚古生代以来经历的构造演化阶段,即晚泥盆世-早三叠世伸展,中-晚三叠世印支运动挤压,早-中侏罗世古特提斯构造域向燕山期太平洋构造域转换,以及晚侏罗世末-早白垩世大规模伸展等主要阶段。     

琼西南三叠纪基性岩脉年代学、地球化学特征及其构造意义

琼西南东方中沙农场发育有基性岩脉,主要由斜长石、单斜辉石和少量角闪石组成。其LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学测试表明,该岩脉形成年龄为(242.2±2.6) Ma,和东部地区辉绿岩脉的形成年龄一致。该基性岩脉w（SiO₂）=52.39%~53.44%,w（K₂O+Na₂O）=5.02%~5.71%,具富钾(w（K₂O）=2.45%~3.29%)和高K2O/Na2O值 (0.91~1.63) 特征。该基性岩脉富集轻稀土元素和大离子亲石元素(LIL),轻微Eu负异常(δEu=0.76~0.84),Sr、P弱负异常,明显亏损高场强元素Nb、Ta、Ti。海南约240 Ma的基性岩脉可能来源于被流体交代的地幔源区,形成于华南-印支陆块碰撞后伸展构造环境。     

博格达造山带东段芨芨台子地区早二叠世双峰式火山岩地球化学特征及其地质意义

博格达造山带东段芨芨台子地区早二叠世玄武岩和中酸性火山岩在时空上构成双峰式火山岩组合,其岩石类型主要为亚碱性玄武岩和流纹岩,主体属钙碱性系列。玄武岩SiO2含量为47.70%~51.71%,TiO2含量(1.26%~1.52%)略高于N型大洋中脊玄武岩,高Al(Al2O3=14.06%~20.93%),富Na贫K(Na2O/K2O=2.34~28.36),低Mg(MgO=2.99%~8.62%,Mg#为27~52),表明其玄武岩浆发生过明显的橄榄石和辉石的分离结晶作用;玄武岩轻稀土元素略微富集,Eu异常不明显(δEu=0.85~1.02),相对富集Rb、Ba、P等大离子亲石元素,亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、Ti等不相容元素。火山岩地球化学特征表明,研究区玄武质岩浆来自于亏损岩石圈地幔的部分熔融,且受到一定程度的地壳物质混染,显示了板内玄武岩的地球化学特征形成于陆内伸展环境。流纹岩具有较高的SiO2(73.58%~75.45%)和全碱(Na2O+K2O=8.56%~8.79%)含量,以及较低的TiO2(0.12%~0.18%)、Al2O3(12.77%~13.24%)和MgO(平均为0.21%)含量;显示右倾负斜率稀土配分模式,Eu负异常明显(δEu为0.52~0.70),显著富集Rb、Ba、Th等大离子亲石元素,强烈亏损Nb、Ta、Sr、P、Ti等高场强元素,具有A型花岗岩的地球化学特征,为后碰撞伸展环境下底侵玄武岩浆结晶分异的产物。博格达造山带东部芨芨台子地区双峰式火山岩的地球化学特征表明,该套火山岩应形成于碰撞后伸展环境,同时获得流纹岩锆石U-Pb年龄为(294.2±1.3)Ma,表明该套火山岩形成于早二叠世早期。这一发现进一步证实了研究区在历经石炭纪汇聚碰撞事件后进入二叠纪后碰撞伸展的演化时期,为进一步理解博格达地区晚古生代构造格局及板块构造体制提供了重要的地质依据。     

