Emergency water supply capacity analysis of major cities in Hebei

In order to prevent the catastrophic events such as extreme drought, continuous drought and source-water quality pollution, 15 groundwater emergency water sources are to be selected in 11 important cities in Hebei, and the evaluation of allowable emergency exploitation quantity is 180.19×104 m3/d. Under the current conditions, the water supply quantity of emergency water sources and the total emergency water supply quantity will meet the emergency water demand with the guarantee rate of 65.79% to 377.78% and 90.35% to 270.51% respectively. By 2020, the water supply quantity of emergency water source places and the total emergency water supply quantity will meet the emergency water demand with the guarantee rate of 22.08% to 74.49% and 82.65% to 144.08% in the benefited areas of South-to-North water diversion (SNWDP); and for non-SNWDP areas, the guarantee rate will be 74.64% to 337.78% and 74.64% to 377.78%.     

广州市花都区地下水应急水源地研究

广州市花都区地下水资源较丰富,根据地下水的赋存条件,地下水类型划分为松散岩类孔隙水、碳酸盐岩裂隙岩溶水、红层孔隙裂隙水、层状岩类裂隙水及块状岩类裂隙水。其中供水意义较大的地下水类型为松散岩类孔隙水和碳酸盐岩裂隙溶洞水。依据应急水源地圈定依据,圈定四处地下水应急水源地,对潜在供水能力、水质及地下水开采风险进行评价。结果显示:各应急水源地地下水水质总体良好,经相应处理后可满足应急供水水质需求,地地下水开采风险主要有地质灾害风险、地下水污染风险及开采技术风险。应急状态下,各水源地地下水总允许开采资源为72 119.13 m^3/d,可满足花都区63.86%常住人口的应急供水。     

河北省平原区农田粮食增产与灌溉节水对地下水开采量的影响

河北平原是中国粮食和蔬菜的主要产区之一,也是以地下水作为主要供给水源的地区。近50年来粮食持续大幅增产,驱动区内地下水开采量不断增大。在这一过程中,农田灌溉节水有效地缓解了粮食增产对地下水开采量增加的速率,拓展了在有限的可利用地下水资源条件下粮食增产的发展空间。在1977年之前,每增产10000t小麦和玉米,多年平均地下水实际开采量增加0.14×108m3,1978年以来,每增产10000t小麦和玉米,多年平均实际开采量只增加0.04×108m3。因此,大力发展抗旱节水作物,合理调控农业种植结构,是缓解河北平原农田区地下水超采状况的重要途径。     

从地面沉降论河北平原深层地下水资源属性及合理评价

以河北平原中、东部及滨海地区为例，根据地面沉降量反求深层地下水开采量的构成，确定了由含水层及粘性土压密所释放的水量分别为多年累积开采量的２４．３６％和３６．４５％，并根据水文地质、地下水动态资料的深入分析，推测在未来的地下水开采中，深层地下水可获得来自系统外部的补给量将不大于总开采量的４％，由此获得了深层地下水资源属性及合理评价的新认识。中国法分类号Ｐ６４１．７，Ｐ６４１．８     

深层地下水开采引起的生态环境问题及其治理

在分析河北平原深层地下水资源的构成与开发利用问题的基础上,论述了深层地下水严重超采引起的生态环境问题,通过建立深层地下水开发利用管理模型,探求深层地下水可开采量,提出了深层地下水开发利用的对策以及防治生态环境继续恶化的措施.     

多层次多尺度的区域性震害预测模式

地震应急反应能力和灾害救援组织的效能是评价一个地区防震减灾水平的重要尺度。为了提高地震应急救援工作的能力 ,福建省地震局震害预测项目组采用多层次、多空间尺度的城乡震害预测技术途径和系统研究原则 ,以适应不同层次的地震应急、救援决策、组织指挥工作的需要。     

Evaluation of groundwater potential and eco-geological environment quality in Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province

Sanjiang Plain of Heilongjiang Province has become an important commodity grain base in our country after the construction of more than a century. Groundwater is the main water source for industrial and agricultural production and daily life in the area. With the large-scale development and construction in this area, there are a series of ecological and environmental geological problems, such as the reduction of groundwater resources, which seriously restricts the sustainable development of local agriculture and society as well as economy. Based on the characteristics of three-dimensional flowof groundwater in Sanjiang Plain, this paper adopts the simulation software Visual MODFLOW to evaluate groundwater exploitation potential. The results show that overall there is a certain exploitation potential of Sanjiang Plain groundwater but it is unevenly distributed, and overdraft phenomenon exists in seven farms such as Baoquanling and Chuangye. Based on analytic hierarchy process, the evaluation result of eco-geological environment quality in Sanjiang Plain shows that 94.5% of the region features good geological environment quality, medium stability and medium bearing capacity. The study can provide geological evidence for optimal allocation of water resources, land planning and regulation, and the high and stable yield of the commodity grain base in Sanjiang Plain.     

