太平洋潮波特征比较

本文对TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料直接分析得到4个主要分潮(M2、K1、S2和O1)的调和常数,将其与全球大洋潮波模式TPXO6.2的模拟结果以及太平洋中48个验潮站观测资料的分析结果进行了系统比较,得出高度计资料直接分析结果与潮波模式模拟结果总体比较一致.模拟出的无潮点的位置和高度计资料直接分析结果有差异,且K1和O1分潮差异较大.与站点结果比较表明TPXO6.2模式模拟结果与验潮站观测结果的振幅绝对偏差小于2cm的站点的百分比达到85%,迟角绝对偏差小于40°的站点的百分比达到70%以上,比高度计资料直接分析结果精确;矢量均方根误差比较表明,太平洋中部结果比整个太平洋结果准确,太平洋矢量均方根误差的值和其他研究者、其他模式的结果近似.     

世界大洋冬夏季温度跃层特征

选用最新制作的世界大洋数据集（WOD98）调查资料，进行了数据质量控制、单站跃层程序判断及人工研判、跃层类型归类分析、跃层方区统计，编绘了世界大洋季节跃层大面分布图，大尺度地反映了大洋水体中浅水跃层和深水跃层的分布规律、跃层特征值的变化规律及温度垂直变化的结构特性。     

热带大西洋表层环流及其月变化特征的分析

应用1993年4月至2001年3月的TOPEX/Poseidon卫星高度计遥感资料,分析了8 a平均热带大西洋(15°S～25°N,5°～50°W)表层环流结构的月变化特征.研究结果表明:热带大西洋表层环流中高纬度海区流速较小,赤道附近流速较大,表层环流系统大部分流系月变化不明显,部分流系月际波动较显著.具体来说,西南向的北赤道流下半年的纬向流速分量比上半年大.非洲沿岸流在5～11月流向为东北向,在其他月份主要为东南向.北赤道逆流可以分成两部分:25°W以东海区,北赤道逆流常年流向向东,到9月份前后流速达到最大值(约0.25 cm/s);25°W以西海区,7月至翌年1月流向向东,2～6月北赤道逆流减小,并有西向流产生.2°S～2°N,15°W以东海区的南赤道流在1～3月、9～10月流向向东,其他月份流向向西.南赤道流可认为是由南、北两支西向的海流构成,这两支海流的流轴分别位于6°S和1°N,在6～7月北支流速达到最大值0.6 m/s.南美洲纳塔耳东部西北向的北巴西海流流速月际变化不大,在5～6月份流速达到最大值0.3～0.4 m/s.相应的卫星风场遥感资料的分析表明热带大西洋表层环流结构的月变化特征与风场的分布及变化有较好的对应关系.用World Ocean Atlas 2001的月平均温盐数据反演出来的表层地转流场以及卫星跟踪ARGOS漂流浮标观测进行的对比验证表明,上述遥感分析的地转流场结果与水文数据以及海上观测结果一致.     

利用TOPEX/Poseidon卫星高度计资料提取黄海、东海潮汐信息的研究

为了更好地利用卫星测高数据分析黄海和东海的潮汐特性 ,对 1 993— 1 999年期间的TOPEX/Poseidon测高数据进行了质量控制和共线平差处理。在此基础上 ,在黄海、东海选取了 1 738个测高点 ,用最小二乘拟合法计算出 1 2个分潮的调和常数。计算得出的M2 和m1分潮的调和常数 ,在交叉点评估的内符精度振幅分别为 2 4cm和 0 8cm ,迟角分别为 2 3°和2 5°。测高点与附近验潮站的这两个分潮结果相比 ,振幅的均方根误差小于 4cm ,而迟角相差较大。这可能与验潮站的地理环境因素有关。用卫星测高数据算得的调和常数绘制的主要分潮特性图与现有常规观测得到的相应图进行了比较 ,在外海深水区两者符合较好 ;近岸由于卫星测高误差较大 ,所以两者符合差。     

