全球海底峡谷成因及演化研究

海底峡谷广泛发育于全球大陆边缘,在地形上表现为深切于大陆边缘的凹槽,是海陆边界处最为显著的地貌之一。海底峡谷是陆缘碎屑物质由陆至深海运移的重要通道,是研究区域源—汇体系、海平面升降、构造演化的重要场所,也是海底油气资源形成与储集的重要区域,是国内外在海洋领域研究的热点之一。针对海底峡谷的成因及演化过程,进行了系统性的研究与划分,首先介绍了国内外海底峡谷研究的关键成果,其次概述了两大世界典型峡谷区南海北部海底峡谷区和蒙特利海底峡谷区的区域构造及成因,最后依据海底峡谷形成演化的主控因素,将其成因分为3种类型：强侵蚀性、河流侵蚀型、构造作用及溯源侵蚀型。通过对峡谷成因演化的研究,有助于为海底峡谷的分类提供新的思路,为海底峡谷区域的资源勘探、古气候与构造演化模式方面提供新的突破点。     

亚洲大陆边缘海底峡谷的形态、分布及演化进程

基于SRTM15_Plus水深数据,利用地形表面流水分析与等高线几何分析相结合的方法对亚洲大陆边缘海底峡谷进行识别,分析峡谷的形态、分布及演化进程。共识别出海底峡谷531条,按照平面形态分为直线型、蛇曲型和树枝型三种,数量分别为239条、75条和217条。直线型峡谷主要分布在白令海盆地、千岛盆地、南海等海域;蛇曲型峡谷主要分布在孟加拉湾东部俯冲带海域;树枝型峡谷主要分布在日本海沟、伊豆小笠原海沟和南海海槽交界处,南海以及苏门答腊俯冲带海域。根据峡谷的形态与分布,结合研究区内构造背景,讨论了峡谷“直线型-蛇曲型”的形态演化进程,并依据树枝型峡谷主干谷的形态信息,推测存在“蛇曲型-树枝型”、“直线性-树枝型”的形态演化进程。     

构造活动对海底峡谷地貌形态的影响

海底峡谷是大陆边缘最重要的地貌形态之一,是沉积物和陆源有机质向深海搬运的主要通道,在深海重力流沉积、全球碳循环、生物多样性、油气-水合物资源勘探及海底工程设施安全运营等方面的研究中具有重要意义。大量研究发现,海底峡谷常发育于构造活动较强烈的地区,其形成和演化与构造变形之间存在密切的关联。在文献调研基础上,着重就构造活动对海底峡谷地貌的控制作用进行综述。总结了5种与构造变形有关的海底峡谷平面分布端元模式,分别为限制型、转向型、偏转型、阻挡型及横向切穿型海底峡谷。分析了局部坡度变化对峡谷内部地貌特征的影响：构造变形引起的局部地形坡度增大会导致海底峡谷内部侵蚀作用的加剧与裂点的形成;局部地形坡度减小容易引起天然堤和决口扇的形成;坡度的变化还会引起峡谷弯曲度的动态响应。     

南海西沙海域永乐海底峡谷形成演化过程分析

远海孤立碳酸盐台地周缘发育了碳酸盐岩峡谷,对其开展研究有助于深刻理解碳酸盐碎屑沉积物的“源-汇”体系及深水油气成藏等方面。文章利用多波束测深、高分辨率二维多道地震等数据,精细刻画南海西沙海域永乐海底峡谷的地貌形态及内部充填特征,揭示该峡谷沉积演化过程,分析峡谷成因控制因素及稳定性。永乐海底峡谷形成演化可分为萌芽、汇聚和拓展3个阶段,随着演化过程的发展,峡谷规模及对沉积物输运作用增加。永乐海底峡谷形成及演化主要受古地貌隆起形成的负地形和沉积物重力流侵蚀作用影响。峡谷在第四纪以后仍有较明显的活动迹象。分析显示永乐海底峡谷是西北次海盆的重要物质输送通道,其沉积演化过程及稳定性对研究碳酸盐台地沉积物输运等深水沉积过程及岛礁工程建设具有一定参考意义。     

