A mathematical model for predicting coupled heat and water movement in unsaturated soil

An investigation was conducted to develop a comprehensive moisture model for predicting non-isothermal moisture conditions in soils. An extensive literature review indicated that a model based on the Philip and de Vries equations for non-isothermal moisture movement and heat conduction would give the best results. By using numerical methods, the implicit finite difference approximations to the moisture movement and heat-transfer equations were programmed for computer solution of water content and temperature in the soil with time. Validation studies indicate that the moisture model can be used to predict accurately moisture conditions in the soil. The model was validated by using hydraulic data from laboratory studies conducted on soil columns compacted with AASHO A-3 and AASHO A-4 soil. The application of the moisture model to the study of non-isothermal moisture movement in the field is demonstrated. The influence of parameters such as water table depth, precipitation, and soil hydraulic properties on soil moisture content are shown by use of the moisture model. The model is shown to be applicable to a wide range of boundary conditions and that it predicts the moisture-temperature regime with time in soils utilizing climatic input data.     

利用高密度电阻率法进行盐渍土含水率的测定

盐渍土中含有较多的可溶盐,其工程性质对含水率很敏感。将室内试验与现场试验相结合探索了电阻率法间接测定盐渍土含水率的可行性。采用高密度电阻率法对盐渍土浸水试验后的影响范围进行测试,通过在室内恒定温度下测定的盐渍土电阻率与含水率的关系,建立特定土体结构下的电阻率与含水率的数学模型。现场实测高密度电阻率值,利用现场观测的土层温度,计算出浸水范围的含水率,与现场分层实测含水率进行对比,验证了数学模型的可靠性。     

邯郸地区土壤水入渗规律实验及数值模拟方法研究

在对土壤入渗理论进行总结和分析的基础上,依据邯郸市平原区的水文水情的基本特点,选定2~3处地点进行实验,完成了静态数据的收集和动态数据的观测,确定了实验区土壤质地类型、土壤容重等物理特性,结合实验测定的饱和导水率K、土壤水分特征曲线θ（ h）推算非饱和导水率K（θ）、扩散率 D（θ）等土壤水分运动参数。运用上述数据对Van Genuchten模型加以改进,并运用改进后的模型对实验中的水分变化过程进行数值模拟。结合实测成果和数值模拟成果,对邯郸市平原区已选定实验点土壤水入渗规律进行分析。     

压实红黏土水分传输的毛细效应与数值模拟

当路基处于地下水水源丰富且水位较高的区域时,容易受到地下水的毛细上升侵蚀作用。为治理因水分毛细上升而引起的路基病害,需了解其毛细上升规律。在水平吸渗试验原理的基础上略加改进,自制了一套毛细上升试验装置,进行了三种不同初始干密度试样的试验。结果表明,毛细上升高度与含水率的关系类似于土-水特征曲线;试样的干密度越大,在相同的时间内毛细上升高度越小;水分因毛细效应的扩散能力随初始含水率的变化存在一个最优含水率点。最后,利用有限元方法模拟了水分在不同时刻沿着试样高度的分布规律,并对比分析了试验终了时刻的计算值与实测值,二者之间的分布规律比较一致。     

非饱和土壤水分运动参数的确定——以河南驻马店亚粘土为例

土壤水分运动参数的选取和确定是研究包气带中水分贮存和运动的基础.本文以河南驻马店亚粘土为例,进行了非饱和土壤水分运动参数的测定.通过将实测数据与经验模型拟合,将实验结果、计算结果和拟合结果进行了对比分析,发现所用的经验模型与实际数据吻合较好.研究结果表明选用的经验模型是可靠的,从而确定了土壤水分运动最优参数.     

土壤非饱和导水率模型中参数的敏感性分析

针对邵明安根据再分布过程得出的非饱和导水率模型,对其中参数的敏感性进行分析,通过实测资料计算非饱和导水率对不同参数的敏感度,对比参数对非饱和导水率的影响程度。研究表明采用线性关系表示土壤湿润剖面的平均湿度和湿润锋处湿度之间的关系时,非饱和导水率对参数的敏感性比其他参数高得多。     