大洋细结构混合参数化方法在世界大洋环流模式中的应用

在大洋环流模式中,铅直混合的参数化方法起着关键性的作用。将大洋细结构混合参数化方法首次应用于世界大洋环流模式中。使用中科院大气所(LASG)发展的20层世界大洋环流模式(OGCM)ML20,月平均风场作为强迫场,利用ML20模式在稳定初始状态下运行300a后的计算结果作为本实验进行数值模拟的初始场。该参数化方法对世界大洋环流模式的影响主要表现为：永久性温度跃层的厚度明显变薄;对深层水和底层水的模拟有改进;对南极中层水的模拟比较成功;但是对赤道海区的模拟结果欠佳。     

基于Argo资料的世界大洋温度跃层的分布特征

基于2002年至2007年Argo浮标温度剖面资料,计算温度跃层特征参数,判定跃层的类型。在此基础之上,绘制了世界大洋四季温度跃层特征分布图。分析结果初步揭示了世界大洋温度跃层深度和强度的分布规律及其冬、夏两季的变化规律。     

世界大洋海山的特征和分布规律

在最近 1 0年 ,由于地球动力学和大地构造学的快速发展及海底矿产资源的诱人前景 ,人们对海底山脉的兴趣剧增。根据卫星测高技术资料解释 ,世界大洋底海山遍布。从卫星测量、水深测量与航海图件等推测 ,在世界大洋岩石圈上 ,高度超过 1km的海山数目很可能多达1 5～ 2 0万座。大洋底杂乱分散的海山证实了板内火山运动过程中的非线性动力学因素的作用。但是 ,对已知高度超过 1km的海山地貌特征的统计分析和 3大洋区海山展布特征的研究 ,有可能确定海山高度分布及空间位置分布同其岩石圈时代间的某种关系。本文对太平洋、大西洋和印度洋内所…     

基于11年高度计数据的中国海海平面变化初步研究

利用1992年10月~2004年1月共11 a的TOPEX/Poseidon(T/P)和Jason-1高度计数据,对中国海海平面的时空变化变化做了初步分析,并且对11 a间海平面的上升速率进行了分析。研究发现中国海海平面11 a间的一些基本的变化特征:(1)11 a间中国海海平面变化被两次厄尔尼诺-拉尼娜现象分成了5个阶段;(2)中国海海平面变化以1 a周期为主,其中黄海和东海变化较为相似,以1 a周期信号为主,而渤海则还有2个月的周期信号,南海还有0.5 a信号;(3)11 a间,渤海海平面变化振幅最大,黄海和东海次之,南海变化最小,南海海平面变化受厄尔尼诺-拉尼娜事件影响程度最大,黄海和东海次之,渤海最小;(4)中国海海平面的上升速率为0.593 cm/a,渤海、黄海、东海、南海的上升速率依次为0.365,0.517,0.683,0.611 cm/a。分析结果为中国海海平面的变化规律、厄尔尼诺现象对中国海海平面变化的影响以及对未来海平面上升趋势的预测提供了有力的依据。     

黄海、渤海TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料潮汐伴随同化

首先将大约10a的TOPEX/Poseidon(T/P)高度计资料沿星下轨迹点做潮汐调和分析,提取得到各分潮的调和常数,利用伴随同化方法,同化到二维非线性潮汐数值模式中,模拟了黄海、渤海区域M₂,S₂,O₁,K₁等4个潮汐分潮,并根据计算结果给出了各分潮的同潮图.将计算值与观测值的进行偏差统计,结果表明计算值与验潮站资料符合良好.研究过程中做了两类试验:一类试验是针对不同的参数进行优化,一类试验是针对不同的资料进行同化.第一类试验表明:将开边界条件和底摩擦系数同时作为模型优化的控制参数,其结果明显优于单独优化开边界条件;第二类试验表明:同时同化高度计资料与验潮站资料,比单独同化其中任一种资料,对模式计算结果都有较好的改进.研究结果表明,采用伴随同化方法,利用T/P高度计资料和验潮站资料作为同化数据能有效改进模拟结果,用来反演黄海、渤海的潮波系统是可行的.     