澳大利亚西北陆架三叠纪三角洲时空演化与物源体系

澳大利亚西北陆架盆地是一个长期继承性发育的叠合盆地,三叠纪时期处于稳定克拉通大陆边缘拗陷阶段,沉积区基底构造稳定,坡度平缓,发育大型的浅水三角洲。利用钻井、地震以及古生物资料,明确了当时的古地理、古气候与沉积特征:平面上具有三角洲平原分布广、三角洲前缘欠发育、无前积现象等特征;纵向上具有相漂移、地层厚度大、三角洲平原薄煤层普遍发育等特点;沉积作用以单向水流作用为主,正旋回的分支流水道砂体广泛发育;三角洲砂岩分布广,成分成熟较高,但分选磨圆差-中等,互层泥岩中陆源碎屑有机组分丰富,体现了浅水、快速堆积、远距离搬运的特点。平面上西北陆架North Carnarvon以及Browse主力三角洲砂体位于中晚三叠世卡尼期-诺瑞期;而Bonaparte盆地主力砂体位于中三叠世拉丁期-卡尼期。晚三叠世澳大利亚西北陆架北部普遍发生抬升,导致Browse盆地与Bonaparte盆地三叠系发育不全,三角洲规模较小;而西北陆架西南部North Carnarvon盆地地层发育齐全,厚度大,且发育大型三角洲。Pilbara地块、Yilgarn地块以及Kimberley地块为源区三大古陆,其中Pilbara地块与Yilgarn地块大多出露太古代花岗岩类,Kimberley地块以元古代变质结晶岩和沉积岩为主,为盆地提供了充足的碎屑沉积物。利用岩矿资料、磷灰石裂变径迹等资料探讨了大型三角洲的碎屑物来源:North Carnarvon盆地物源主要来自于Pilbara以及Yilgarn地块,Browse以及Bonaparte盆地物源主要来自于Kimberley地块。研究成果表明,在三叠纪全球温室气候背景条件下,特提斯南缘具有发育大型三角洲的特殊古地理背景;大型三角洲发育的地质条件除充足的降雨与丰富的物源供给外,还必须具有稳定持续沉降的构造背景。     

珠江口盆地白云凹陷海底峡谷沉积模式

利用高分辨率三维地震资料,在珠江口白云凹陷三维工区中发现形态以及发育特征相似的7个海底峡谷。通过对其现今地貌特征研究,将其分为上、中、下段。综合地震反射振幅、连续性及外部结构形态等信息,识别出了峡谷侵蚀基底、谷底沉积、谷壁滑塌等峡谷地震相单元。结合峡谷不同位置处的各类地震相的发育情况,可知峡谷的这3个地貌单元具有不同的沉积特点,分别为上部侵蚀下切段、中部侵蚀—沉积段以及下部沉积充填段。最终提出了白云凹陷海底峡谷的沉积模式。     

现代黄河水下三角洲的地貌特征及演化

本文主要根据黄河水利委员会多年固定断面的测量资料和海洋地质研究所1988年两个航次调查结果,结合黄河水沙资料的分析,对水下三角洲的地貌特征、地貌演化及形成机制进行了论述,尤其对三角洲前缘的地貌演化趋势进行了较详细地阐述。     

南海东北部峡谷体系的地貌特征与发育控制因素

海底峡谷在全球陆缘广泛分布,是浅海沉积物向深海运移的主要通道,对于理解深海浊流触发机制、深海沉积物的搬运模式、深海扇的发育历史和深海油气资源勘探等均具有重要意义。本文基于高分辨率高精度的多波束测深数据,首次对南海东北部海底峡谷体系进行了研究,精细刻画了高屏海底峡谷、澎湖海底峡谷、台湾浅滩南海底峡谷和东沙海底峡谷等4条大型海底峡谷的地貌特征并分析其发育控制因素。海底坡度、构造运动、海山与海丘是影响南海东北部峡谷群走向与特征的重要因素,其中,海底坡度对于峡谷上游多分支与“V”字特征有显著的控制作用;构造运动是控制高屏海底峡谷走向的因素,澎湖海底峡谷的走向则与菲律宾海板块与欧亚板块碰撞有关,东沙海底峡谷的走向则与东沙运动相关,台湾浅滩南海底峡谷上段受NW向断裂构造的控制;海山的阻挡作用造成峡谷局部走向和特征改变。海底峡谷群输送大量陆源沉积物到深海盆并形成大面积的沉积物波,海山和沉积物波的发育导致东沙海底峡谷下段“回春”和转向。     

Storm-generated current in La Jolla Submarine Canyon,California

Current meters were operating in La Jolla Submarine Canyon at 200 m depth during a period of high seas and onshore winds up to 62 km/h (34 knots). The meters were subsequently extracted from a kelp tangle by use of a deep-diving vehicle 0.5 km downcanyon from their emplacement position. The records show a downcanyon speed up to 50 cm/sec, considerably higher than any of our numerous earlier measurements. This was followed by an abrupt termination of data, evidently due to being engulfed in seaward-moving kelp masses. The record may provide evidence of the initial stages of a turbidity current. The conditions for such a current were provided by the piling up of water at the canyon head by the unusually strong onshore wind.     