Quality evaluation of groundwater in the North China Plain

This paper presents a method combining single-indicator comprehensive evaluation and influence factor identification to measure groundwater quality. This method not only reflects groundwater quality classification with clear physical significance, but also divides the possibilities of man-made pollution in regional groundwater. The paper selects 6 063 representative groundwater wells in the North China Plain to evaluate 49 groundwater inorganic and organic index and comes to a conclusion: Controlled by geological environment and hydrogeological conditions, the groundwater quality in the North China Plain deteriorates from the bottom of maintain to coastal area, with Class I to III groundwater decreasing from 49% to 3.9% while Class V groundwater increasing from 21% to 86.9%; the quality of deep groundwater is better than that of shallow groundwater; the contribution rate of manganese, total hardness, total dissolved solids and iodide in shallow groundwater to over-III type water exceeds 50%; the contribution rate of nitrite in pollution index reaches 20%; while heavy metal and organic indexes have limited impact on regional groundwater quality. The North China Plain is an important economic area in China. Over decades, it has witnessed intense human activities, and water resource quantity demanded has been far greater than quantity supplied. Due to scarce surface water resource, groundwater becomes the pillar supporting regional economic development. This has led to increasing groundwater exploitation and development. According to statistics, the exploitation degree of shallow groundwater reaches 105% in the North China Plain and 118% in the Hebei Plain; the exploitation degree of deep groundwater reaches 143% in the North China Plain and 163% in the Hebei Plain. The serious over-exploitation of groundwater brings various geological environmental problems, with the worsening of groundwater quality being a typical one. Besides impact brought by human activities, the poor quality of natural water in the North China Plain is also an important factor. Therefore, to understand the current regional groundwater quality situation and to master influence factors and influence degree can provide reliable scientific protection for regional economic development.     

Primary study on evaluation index system for groundwater exploitation potentiality based on the niche theories

This paper presents a method combining single-indicator comprehensive evaluation and influence factor identification to measure groundwater quality. This method not only reflects groundwater quality classification with clear physical significance, but also divides the possibilities of man-made pollution in regional groundwater. The paper selects 6 063 representative groundwater wells in the North China Plain to evaluate 49 groundwater inorganic and organic index and comes to a conclusion: Controlled by geological environment and hydrogeological conditions, the groundwater quality in the North China Plain deteriorates from the bottom of maintain to coastal area, with Class I to III groundwater decreasing from 49% to 3.9% while Class V groundwater increasing from 21% to 86.9%; the quality of deep groundwater is better than that of shallow groundwater; the contribution rate of manganese, total hardness, total dissolved solids and iodide in shallow groundwater to over-III type water exceeds 50%; the contribution rate of nitrite in pollution index reaches 20%; while heavy metal and organic indexes have limited impact on regional groundwater quality. The North China Plain is an important economic area in China. Over decades, it has witnessed intense human activities, and water resource quantity demanded has been far greater than quantity supplied. Due to scarce surface water resource, groundwater becomes the pillar supporting regional economic development. This has led to increasing groundwater exploitation and development. According to statistics, the exploitation degree of shallow groundwater reaches 105% in the North China Plain and 118% in the Hebei Plain; the exploitation degree of deep groundwater reaches 143% in the North China Plain and 163% in the Hebei Plain. The serious over-exploitation of groundwater brings various geological environmental problems, with the worsening of groundwater quality being a typical one. Besides impact brought by human activities, the poor quality of natural water in the North China Plain is also an important factor. Therefore, to understand the current regional groundwater quality situation and to master influence factors and influence degree can provide reliable scientific protection for regional economic development.     

基于生态位理论的河北平原地下水开采潜力评价

传统的地下水开采潜力评价方法主要采用单个指标进行评价,难以全面科学地反映地下水开采潜力的影响要素。地下水的空间分布、动态变化受到经济社会发展、开采技术等多个因素影响,也与自身调节有关,这与生态位理论的观念吻合。文中提出地下水生态位的定义、计算公式;对河北平原9个主要城市进行地下水生态位计算、聚类分析,分析其地下水开采潜力;并与传统方法的评价结果进行对比。结果表明：除保定、秦皇岛和廊坊外,其他城市的两种方法的评价结果大致相似;差异分析说明地下水生态位的评价方法更全面、科学合理且符合实际。生态位理论将为地下水开采潜力评价分析提供一种新的、甚至是根本性的尝试。     