硫酸钠盐渍土土-水特征曲线的试验与理论研究

土-水特征曲线（SWCC）在非饱和土力学中扮有重要的角色,是非饱和土力学研究的核心问题。以西北地区黄土中含有的典型硫酸钠盐为变化因素,采用滤纸法测得了兰州黄土及不同含盐量黄土状硫酸钠盐渍土的基质吸力并绘制土-水特征曲线,通过试验测试和理论分析来解释硫酸钠盐分对黄土状硫酸钠盐渍土基质吸力的影响规律,以期为工程实践提供一定的理论依据。结果表明：相同含水率下硫酸钠盐渍土的含盐量越高,基质吸力越大。以非饱和土力学理论和表面物理化学理论为基础,考虑了土中的盐分对基质吸力的毛细部分及吸附部分的影响,得到了土中含盐量与基质吸力关系的半经验公式。利用该公式计算得到不同含盐量硫酸钠盐渍土的土-水特征曲线,计算曲线与试验曲线吻合程度较高,表明该公式可以很好地描述盐渍土中不同含盐量与基质吸力的关系。     

Dynamic study on water diffusivity of soil with super-absorbent polymer application

Drought is a great concern in agricultural yield. Super-absorbent polymers (SAPs) can assist in easing water shortage. Therefore, it is significantly important to study the water absorbing and desorbing capacity of SAPs when applied into soil as well as their effective time. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of different SAP types under the same moisture condition and the effect of the same SAP type under different moisture conditions on saturated soil water content, saturated soil hydraulic conductivity and soil water diffusivity. With SAP application, saturated soil water volumetric content increased significantly, up to 0.186 cm³ cm^?3, while saturated hydraulic conductivity and diffusivity significantly decreased because the soil pores were blocked by SAP’s swelling volume during the repeated wetting and drying cycles. After SAPs were mixed in the soil, their capacity of absorbing and desorbing water showed a downward trend with time and outside water condition. Under a relatively stable water condition, such capacity reduced more slowly. As for the soil with SAP application, successful simulation for diffusivity D(θ, T) was also applicable to other parameters of the equation of water movement, which made it possible to study the water movement under the same condition.     

Effect of soil hydraulic properties model on slope stability analysis based on strength reduction method

Soil hydraulic properties models which have been proposed were derived based on the empirical fitting curve such as Brooks-Corey model (BC) and Van Genuchten model (VG), or based on soil pore radius distribution such as Lognormal model (LN). Each model has different accuracy for predicting soil moisture distribution. In the analysis of rainfall-induced slope failure, the soil hydraulic properties model was needed to describe the physical phenomena of behavior characteristic of water in unsaturated soil. As moisture content has an effect on soil strength, it is vital to select the suitable soil hydraulic properties model for predicting Factor of Safety (FOS) especially in forecasting landslide hazard. In this study, a numerical model of seepage finite element analysis using BC, VG, and LN model were used and compared in order to analyze the soil moisture distribution, water movement phenomenon, and slope stability characteristic in unsaturated soil slope based on the strength reduction method (SRM). The results showed that the variations of the parameters predicting the moisture content of soil leads to differences of FOS in some cases. The parametric study showed that for the unsaturated soil condition, BC model has the greatest FOS value than the other model, while VG model has the lowest. On the other hand, the FOS of all models have the same result for the saturated condition. Other than that, it was found that the increasing of ESP value in the surface layer has significant effect in the sub-surface layer.     

吉林西部盐渍土多场作用下物质特性演化规律

在温度场、湿度场和人工水渠等多场耦合作用下,土体与外界环境的热交换条件和水热输运过程的改变极易引起土体成分和结构的变异,从而引发区域的生态失衡和次生盐渍化。本文选择吉林西部的农安、大安、乾安和镇赉4个典型盐渍化地区作为长期观测和研究评价的地点,对多场(水、热、盐)循环条件下不同盖层盐渍土进行现场调查取样,对室外内的工程地质性质、物理化学性质和物质组成进行了长期观测和测试分析。结果表明:吉林西部盐渍土属于碳酸型盐渍土,水分迁移量为3.5%4.6%;易溶盐质量分数总体随深度增加而降低,并且盐水在剖面上的分布明显受到季节影响,旱季蒸发作用和冬季土体冻结作用促使盐分随水分向上运移,浅表土体盐分大量集聚;随深度增加,阳离子交换量的变化趋势基本与易溶盐质量分数变化的趋势相同。     

温度影响下的非饱和黄土水分迁移问题探讨

对非饱和黄土土样的实验结果揭示出,对于初始含水量均布的土样,在两端施加温差后,冷端的含水量增大,热端含水量减小。在温度差作用下,温度差越大,土体密度越小,水分迁移特征越明显,土样两端含水量差越大。当初始含水量较大和较小时,温度差引起的含水量差均较小;当初始含水量适中时,温度差引起的含水量差值较大。基于实验结果,考虑含水量和密度的影响,得到温度梯度引起含水量梯度的表述关系式,计算和实测结果验证了该表述式的可靠性。据此得到了考虑温度影响的非饱和黄土水势的表述式,该式考虑了土体密度、温度梯度、含水量和含水量梯度对水势的综合影响,对实验土样的计算结果反映了水分的稳态分布。     

Hydro-thermal performance of unsaturated bentonite-sand buffer material

Several series of one-dimensional heat and moisture flow tests were performed to examine the moisture and temperature distributions in the buffer material compacted to a dry density of 1.67 Mg m⁻³ and water content of 17.7%. In all tests, water was allowed to infiltrate into a horizontal soil column from one end under a constant hydrostatic head of 276 kPa. Also the specimens were heated from the other end by the heater to a constant temperature.

