苏州东山冬季大气边界层结构特征及其对污染物浓度的影响

利用2015年1月15—27日在苏州东山气象观测站系留气艇观测数据以及细颗粒物浓度观测资料,对东山大气边界层结构特征及其对污染物垂直结构分布的影响进行分析研究。结果表明:苏州东山地区冬季空气污染过程的边界层结构演变比较典型,夜间稳定边界层高度约为200 m,白天最大边界层高度可达1 000 m。边界层内污染物垂直结构分布易受边界层高度的影响,较低的大气边界层高度可使细颗粒物在近地层持续累积;反之,边界层高度较高,湍流发展旺盛,颗粒物垂直分布均匀。夜间大气边界层稳定,逆温结构多发,导致近地面出现细颗粒物堆积。风的垂直结构对细颗粒物空间分布也存在显著影响,在风速较小的低空层细颗粒分布较多,而风速较大的中高层的分布较少。      

乌鲁木齐冬季大气边界层温度和风廓线观测研究

为了进一步认识乌鲁木齐冬季大气边界层的结构特征及其对大气污染的影响,为改进城市空气污染预报和污染治理提供科学依据,利用2008年1月11—13日系留气艇对乌鲁木齐市城区大气边界层过程进行观测试验的资料,分析了观测期间乌鲁木齐风、温廓线和混合层厚度的变化特征,并探讨了大气边界层结构对乌鲁木齐大气污染的影响。结果表明:观测期间乌鲁木齐近地面全天存在悬浮逆温,且有时为多层逆温,大气层结稳定;受逆温层的影响,近地面全天风速都很小,均在4m/s以下,风向随高度变化规律明显;观测期间乌鲁木齐大气混合层厚度平均为274m。乌鲁木齐冬季大气边界层风、温廓线的特征及混合层厚度,对大气污染的影响作用显著,是造成该地区冬季多污染的主要原因之一。     

基于航测数据的河北中南部雾霾天气气溶胶及云凝结核研究

2009年秋季利用夏延飞机观测平台对河北中南部雾霾天气条件下的气溶胶及云凝结核CCN进行观测,得到气溶胶、CCN数浓度及尺度的垂直廓线及粒子谱等特征,研究雾霾天大气气溶胶的分布、来源特征以及气溶胶与云凝结核的转化关系。研究发现:霾天气条件下边界层附近的气溶胶垂直分布特征有很大不同。边界层以上气溶胶浓度随高度递减,数浓度量级约101~102个·cm~(-3);边界层附近和近地面气溶胶浓度有峰值出现,近地面数浓度量级达103个·cm~(-3)。气溶胶粒子平均直径范围为0.16~0.18μm。600 m、1 000~2 000 m之间的气溶胶平均粒子谱大体呈单峰分布;3 000~4 000 m、6 000~6 900 m之间的粒子谱呈双峰分布。受气溶胶来源及特性差异的影响,在0.3%过饱和度下,3 000 m以下的气溶胶活化为CCN的比例不到20%,3 000 m以上活化比例高达50%。Hysplit后向轨迹模拟的气团移动轨迹显示,6 000 m以上的大气高层受我国西北地区远距离输送作用影响,沙尘粒子吸湿活化为CCN。低层气溶胶主要受下垫面及近地面污染排放影响,气溶胶尺度相对较小,气溶胶转化为CCN的比例低于高层。CCN浓度随过饱和度的增加呈增大趋势。利用多项式对气溶胶浓度和CCN浓度进行拟合,拟合结果与实测谱吻合较好。     

基于机载观测资料订正雷达比及其垂直分布特征

雷达比是激光雷达反演气溶胶光学特性的重要参数和影响因素。利用北京地区2016年一次清洁过程（12月10日）和两次污染过程（11月15～18日和12月16～19日）的微脉冲激光雷达、机载浊度计和黑碳仪以及多种地基观测设备,综合研究基于飞机观测订正雷达比的方法及其分布特征。清洁过程地面PM_2.5浓度低于40 μg m?3;污染严重时期的PM_2.5均高于150 μg m?3且能见度低于5 km,污染过程1存在高空传输的特征。研究结果表明相较于采用单一的柱平均雷达比,利用本文方法获得的雷达比垂直廓线反演得到的气溶胶消光系数和光学厚度更接近原位跟踪观测,精度均有提升。基于此方法获得的雷达比在污染发展不同时期垂直分布差异较大,主要分布在19～76 sr之间,清洁时期雷达比较小且垂直分布差异不大。污染过程1雷达比随高度波动增加至边界层顶（19～45 sr）;污染过程2严重期边界层内雷达比随高度由70 sr降低到20 sr;边界层以上均呈现小幅波动变化。边界层内雷达比垂直分布与气溶胶来源特别是高空气溶胶传输有密切联系,混有沙尘的区域传输显著提升了所在高度的雷达比值。边界层以上雷达比受少量大粒子或者强吸收性的气溶胶粒子的影响波动变化。边界层内消光系数增大时雷达比呈增加趋势;当相对湿度高于40%,边界层内雷达比随相对湿度增加而增大。     

基于无人机垂直观测的南京PM2.5污染个例研究

为了深入理解边界层内气温、相对湿度对PM2.5垂直分布和近地面污染的影响,本文使用搭载了多参数大气环境探测传感器的无人机对南京2017年12月3～4日和12月23～24日的PM2.5浓度、气温和相对湿度进行垂直观测,结合对气象数据的分析及HYSPLIT4（Hybrid Single Particle Lagrangian Integrated Trajectory version 4）轨迹计算模式的应用,对这两次PM2.5的垂直分布特征及污染过程的成因进行了分析。结果表明,PM2.5浓度和相对湿度呈明显的正相关关系,在12月23～24日的6次观测中相关系数均值达到0.96。逆温层下部,PM2.5浓度和相对湿度高且垂直差异较小;逆温层以上,PM2.5浓度和相对湿度随高度升高而迅速降低。由于大气扩散条件较差,导致PM2.5在华北平原南部不断累积,之后受到高压系统的影响分别向南和东南转移。这两次PM2.5污染过程都明显受到外部输送的影响,大气逆温对PM2.5和水汽的向上输送有明显的抑制作用,外部输送和局部逆温是导致这两次PM2.5污染的主要原因。     

