泰国西部岩溶地貌和水文地球化学特征及其与中国西南岩溶的对比

泰国岩溶面积约占中南半岛岩溶面积的1/4,横跨近11个纬度。泰国岩溶作用强烈,地貌奇特,类型多样,既有典型的高原坡立谷岩溶,也有典型的峰丛洼地谷地和滨海峰林岩溶地貌,因而在全球岩溶对比研究中具有重要地位。本文在初步查明泰国岩溶分布、典型岩溶区的水文地球化学特征的基础上,分析了泰国岩溶发育的主要特点和动力条件,并与中国西南岩溶作了对比,旨在推动中国与中南半岛岩溶的对比以及全球现代岩溶的对比研究。      

岩溶高原山区表层岩溶泉绿能与高效开发利用模式

为解决岩溶高原山区缺水的问题,合理开发利用表层岩溶水,开展了水文地质详细调查。查明区内表层岩溶泉出露13个,流量0~67.53 L·s?1,动态变化与降水关系密切。文章总结了表层岩溶水“泉－池（窖）－库”优化调控、绿能高效开发利用模式:①在有砂泥岩夹层分布的凹部山岩溶洼地,采用防渗帷幕灌浆,建设悬挂式凹部山水库,积蓄地表水、表层岩溶水形成自流供水;②在湾半孔表层泉处建设蓄水池直接引流利用;③在湾半孔表层泉附近建设水泵站、光伏电站,平水期时通过光伏电站发电,由泵站自动控制抽取表层岩溶水补给凹部山水库,形成地表、地下水优化调控,联合调度调蓄利用25.3万m3·a?1,解决了区内13 000余人的生活生产用水困难问题。      

西南岩溶地下水资源开发利用效应与潜力分析

西南岩溶地区面积78万km2,地下水系统包括裸露岩溶水系统和覆盖-埋藏型岩溶水系统两大类。由于降水丰富、地下岩溶发育,西南岩溶地下水资源丰富,在43万km2调查区内,具有地下水天然资源量1762.82×108m3/a,岩溶地下水允许开采资源量615.70×108m3/a。近年来,通过开展水文地质调查,在地下河、表层岩溶水和蓄水构造岩溶水打井开采方面均取得重要进展,产生了显著的经济和生态环境效应。但由于西南地区岩溶水开发难度大,区域经济落后,西南岩溶地下水的开发利用程度普遍较低,已开采量为98.32×108m3/a,仅占允许开采量的15.97%,剩余地下水潜力资源量517.38×108m3/a。     

北方不同植被下土壤岩石试片的溶蚀速率及碳汇分析——以山西汾阳地区为例

通过山西汾阳不同植被条件下的对比溶蚀实验,并结合土壤有机碳和无机碳含量测试分析及土壤水分含量和CO2浓度野外现场测试,揭示出北方半干旱条件下的溶蚀速率特征及其影响因素,结果表明:（1）不同植被条件下的土下试片溶蚀速率差异明显,林地的地面以下溶蚀速率最大,为0.551 1 mg/(cm2?a),分别是灌丛[0.258 5 mg/(cm2?a)]和草地[0.254 7 mg/(cm2?a)]的 2.13倍和2.16倍;表明随着植被的正向演替,碳酸盐岩溶蚀速率有增加的趋势。（2）试片溶蚀速率主要受土壤有机碳、无机碳、水分控制,受土壤CO2浓度影响小;其中土壤有机碳含量、土壤水分与试片溶蚀速率呈正相关,土壤无机碳含量与试片溶蚀速率呈负相关;高浓度的无机碳使部分试片经过溶蚀后重量不减反增,造成试片溶蚀速率偏低。（3）以林地、灌丛、草地条件下试片土下平均溶蚀速率计算出研究区岩溶碳汇强度为1.815 tCO2/(km2?a),与前人根据水化学径流法计算的结果[8.69 tCO2/(km2?a) ]相比偏小。这意味着由溶蚀试片法来计算我国岩溶碳汇量可能会比实际偏小。      

娘子关泉域岩溶水SO42-、δ34S特征及其环境意义

在分析区域地质、水文地质条件及水化学同位素的基础上,研究了山西娘子关泉域岩溶水的SO42-、硫同位素分布特征。研究表明:（1）泉域西北、西南地区岩溶水的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（2）泉域中部汇流区岩溶水的SO42-含量高而δ34S值低,其中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,这是因为温河、桃河及南川河沿岸的岩溶水接受了被矿坑水污染的河水的渗漏补给以及部分地区受到钻孔串层污染;（3）娘子关泉群中城西泉水中的SO42-主要来源于煤系矿坑水,而五龙泉和集泉站水中的SO42-主要来源于石膏的溶解;（4）泉域东北部及东部河流沿岸以外的地区,岩溶水中的SO42-主要来源于大气降水、石膏溶解,并受到所处地层岩性的影响。      