海底峡谷的分类与识别研究进展

为更好地研究海底峡谷的形成、演化并充分开发利用海底峡谷,通过对国内外海底峡谷分类与识别有关研究成果的总结和归纳,综合考虑海底峡谷的多项因素,建立了一套新的分类体系,同时对海底峡谷的识别方法进行了概述分析。新建立的分类体系能够更好地满足海底峡谷的分类要求,海底峡谷识别方法优缺点的总结可为大规模海底峡谷识别提供支持。对海底峡谷分类与识别的研究综述将会为以后的研究以及相关海洋产业的发展提供支撑和帮助。     

Distribution,composition and transport of suspended sediment in Redondo Submarine Canyon and vicinity (California)

Redondo Canyon, in the southern half of Santa Monica Bay, is an active submarine canyon through which sands and silts are transported by periodic submarine slides and turbid flows.     

基于水文分析法的海底峡谷特征要素自动提取方法研究及应用

海底峡谷是陆源沉积物向深海运移的主要通道,也是陆架/陆坡区重要的地貌单元。随着多波束测深技术的发展,如何快速而准确地从海量数据中识别并提取海底峡谷的特征要素,是一个亟待解决的重要热点问题。文中根据海底峡谷谷底下切、谷壁高而陡等地形特征,基于水文分析法和坡度分析等原理,通过ArcGIS中的数据建模工具建立了一种从数字高程模型(DEM)数据快速识别和提取海底峡谷特征要素的方法。以南海北部陆坡神狐峡谷区为例进行算例分析,结果表明,该方法在快速了解海底峡谷的发育位置和特征要素等方面是可行的,并可以获得峡谷头尾部水深、轴线长度、峡谷范围等特征信息。为获得该方法适用于研究区的最优参数组,文中讨论分析了峡谷形态、重分类阈值及数据分辨率等影响峡谷识别的因素。结果分析表明,峡谷形态会在一定程度上影响识别结果的准确性,但不影响对峡谷的总体了解;零值汇流累积量重分类阈值和DEM数据的空间分辨率是影响峡谷识别结果准确度的两个重要因素,在神狐峡谷群区,空间分辨率200 m且重分类阈值0.4时,海底峡谷识别和特征要素提取效果最佳。     

Submarine canyon development in the Izu-Bonin forearc: A SeaMARC II and seismic survey of Aoga Shima Canyon

SeaMARC II sidescan (imagery and bathymetry) and seismic data reveal the morphology, sedimentary processes, and structural controls on submarine canyon development in the central Izu-Bonin forearc, south of Japan. Canyons extend up to 150 km across the forearc from the trench-slope break to the active volcanic arc. The canyons are most deeply incised (1200–1700 m) into the gentle gradients (1–2°) upslope on the outer arc high (OAH) and lose bathymetric expression on the steep (6–18°) inner trench-slope. The drainage patterns indicate that canyons are formed by both headward erosion and downcutting. Headward erosion proceeds on two scales. Initially, pervasive small-scale mass wasting creates curvilinear channels and pinnate drainage patterns. Large-scale slumping, evidenced by abundant crescent-shaped scarps along the walls and tributaries of Aoga Shima Canyon, occurs only after a channel is present, and provides a mechanism for canyon branching. The largest slump has removed >16 km³ of sediment from an 85 km² area of seafloor bounded by scarps more than 200 m high and may be in the initial stages of forming a new canyon branch. The northern branch of Aoga Shima Canyon has eroded upslope to the flanks of the arc volcanoes allowing direct tapping of this volcaniclastic sediment source. Headward erosion of the southern branch is not as advanced but the canyon may capture sediments supplied by unconfined (non-channelized) mass flows.Oligocene forearc sedimentary processes were dominated by unconfined mass flows that created sub-parallel and continuous sedimentary sequences. Pervasive channel cut-and-fill is limited to the Neogene forearc sedimentary sequences which are characterized by migrating and unconformable seismic sequences. Extensive canyon formation permitting sediment bypassing of the forearc by canyon-confined mass flows began in the early Miocene after the basin was filled to the spill points of the OAH. Structural lows in the OAH determined the initial locus of canyon formation, and outcropping basement rocks have prevented canyon incision on the lower slope. A major jog in the canyon axis, linear tributaries, and a prominent sidescan lineament all trend NW-NNW, reflecting OAH basement influence on canyon morphology. This erosional fabric may reflect joint/fracture patterns in the sedimentary strata that follow the basement trends. Once the canyons have eroded down to more erosion-resistant levels, channel downcutting slows relative to lateral erosion of the canyon walls. This accounts for the change from a narrow canyon axis in the thickly sedimented forearc basin to a wider, more rugged canyon morphology near the OAH. About 9500 km³ of sediment has been eroded from the central, 200 km long, segment of the Izu-Bonin forearc by the formation of Aoga Shima, Myojin Sho and Sumisu Jima canyons. The volume of sediment presently residing in the adjacent trench, accretionary wedge, and lower slope terrace basin accounts for <25% of that eroded from the canyons alone. This implies that a large volume (>3500 km³ per 100 km of trench, ignoring sediments input via forearc bypassing) has been subducted beneath the toe of the trench slope and the small accretionary prism. Unless this sediment has been underplated beneath the forearc, it has recycled arc material into the mantle, possibly influencing the composition of arc volcanism.     