上海市地下水应急水源地规划战略研究

在综合调查分析城市经济发展、城市供水现状及存在的供水隐患等基础上,结合地理位置、城市规划功能区和发展方向,圈定了大型、中型地下水应急水源地数量及布局,结合地下水环境容量评价成果制订了应急开采方案,并对各水源地应急开采方案条件下可能引发的环境地质问题进行了预测评估,为城市应急水源地建设提供了决策依据。     

人为活动条件下河北平原第四系地下水系统的演变

用地下水系统理论和地下水系统分析方法，从全新的视角对河北平原地下水系统的介质空间、流场、水化学场的结构与特征进行了分析，在此基础上探讨了人为活动条件下地下水系统的演化，从而为该地区水资源评价、开发与管理、环境地质问题的研究与防治提供了新的理论依据。     

论实行最严格地下水资源管理

2011年元月,中共中央国务院发布了一号文件:"关于加快水利改革发展的决定",强调要实行最严格的水资源管理制度。地下水是公共生活供水和工农业用水的最佳水资源,是防旱抗旱最为可靠的后备水资源,尤其值得注意的是地下水是保证国家安全的战略水资源。根据目前我国地下水遭遇日益严重的过量超采和水质污染,并引发一系列地质灾害。要加强对全国地下水资源的科学管理,提出6点建议:1)开展水文地质补充勘察和调查;2)强化地下水综合监测网的建设;3)把监测和水质保护作为新时期加强地下水管理的重要内容;4)加强地下水的科学研究;5)要建立和完善保障地下水安全和合理开发的法规体系;6)理顺地下水专业人才培养渠道,培养高级专业人才。     

关于河北平原区深层地下水资源属性的探讨

以河北平原为例,采用同位素、地下水资源评价和地下水水位动态3种思路分析了深层地下水资源属性。根据实测地面沉降量反求深层地下水储存资源量的构成,确定了在以往的深层地下水资源计算时储存资源量少计算了32.77%,弹性释放系数比以往的数据大;根据深层地下水动态特征,分析认为深层地下水资源在同一水文年内可以得到部分恢复,在深层地下水降落漏斗区地下水循环速率将加大,并根据沉积学的观点,认为河北平原含水层在各期古河道带交叉重叠部位或在重叠部位附近可能是连通的,浅层地下水可以沿着各期古河道带沉积的砂性土构成的含水层向下补给深层地下水,其补给量远大于通过巨厚的黏性土层向深层地下水的越流补给。     

灌溉农田节水增产对地下水开采量影响研究

据实际资料研究结果表明,近50年来滹沱河流域平原区粮食产量持续增加导致农业区地下水开采量不断增大,同时灌溉节水水平的不断提高有效地缓解了地下水开采量增加的速率。若按1953-1970年期间平均每公斤粮食生产耗用地下水开采量(3.11 m3/kg)推算,现状粮食生产规模下地下水开采量应为142.3亿m3/a,较实际开采量(24.4亿m3/a)多117.9亿m3/a,平均每5年递增11.74亿m3。以2001-2005年平均耗用地下水开采量(0.53 m3/kg)计算,粮食增产促使地下水开采量平均每5年递增2.45亿m3,平均每5年少递增9.45亿m3。因此,大力发展抗旱节水作物及高产节水技术,合理调控农业种植结构,对于缓解研究区地下水不断恶化态势具有实质性促进作用。     

Study on the Climatic Change Features of Hebei Plain

Precipitation and groundwater are essential to water circulation and they mutually influence. Groundwater is the main water supply source in Hebei Plain. On the other hand, atmospheric precipitation infiltration recharge is the main supply source of the groundwater in this area. Therefore, the studies on Hebei Plain climatic change features are of great significance to further analyze the influences of climatic changes on groundwater resources. This paper selected 10 ground climatological stations in Hebei Plain in terms of daily precipitation and temperature data from 1961 to 2010 and analyzed the spatial-temporal evolution features of temperature and precipitation. The results showed that the minimum temperature of Hebei Plain in recent 50 years increased significantly; the maximum temperature basically is stable; and the mean temperature presents an obviously increasing trend. In the spatial distribution, it gradually decreases from southwest to northeast on the whole and gradually tends to increase from the coastal to inland. The precipitation in recent 50 years owns obvious interannual change features and spatial distribution features, with a trend of overall periodic decrease and significant decrease of extreme precipitation. The annual mean precipitation intensity and annual mean extreme precipitation intensity gradually increased from piedmont plain to coastal plain. Hebei Plain has a warming and drying development trend on the whole. In space, piedmont plain belongs to the high-temperature and few-water area; coastal plain lies in low-temperature and much-water area; and central plain is in transitional zone. The climatic change and human activities are two influential factors of groundwater resources. Further revealing of the climatic change features of different geomorphic types and measuring and distinguishing of the influences of climatic change and human activities on groundwater remain to be further explored.     