Ocean tides around New Zealand

The distribution of amplitude and phase for eight ocean tidal constituents (M₂, S₂, N₂, K₂, K₁, O₁, P₁, Q₁) is presented as tidal maps for the New Zealand area. The distribution was calculated using a barotropic tidal model driven by TOPEX/ Poseidon data on the outer ocean boundaries. The maps exhibit the known features of the tides in this area such as a complete rotation of the semi‐diurnal tides around New Zealand and the reduced spring‐neap variations on the east coast. They also point out several new features for which there are few or no observations, such as diurnal trapped waves and shelf waves. A comparison of the model results with observations shows that sea level errors are within 0.1 m in amplitude and 10° in phase for the largest constituents at all locations, including sites where the data are of low quality and where the geometry is not adequately resolved. For locations where the geometry is adequately represented and the observations are of high quality, sea level errors are within 0.02 m in amplitude and 7° in phase. These results represent the most accurate and highest resolution calculations of tides and currents yet attained for this area.     

Determination of Ocean Wave Period from Altimeter Data Using Wave-Age Concept

This study makes use of the concept of wave age in estimating ocean wave period from space borne altimeter measurements of backscattering coefficient and significant wave height. Introduction of wave age allowed better accounting of the difference between swells and wind waves. Using two years (1998 and 1999) data of TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter and ocean data buoy observations in the Indian Ocean, coefficients were generated for wave period, which were subsequently tested against data for the years 2000 and 2001. The results showed the wave period accuracy to be of the order of 0.6 sec (against 1.3 sec obtained with the semiempirical approach, reported earlier).     

利用TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料提取的太平洋M2内潮能通量分布

基于内波动力学方程,提出利用TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料提取内潮的方法.利用该方法,结合1992年10月到2002年6月共10a的TOPEX/Poseidon高度计资料和Levitus(1998)资料,给出了整个太平洋M₂内潮能通量的分布,并与观测资料进行比测,两者符合较好.同时也发现沿整个太平洋边界M₂内潮能通量向大洋内部输入的总功率为58.4GW,其中北太平洋对此贡献为30.2GW,南太平洋为28.2GW,可见南、北太平洋的贡献是基本相等的.东太平洋的总量为17.8GW,而西太平洋为40.6GW,两者差异较大(以160°W作为东、西太平洋分界线).     

Determination of Ocean Wave Period from Altimeter Data Using Wave-Age Concept

This study makes use of the concept of wave age in estimating ocean wave period from space borne altimeter measurements of backscattering coefficient and significant wave height. Introduction of wave age allowed better accounting of the difference between swells and wind waves. Using two years (1998 and 1999) data of TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter and ocean data buoy observations in the Indian Ocean, coefficients were generated for wave period, which were subsequently tested against data for the years 2000 and 2001. The results showed the wave period accuracy to be of the order of 0.6 sec (against 1.3 sec obtained with the semiempirical approach, reported earlier).     

Simulation of barotropic and baroclinic tides in the South China Sea

The four leading tidal constituents M2, S2, K1 and O1 in the South China Sea are simulated by using POM. The model is forced with tide-generating potential and four leading tidal constituents at the open boundary. In order to simulate more exactly, TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data are assimilated into the model and the open boundary is optimized. The computed co-tidal charts for M2 and K1 constituents are generally consistent with previous results in this region. The numerical simulation shows that energetic internal tides are generated over the bottom topography such as the Dongsha Islands, the Xisha Islands, the Zhongsha Islands, the Nansha Islands and the Luzon Strait.     