It is experimentally demonstrated that the moisture moves from both ends toward the mid part of the soil column due to both thermal gradient from one end and hydraulic gradient from the other end. It was observed that, in spite of no overall volume change, local volume change occurs in the system. The measured temperatures along the length of the specimen indicate that temperature distributions stabilize within a short period of time. The time required for the temperature to stabilize decreases as the heater skin temperature increases.

The diffusivity parameters are calculated using the measured moisture and temperature profiles combined with the finite difference method. Powell's optimization algorithm was used to determine the material parameters. Good agreements between experimentally measured and calibrated volumetric water content shows that the diffusion parameters can be expressed in a linear function of the volumetric water content and temperature.     

Forecasting vertical ground surface movement from shrinking/swelling soils with artificial neural networks

Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are used to estimate vertical ground surface movement when soils expand and contract due to changes in soil moisture content caused by changing climate conditions. Several counterpropagation ANN test cases were investigated to map climate data (i.e. temperature and rainfall) to vertical ground surface movement at field sites in Texas and Australia. Three of the four ANN test cases use a historical time series of climate data to forecast ground surface elevation relative to a specified datum. The fourth ANN test case predicts the rate of ground surface movement, and requires post‐processing of the predicted rates to calculate ground surface elevation relative to a specified datum. The counterpropagation network has demonstrated a successful mapping of temperature and rainfall data to vertical ground surface movement at a field site when it is trained with a subset of data from the same field site (test cases 1 and 2). The results of training an ANN on one field site and testing it on another field site (test cases 3 and 4) demonstrate the ability of the ANN to capture trends in vertical ground surface movement. When compared with the predictions from a physics‐based method (shrink test‐water content method) that requires measurements/estimates of changes in soil water content, the ANN‐based predictions (based on climatic changes) captured the trends in the field measurements of shrinking–swelling soil surface movements equally well. These findings are promising and merit further investigation with data from additional field sites. Copyright © 2007 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

冻融和非冻融条件下包气带土壤墒情垂向变化的试验与分析

冻结层的存在使得寒区有着与非寒区差别明显的水文循环过程,土壤冻融规律、水热盐运移、融雪水入渗等已成为众多学者的研究对象. 寒区低温条件下冻融土壤持水性质与非冻融土壤不同,其包气带冻结层往往具有弱透水性、蓄水保墒和隔热减渗的作用,使得寒区春季冻结层土壤的墒情较高. 以冻融土壤和非冻融土壤墒情对比监测为基础,选取地表以下100 cm的土壤为研究对象,在黑龙江大学呼兰校区设置冻融和非冻融对比监测试验场,同时段、同频率、同埋深（间隔 20 cm土层）进行土壤结构、水热及环境参数监测. 通过对比分析了不同埋深不同冻融阶段的墒情参数,量化了低温冻融条件下土壤墒情较非冻融土壤的高出部分,最后对冻土保墒的机理进行探讨与分析. 结果表明：冻结条件下土壤水分重新分布,在土水势的作用下由非冻结区向冻结区迁移. 初冻期地表土壤墒情达到最大,冻结期土壤最大墒情值随冻结锋面迁移分别在20、40、60 cm处达到最大,稳定冻结期和融化初期在80 cm处达到最大;土壤最大墒情值一般在冻结锋面前沿的10～20 cm处,较好地保持了土壤水分. 无论是从空间（不同埋深）还是时间（不同冻融阶段）角度分析,冻融土壤含水率均大于非冻融土壤,二者含水率的差值随埋深和冻融阶段的推移而加大,在稳定冻结期80 cm处达到最大,差值量可达6.4%～7.8%.     