东濮凹陷北部沙河街组三段中亚段沉积环境分析

东濮凹陷北部沙三中亚段广泛发育盐岩和烃源岩,这两个看似不能共存的物质却在这里互层共生。该时期研究区沉积特征为多盐韵律与多层烃源岩互层共生、连续沉积,单个盐韵律厚度从几米到十几米,烃源岩有机质丰度高、类型好。平面上,两者在湖盆沉积沉降中心共生;垂向上,高有机质丰度、好干酪根类型与高盐度地层具有较好的对应关系。因而成为恢复古气候和古环境的重要研究对象。通过岩石学、古生物学以及Sr/Ba、B/Ga、(V+Ni+Mn)、Fe/Mn、Sr/Cu、Mg/Ca、V/(V+Ni)、稀土元素含量和氯同位素等方法对凹陷北部沙三中亚段的沉积环境进行研究。结果表明,凹陷北部沙三中亚段为深水沉积的还原环境,古盐度较高,达到半咸水-咸水沉积;微量元素和孢粉化石特征表明研究区沙三中亚段为温暖潮湿的环境。     

The Importance of the Precipitation and the Susceptibility of the Slopes for the Triggering of Landslides Along the Roads

In order to characterise the influence of the heavyrains on the observed landslides during the 1996–1997hydrological cycle, rainfall records for the last 100years are analysed from 104 stations in easternAndalusia. Regarding the amounts of rain recordedbetween October 1996 and March 1997 in the 104stations studied, 31 presented new all-time records;15 presented values that were 80–100% of thepre-1995 record; 49 stations, 80–50%; and 9stations, < 50%. A map has been devised of thesusceptibility of the materials through which thesouth-eastern Andalusian road network crosses,together with an inventory of the damage caused byinstability phenomena on banks and cuttings of theroad network during the winter of 1996–1997. Therelationships between the rainfall during the studyperiod, the damage caused to the road network and thesusceptibility of the materials affected are analysed.The results indicate that there is a clearcorrespondence between the rainfall recorded and thesusceptibility of the materials with the inventorieddamage. It is concluded that the widespread seriousdamage caused in early 1997 to the roads andsurrounding areas in the Alpujarra region and thecoast of the Province of Granada was mainly caused bythe extraordinarily heavy rains. However, considerablyless damage was observed where the susceptibility ofthe terrain is low, thus highlighting the extremeusefulness of terrain-susceptibility maps for riskprevention and territorial planning.     

郯庐断裂南段研究进展与断裂性质讨论

据1：5万区域地质调查和专题研究资料,就郯庐断裂带是否南延与消失的原因,其与大别—苏鲁造山带交截形成的假位错效应,以及与中新生代沉积盆地形成演化的关系等作了新的阐述。在此基础上,讨论了郯庐断裂带是否为巨大的左行平移断层或转换断层。认为郯庐断裂带可能是在“古郯庐带”的基础上于早侏罗世重新活动、白垩纪强烈活动的地堑型枢纽断裂带。     

Unity of the national and the international in the socio-cultural development of the peoples of the USSR

International unity is becoming ever stronger in this country owing to an increasing similarity in the development of the cultural environment. This comprises the provision of all the country's republics with a sufficient number of schools, theatres, and other institutions and cultural information media in accordance with the needs of the population. An important part is played by the rise in ‘the general educational level, as well as the level of professional qualifications and skills. Among all the Soviet nations and nationalities, this rise being more rapid among formerly backward peoples. Prominent among the factors of internationalization is the progressive development of the nationalities’ cultural resources, while professional culture is being increasingly brought within the reach of the masses.The implementation of the nationalities policy promotes the all-round development of all Soviet nations and nationalities, their drawing together, the upsurge of the individual capabilities of every Soviet citizen.     

某高速公路下伏煤矿采空区稳定性分析

在论述某高速公路下伏砦脖煤矿采空区地质、采矿和工程地质特征的基础上, 进行了稳定性数值模拟分析, 定性与定量地分析与评价了该煤矿采空区的地表变形特征及稳定性。研究结果表明: 该煤矿采空区的变形尚未完成, 对拟建的高速公路将产生很大的危害, 必须采取相应的工程治理措施。     