Plane wave fitting of the internal tidal sea-surface height signatures extracted from the TOPEX/Poseidon altimeter data along satellite tracks

The sea-surface height (SSH) signatures of internal tides extracted from the TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) altimeter data along satellite tracks are fitted with superposition of several plane waves which have different wavenumber vectors. The key problem of plane wave fitting with iterative method is how to determine the initial value of wavenumber of each plane wave. The previous solving method is to analyze the internal tidal SSH signatures along each track with wavenumber spectrum. But it is found that the problem cannot be solved completely with the wavenumber spectrum analysis method only. The method based on the combination of wavenumber spectrum analysis method and the exhaustive method is proposed to determine the initial values of wavenumbers for iteration. Numerical results indicate that the proposed method is not only reasonable and feasible but also better than the previous method. The proposed method is an improvement of the previous one, which is beneficial to improving the precision of plane wave fitting of the T/P internal tidal SSH signatures and deepening the understanding of the internal tides in ocean.     

用TOPEX/Poseidon资料研究南海潮汐和海面高度季节变化

采用引入差比关系法对南海TOPEX/Poseidon卫星高度计算资料进行了潮汐分析；根据所得潮汐调和常数对卫星高度计测得的海面高度进行潮汐订证，进而得到南海各季节的海面高度距平。结果表明，南海冬、夏季季风强盛期海面高度距平位相相反，南海中部夏季为正距平，且有2个正距平中心；冬季为负距平，且有2个负距平中心。春、秋季是不同的季风过渡期，海面高度距平分布也明显不同：南海中部春季为正距平，且只有1个正距平中心；秋季为负距平，且只有1个负距平中心。研究表明，长周期分潮Sa和Saa的叠加值可以很好地逼近南海海面高度距平。根据平均海面和海面高度距平得到了合成的海面高度和地转流场，发现南海表层地转流总体上是气旋式的；秋、冬季表层环流的西向强化十分明显，春、夏季较弱；冬季黑潮通过吕宋海峡进入南海北部，夏季基本上没有进入南海。     

Ocean Tides Observed from A GPS Receiver on Floating Sea Ice Near Chinese Zhongshan Station,Antarctica

Due to limit of coverage in TOPEX/Poseidon (T/P) satellite and sparseness of in-situ tide gauges around Antarctica, the accuracy of global ocean tide models in Antarctic seas is relatively poorer than in low- and mid-latitude regions. To better understand ocean tides in Prydz Bay, east Antarctica, a GPS receiver was deployed on floating sea ice to measure tide-induced ice motion in multiple campaigns. Four online Precise Point Positioning (PPP) services are used to process the GPS data in the kinematic PPP mode, and UTide software is used to separate the major tidal constituents. Comparison between results from different processing methods (relative processing solutions from Track, kinematic PPP solutions from online services) and with bottom pressure gauge (BPG) shows that, high-accuracy tidal information can be obtained from GPS observations on floating sea ice, the root-sum-square (RSS) for the eight major constituents (O1, K1, P1, Q1, M2, S2, N2, K2) is below 4 cm. We have also studied the impacts of data span and filter edge effects at daily boundaries on the accuracy of tide estimates, and found that to obtain reliable tide estimates and neglect the filter edge effects, continuous observation longer than 30 days is necessary. Our study suggests that GPS provides an independent method to estimate tides in Prydz Bay, and can be an alternative to tidal gauges, which are costly and hard to maintain in Antarctica.     

利用验潮站数据进行三种潮汐模型的精度分析

采用全球分布的565个验潮站水位资料对NAO.99b,CSR4.0和TPXO7.2三种潮汐模型进行精度评估。结果表明:在全球海洋范围内,NAO.99b模型精度最高;在黄海海域,TPXO7.2模型的精度最高;在东海和南海海域,则是NAO.99b模型最优;在深海海域,三种模型精度差异不大;在浅海海域,采用同化方法的潮汐模型比采用经验方法的潮汐模型更有优势。