北京冬季低层大气O3垂直分布观测结果的研究

给出了2001年2月26～28日在北京市方庄小区用系留气艇观测大气边界层O3垂直分布的结果.结合相关资料,对边界层O3的变化机制进行了初步分析.研究表明,冬季边界层O3主要受边界层气象条件、尤其是逆温层的影响比较大.在逆温层以下O3都维持极低值分布,超过仪器所能观测的最低极限.在逆温层向自由大气过渡的高度区域,O3浓度明显的梯度变化与风速垂直切变有关.观测还表明冬季城市市区大量排放的氮氧化物、水汽参与的化学反应是影响边界层O3变化的重要因素.     

北京春季不同天气条件下气溶胶垂直分布特征

对2005年和2006年北京地区春季没有沙尘和云影响下17次晴空大气气溶胶（粒径范围0.1～3.0μm）飞机垂直观测资料进行分析,给出了三种天气条件（地面高压、地面两高压之间和地面低压）下气溶胶的垂直分布,并计算了对应天气条件下的风通量和理查森数。结果显示：在北京地区处于地面高压控制下（简称类型1）,气溶胶的垂直混合和水平传输都很强,气溶胶浓度垂直分布平坦,地面气溶胶浓度平均约为1200个/cm^3;在北京地区处于地面两高压之间（简称类型2）,气溶胶的垂直混合较强,边界层上没有阻挡,气溶胶浓度随高度递减,地面气溶胶浓度平均约为7200个/cm^3;在北京地区处于低压控制下（简称类型3）,气溶胶在边界层顶垂直混合较弱,形成一个较强的阻挡,阻碍了气溶胶从边界层内向自由层扩散,同时边界层内水平传输较弱,结果是在边界层以上气溶胶浓度迅速递减,地面气溶胶浓度非常高,约为10000个/cm^3。     

边界层方案对华北低层O3垂直分布模拟的影响

利用WRF-Chem模式,采用3种边界层参数化方案 (YSU, MYJ和ACM2),针对1个晴空、静稳日 (2013年8月26日20:00—27日20:00(北京时)) 进行模拟,着重分析不同边界层参数化方案对夜间残留层形成及日出前后O₃浓度垂直分布形式的模拟效果,并与固城站地面及垂直同步观测资料进行对比。结果表明:3种边界层参数化方案均能够模拟出温度及风速的区域分布形式以及风温垂直结构的变化特征;相比之下,MYJ方案模拟的夜间边界层高度较YSU方案和ACM2方案明显偏高,该对比结果可能是导致近地面污染物浓度模拟差异的重要原因;在夜间稳定层结至日出后稳定状态打破的边界层结构演变过程中,采用YSU方案和ACM2方案模拟的温度和风速垂直扩线形式与观测结果更为接近;同样采用非局地闭合的YSU方案和同时考虑局地和非局地闭合的ACM2方案,对于边界层高度内O₃浓度垂直分布形式的模拟效果具有明显优势。     

乌鲁木齐大气边界层结构的四季特征初探

利用乌鲁木齐市2011～2012年08时、20时L波段(1型)雷达探测的高空资料建立了乌鲁木齐大气边界层气象要素数据库,分析了乌鲁木齐边界层内气温、风向、风速和相对湿度的垂直分布及其时间变化特征。结果表明：边界层内温度廓线的日变化和季节变化比较显著,各月均有逆温出现,且08时较20时更易出现逆温,冬季08时逆温层厚度较厚且强度最大。边界层内夏、冬两季风速随高度变化波动较大,春、秋两季变化较小。近地层春、夏、秋三季08时盛行西南偏南风,冬季盛行偏东风和西南风;20时春季盛行东北风,夏秋盛行偏北风和西北风,冬季则盛行东风和东北偏东风。08时、20时风向均随高度的增加呈明显的向右偏转趋势,且日风向的变化具有明显的“山谷风”特点。08、20时的相对湿度冬季最大,夏季最小,且随高度增加,春、夏两季08、20时相对湿度的变化较大。     

北京地区一次典型大雾天气过程的边界层特征分析

利用中国科学院大气物理研究所325 m铁塔15层风、温、湿梯度观测资料和3层超声资料,对2002年12月1~4日发生在北京地区的持续大雾天气过程进行近地面层大气边界层特征分析。结果表明,近地面大气边界层较大的相对湿度(70%)、较小的风速(3.0 m.s-1)和风速垂直切变(0.02 s-1)、稳定的层结结构以及较低的气温是北京持续大雾天气形成的主要原因。冷空气的侵入使得边界层相对湿度迅速减小,风速和风速垂直切变增大,破坏近地面大气边界层的结构,导致大雾的消散。分析还发现,大雾的维持与消散主要受风场等动力因素的影响,热力层结是大雾维持和消散的必要条件。冷空气的侵入自上而下影响平均风场,而对湍流风场的影响则是自下而上的。尺度分析结果表明,大雾期间,近地面边界层内中尺度动量通量和感热通量都大于湍流尺度的,中尺度动量通量与平均风速基本呈反相关;冷空气的侵入使得湍流通量显著加强,是导致大雾天气消失的主要原因。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;