塘口水电站坝基岩体透水性和渗漏问题分析

塘口水电站大坝基础座落在断层和裂隙较发育的龟裂纹灰岩上,岩体完整性差、透水性强,多年运行后,大坝灌浆廊道和排水廊道出现多处集中性漏水,为确保大坝安全和电站正常发电,根据渗漏性质和成因,采用对灌浆廊道补充帷幕灌浆,对排水廊道进行固结+帷幕+回填灌浆。通过灌浆处理后,效果良好,表明灌浆工程有效的将导致坝基渗漏的上下游的裂隙通道封闭,并顺利的经受了随后的汛期洪水考验,大坝安全得到保障。     

Report of the restudy of the defined global stratotype of the base of the Silurian System

The Global Stratotype Section and Point （GSSP） for the base of the Silurian System was defined in 1985. Since that time, a number of researchers have suggested that this section has serious deficiencies for use as a GSSP. As a result, in 2000, the Subcommission on Silurian Stratigraphy （SSS） proposed undertaking a formal restu@ of this GSSP, which was subsequently approved by the International Commission of Stratigraphy （ICS）. The result of this restudy was the formal proposal that the current GSSP, at 1.6 m above the base of the Birkhill Shale, at Dob＇s Linn, Scotland, should be maintained as the same locality and stratigraphic level, but the bios- tratigraphical definition of the boundary should be revised. The previously defined, basal Silurian grapto- lite zone, the Parakidograptus acuminatus Zone, should be subdivided into a lower Akidograptus ascensus Zone and a higher E acuminatus Zone. The base of the A. ascensus Zone, marked by the first appearance of A. ascensus, should be regarded as the biostratigraphic mark for the base of the Silurian. This proposal has now been formally approved by the SSS and ICS, and ratified by International Union of Geological Sciences. This is the first GSSP to undergo formal restudy and redefini- tion, and the proposal also included a recommended procedure for restudy of GSSPs.     

Calculation of the Inverse of the Covariance

In reservoir characterization, the covariance is often used to describe the spatial correlation and variation in rock properties or the uncertainty in rock properties. The inverse of the covariance, on the other hand, is seldom discussed in geostatistics. In this paper, I show that the inverse is required for simulation and estimation of Gaussian random fields, and that it can be identified with the differential operator in regularized inverse theory. Unfortunately, because the covariance matrix for parameters in reservoir models can be extremely large, calculation of the inverse can be a problem. In this paper, I discuss four methods of calculating the inverse of the covariance, two of which are analytical, and two of which are purely numerical. By taking advantage of the assumed stationarity of the covariance, none of the methods require inversion of the full covariance matrix.     

Deviation of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth

It is known from observations that the center of mass of the Moon does not coincide with the geometric center of its figure, and the line connecting these two centers is not aligned with the direction toward the center of the Earth, instead deviating toward the Southeast. This stationary deviation of the axis of the inertia ellipsoid of the Moon to the South of the direction toward the Earth is analyzed. A system of five linear differential equations describing the physical libration of the Moon in latitude is considered, and these equations are derived using a new vector method taking into account perturbations from the Earth and partly from the Sun. The characteristic equation of this system is obtained, and all five oscillation frequencies are found. Special attention is paid to the fifth (zero) frequency, for which the solution of the latitude libration equations are stationary and represents a previously unknown additional motion of the rotational axis of theMoon in a cone with a small opening angle. In contrast to the astronomical precession of the Earth, the rotation of the angular-velocity vector is in the positive direction (counter-clockwise), with the period T ₃ = 27.32 days. On this basis, this phenomenon has been named “quasi-precession.” This quasi-precession leads to a stationary inclination of the major axis of the inertia ellipsoid of theMoon to the South (for an observer on Earth), making it possible to explain one component of the observed deviation of the center of mass of the Moon from the direction toward the Earth. The opening angle of the quasiprecession cone is approximately 0.834″.     

Artemia in the Salt Lakes of Russia:the Productivity of Populations,the Reserves of the Cysts and the Fisheries

正Artemia cysts are an extremely important component of aquaculture diets.It is well established that the cultivation of fish and shellfish derive substantial health and growth advantages when Artemia are included in the diets of the