Analysis of soil boundary conditions of flash floods in a small basin in SW Hungary

Flash floods are one of the most significant natural hazards of today. Due to the complexity of flash flood triggering factors, to prevent or mitigate flood triggered losses, numeric model based flood forecasting models are capable tools to predict stream water levels. The main goal of the current research was to reproduce two flow peaks with the HEC-HMS rainfall-runoff model and test the model sensitivity for various input parameters. To obtain sufficient input data, we monitored soil depth, maximum infiltration rate, soil moisture content, rainfall, time of concentration and flow. To obtain input data, parameters were calculated, measured in the Sás Valley experimental watershed (SW Hungary) or optimized with the built in function of the HEC-HMS. Soil moisture was monitored in the 1.7 km2 pilot catchment over the period between September 2008 and September 2009. HEC-HMS had a good performance reproducing the two events, however simulated flow time series are highly influenced by the antecedent soil moisture, infiltration rate and canopy storage. Outflow modeled data were verified for two flood events (June 4, 2008 and July 9, 2009). The HEC-HMS was over-sensitive for input soil moisture and with increasing input rainfall and increasing outflow, larger simulation errors were observed.     

盾构施工引起土体三维变形的计算方法研究

对随机介质理论中参数? 的取值进行研究,提出了适用于不同土层的参数计算公式;隧道周围土体移动采用更加符合实际的椭圆形非等量径向移动模式。在此基础上,对随机介质理论进行修正,提出了适用于地表及土体内部各点位移和变形的计算公式。结合工程实例,通过与实测值、施成华等方法及Loganathan等方法计算结果进行对比分析表明,方法计算得到的结果与实测数据较吻合。     

非饱和含盐土壤水扩散系数试验研究

在室内用水平土柱吸渗法对不同含盐量、不同溶液浓度和不同土类的土壤水扩散系数进行了试验研究.试验结果表明:土壤水(或盐水)扩散系数与土壤的体积含水量之间具有指数函数的关系,且随着含水量的降低而减小.当同一类土在干容重和含水量相同时,土壤水扩散系数是随土中含盐量的增多而增大,以粗粒土最为明显.不同浓度的盐水在土壤中运行时,其盐水的扩散系数是随盐水浓度的增大而减小.     

频域反射分析法测定土壤含水率标定试验研究

对滑坡体土壤含水率进行长期和连续的监测,有利于对滑坡体的变形分析和安全预警。为了提高频域反射分析法（FDR法）测量土壤含水率的精度,通过室内标定和现场标定相结合的方式,对使用FDR法测定野外现场滑坡土壤含水率进行了标定。通过对比分析FDR法和烘干法测得的土壤含水率数据,探讨电压信号、含水率、绝对误差和相对误差之间的对应关系,并建立函数模型。试验结果表明:FDR法测定的土壤含水率较烘干法偏高;通过线性、多次曲线及指数形式对试验数据进行拟合和回归分析,最终确定四次曲线作为标定方式,标定后测得的土壤含水率精度明显提高,平均绝对误差可控制在2%以内。该方法可用于类似条件下FDR法测定土壤含水率的标定。     

Soil moisture potential and water content in the unsaturated zone within the arid Ejina Oasis in Northwest China

Three soil profiles were selected in the Ejina Oasis, northwest China, to determine water content profiles and evolution of soil moisture potentials in the unsaturated zone within the arid area. The total soil moisture potentials have been monitored for about 3 months in 2001 at different depths in the soil profiles. The occurrence and movement of water in the unsaturated zone was analyzed using the zero flux plane (ZFP) method. It is shown that convergent ZFPs and divergent ZFPs may occur at depths between 0.5 and 3.0 m, and that the depth of the ZFPs was controlled by the root zone of plants growing on the land surface. Profiles of the total soil moisture potentials were observed to be coincident with those of the water contents at the three experimental sites. The total soil moisture potential showed a slight increasing trend and the ZFPs tend to vanish from summer to winter as the water extraction by roots decreased. Evapotranspiration through vegetation has an important bearing on the water content and the total potential in the unsaturated zone.     

微波炉法测定遗址土含水率的可靠性研究

古代土遗址病害发展与土的含水率变化密切相关,但土遗址保护现场快速准确测定土的含水率不是一件容易的事。选择遗址土、含盐土、黄土等进行对比试验,研究分析微波炉烘干法（简称微波炉法）测遗址土含水率结果的可靠性。在测定试验土样界限含水率和易溶盐含量的基础上,对比分析微波炉法、烘箱法两种方法测定土含水率的误差来源。试验结果表明,土的塑性对微波炉法的测定有一定影响,但测定误差均在2%以内;土的含盐量影响水分的蒸发速度,不影响微波炉法的测定结果;微波法测定遗址土含水率准确,且具有快速、便捷等优势,值得在土遗址保护工程中推广使用。