Laboratory Observations on Internal Solitary Wave Evolution over A Submarine Ridge

Laboratory experiments were conducted in a wave flume on internal solitary wave （ISW） of depression and elevation types propagating over a submarine ridge in semicircular/triangular shape. Tests were arranged in series for combinations of submarine ridges of different heights and ISW of different amplitudes. The resuhant wave motions were found differing from thee of surface gravity waves. In deeper water, where an ISW of depression-type prevailed, the process of wave breaking displayed downward motion with continuous eddy on the front face of the ridge followed by upward motion towards the apex of the obstacle. Experimental results also suggested that blockage parameter ξ could be applied to classify various degrees of ISW-ridge interaction, i.e., ξ 〈 0.5 for weak interaction, 0.5 〈 ξ 〈 0.7 for moderate interaction, and 0.7 〈 ξ for wave breaking.     

The Central Submarine Canyon in the Qiongdongnan Basin, northwestern South China Sea: Architecture, sequence stratigraphy, and depositional processes

Submarine canyons have been the subject of intense studies in recent years because of their close link to deepwater systems. The Central Canyon is a large unusual submarine canyon in the northwestern margin of the South China Sea, has a total length of about 425 km and is oriented sub-parallel to the continental slope. Using integrated 2D/3D seismic, well log, core, and biostratigraphy data, the current study documents the stratigraphic framework, internal architecture, depositional processes, and controlling factors of the segment of the Central Canyon located in the Qiongdongnan Basin.The integrated analysis shows that the canyon fill consists of four 3^rd-order sequences, SQ4, SQ3, SQ2, and SQ1. Each of them is bounded by regionally important erosional surfaces (3^rd-order sequence boundaries). Within each 3^rd-order sequence there is maximum regressive surface separating a regressive systems tract in the lower part and a transgressive systems tract in the upper part. Nine facies are identified and are further grouped into five depositional units, DU1 through DU5.The canyon evolved through four cut-and-fill stages, with a change from predominantly axial cut-and-fill to primarily side cut-and-fill. Axial cut-and-fill dominated during the first stage, and the slope-subparallel paleo Xisha Trough was intensely eroded by large-scale axial gravity flows. During the second cut-and-fill stage, the Central Canyon experienced both axial and side cut-and-fill. The third stage was dominated by side cut-and-fill. The canyon was eroded and fed by slope channels that transported sandy sediments from the shelf to the north during regression, and was covered by side-derived muddy MTCs during transgression. The last stage was also dominated by side cut-and-fill. The canyon, however, was filled predominantly by side-derived muddy MTCs.Evolution and depositional processes in the Central Canyon were likely controlled by slope-subparallel negative-relief induced by paleo-seafloor morphology, structural inversion of the Red River Fault and the slope-subparallel basement faults. Additionally, Coriolis force, sea-level fluctuations, high sedimentation rate, and rapid progradation of the slope also controlled and influenced the depositional processes, and internal architectures of the canyon.     

Profile Evolution and Energy Dissipation for Internal Soliton Transmitting over Different Submarine Ridges

1 .IntroductionWhile surface solitary waves arefoundin many physical phenomena (Chouand Shih,1996 ;Chouand Quyang,1999 ;Chouet al .,2003 ; Chenet al .,2004 ; Wang,2004 ;Tsenget al .,2005) ,internal solitary waves (ISWs) have been observed since the beginning of the 20th century.In fact ,some internal waves have alarge enoughamplitudeto cause consequence onthe surface .Hence obser-vation of the oceansurface may helpto detect the activities of internal waves . We require observationsthrough…