农业种植规模与降水量变化对农用地下水开采量影响识别

以石家庄平原区作为研究区域,运用相关分析及回归分析阐明农用地下水开采量与降水量及小麦—玉米种植规模之间的关系。降水量与农用地下水开采量之间的相关系数较小,但作为农作物需水的重要水源,降水量通过影响农业地下水开采强度影响地下水开采总量。农业地下水开采强度在丰水年时明显减小,在枯水年时明显增大。小麦和玉米作为主要的耗水型作物,其种植面积与农用地下水开采量关系密切,随小麦—玉米种植面积的增加(减小),农用地下水开采量表现出明显的增加(减小)趋势。1981年之前,小麦—玉米种植面积每增加1×104 hm2,农用地下水开采量平均增加0.69×108 m3;1981年之后,小麦—玉米种植面积每增加1×104 hm2,农用地下水开采量增加0.23×108 m3。     

干旱条件下平谷盆地地下水资源变化与恢复调控措施

北京市王都庄应急水源地和中桥应急水源地均位于平谷地区,充分说明其在北京市应急供水体系中所占的重要地位。本文基于平谷区第四系地下水动态监测成果和资源计算数据,分析了其地下水资源概况及存在问题,回顾了持续干旱和应急开采对平谷地下水资源的影响。研究表明平谷盆地存在地下水降落漏斗、资源亏损、水环境恶化等地质环境问题,可实施地下水调蓄与开采调整措施恢复平谷区地下水资源的战略储备,提高其应急供水保障能力。     

常德市地下水应急水源地应急供水可行性评价及方案研究

寻找地下水应急水源地、建立应急供水机制,是城市发生日常供水障碍时保障居民用水安全、维护社会稳定的重要措施。通过分析常德市规划区水文地质条件,圈定了5个地下水应急水源地,总结了同类型城市地下水应急水源地的选址原则,并从水量、水质、开采能力3个方面对水源地进行了可行性分析。结合现有城市供水管网及地下水开采井保留情况,分别考虑了人均用水量最低标准20 L/d和一般标准50 L/d两种状态下的应急供水方案。应急供水每人20 L/d状态下,保留井的现有供水能力可以满足应急供水需求,而应急供水每人50 L/d状态下,河洑水源地和芦荻山水源地保留井的现有供水能力不足,建议增加开采井以满足应急供水需求。     

华北平原典型地段地面沉降演化特征与机理研究

华北平原是世界上最大的地下水系统之一,地面沉降问题突出。由于沉积环境变化多样、地质条件差异性显著和人类开采活动强烈,使得该地区地面沉降成因机理复杂。本文采用卫星对地观测技术与传统手段相结合,监测地面沉降灾变过程,分析华北平原地面沉降发展历史和现状。结合应力-应变图解法及土工实验研究地面沉降差异性特征及滞后变形成因机理。取得了以下关键认识:(1)华北平原地面沉降空间分布差异性明显,沉降主要分布在平原区第四纪沉积凹陷,呈现东西分带、南北分段特点。地面沉降空间发展部分受到北东向和北西向构造控制。在沧县隆起区,地面沉降也比较发育,主要原因是沧县隆起在第四纪时期构造运动相对不活跃,沉积了较厚的第四系;存在与构造走向一致的3期古河道,该地区赋存丰富的地下水资源并被大量开采。(2)地面沉降发生发展与地下水开采历史密切相关,沉降主要压缩贡献层随地下水开采层位变化而变化。北京平原100 m以深地层对地面沉降贡献呈增加趋势。天津平原目前地面沉降的主要贡献层来自300 m以下地层。(3)气候干旱导致地下水补给量减少,同时增加了地下水的开采,因而是引起地面沉降的重要间接驱动因素。高层建筑荷载、基坑降排水、地热开采对地面沉降的影响应引起足够重视。(4)地面沉降具有很强的滞后性,最大滞后时间可达25年。除了渗透固结成因以外,土体蠕变是另外一个重要原因。更新世地层在不同荷载下,蠕变特征明显。沧县隆起晚更新世地层次固结可达到总变形28.3%。(5)土的物理性质、地下水位变化模式对土层变形特征具有重要影响。不同埋深地层在地下水位变化条件下的变形特征存在较大的差异(弹性、黏弹性、黏弹塑性)。浅部含水组呈现以弹性为主的变形特征。