渭北中部筛珠洞泉补给来源的再认识

筛珠洞泉位于中低山区与渭北黄土台塬区衔接地带。筛珠洞泉区地势整体趋势为西北高东南低,北部以中低山为主,海拔在1 200-1 600 m之间,多由裸露和隐伏碳酸盐岩组成;西南地势逐渐降低,海拔在800-1 000 m之间,为以唐王陵向斜为主的一系列褶皱构造,由奥陶系碎屑岩和碳酸盐岩组成;东南部地势呈阶梯状下降,山前地带海拔多在400-500 m之间,为裸露碳酸盐岩区与山前冲洪积扇区的接触地带。筛珠洞泉作为渭北中部最大的岩溶泉,对于其补给来源前人已做了大量的研究,较为一致的认识是泾河渗漏是筛珠洞泉最主要补给来源,且筛珠洞泉是渭北中部筛珠洞泉域隐伏岩溶系统的集中排泄点。本文根据氢、氧和锶同位素的研究成果,结合水文地球化学及岩溶水文地质条件,对筛珠洞泉的补给来源提出了与前人研究不同的认识,即筛珠洞泉的补给以筛珠洞泉域外西南部岩溶地下水为主;在所有的补给来源中,大气降水、河水及岩溶水所占比例分别为11%、37%和52%;在岩溶水补给中,西南部、西北部及坝址区岩溶水所占比例分别为77.9%、19.7%和2.4%。在此基础上,本文还根据氚同位素资料估算筛珠洞主泉岩溶水的平均滞留时间为62-64年。     

龙涧泉岩溶水系统特征

文章以地下水系统理论为指导,对龙涧泉岩溶水系统的边界条件、人工干预条件下地下水动力场演化特征等方面进行了系统的研究。根据区域地质、构造、地形地貌和水文地质条件,探究了龙涧泉岩溶水系统,圈定了系统的范围、边界性质、流动系统内部及其与外部系统之间的关系,确定龙涧泉为系统的唯一天然排泄口,龙涧泉岩溶水系统与白浪岩溶水系统无直接水力联系。龙涧泉岩溶水系统岩溶水补给来源主要是大气降水、河流入渗及侧向径流补给,现状条件下总补给量为864.42万m3/a,多年平均补给量为836.81万m3/a;排泄主要是水源地开采和矿山排水,现状开采量为4 117.2万m3/a。由于开采量大于允许开采量,并超过了总补给量,区内岩溶水一直处于超采状态。2004—2008年矿区岩溶水实测年均下降1.61 m/a,多年（1984—2008）水位平均降幅为5.68 m/a,最大降幅17.42 m/a。此外还讨论了岩溶水系统的补给、排泄条件,提出了龙涧泉岩溶水开发、保护、复泉与管理龙涧泉岩溶水系统的建议。      

综合物探调查晋祠断裂对晋祠泉流域岩溶水控制作用效果分析

研究晋祠断裂特征及其对晋祠泉流域岩溶水的控制作用,可为晋祠泉流域岩溶水运移规律的分析提供依据。本文利用可控源音频大地电磁法（CSAMT）、音频大地电磁法（AMT）、大地电磁法（MT）和大功率充电法等物探方法对晋祠断裂西南段断裂特征及其对晋祠泉流域岩溶水控水作用进行调查与研究。研究结果显示,晋祠断裂西南段走向北东—南西,倾向南东,倾角自浅至深由大变小,断裂带宽约250 m,影响深度大于1 km;晋祠断裂南东侧存在相对阻水地层,致使大部分岩溶水未进入太原盆地,推断该断裂为张性导水断层;在西山山地存在两个与晋祠断裂平行的岩溶水强径流带,其宽度在150~300 m之间。岩溶水通过晋祠断裂和强径流带对下游补给。      

云南兰坪盆地羊吃蜜温泉水化学特征与成因分析

位于云南省云龙县的羊吃蜜温泉自巨厚灰岩溶隙向外流出。温泉区沿河谷分布有第四系砂卵石,下伏地层为二叠系—三叠系碳酸盐岩。泉水共有泉眼3个,水温为356~359 ℃,流量约025 m3/s,pH值63~65,总溶解性固体(TDS)为0982~1116 g/L,F-含量为086~192 mg/L,偏硅酸为24~242 mg/L。泉水中的主要阳离子为Na+、K+、Ca2+和Mg2+,主要阴离子为SO42-、HCO3-和Cl-,水化学类型为HCO3·SO4 Ca型。氢、氧稳定同位素显示,温泉热水来源于大气降水;估算的热水补给高程为2 500 m左右;地下热储温度为60~70 ℃;地下热水循环深度约为1 255 m。羊吃蜜温泉地处云南兰坪盆地红色含盐地层中突起的石灰岩分布区,地下水在补给区获得大气降水入渗补给后沿巨厚灰岩含水层经历深循环获得大地热流加热后上涌在河谷流出地面,是侵蚀岩溶低温温泉。     

基于MODFLOW的岩溶管道水流模拟方法探讨与应用

针对岩溶管道水流特征,选取广西寨底岩溶流域为研究对象,分别采用三维有限差分地下水流动模型(MODFLOW)中的Drain和River模块概化模拟岩溶管道特征,结合管道内上游、中游及下游三个观测孔对比分析两种方法的适用性,结果表明:末期等水位线图中位于管道两侧处流线均有形状突变,符合实际管道水流动态特征,且能模拟出管道内水位变化趋势。最后分析两种方法模拟管道水流的原理,Drain模块中岩溶管道仅起排水作用,不允许管道内水流流向周围含水层,而River模块允许岩溶管道水与周围含水层水流交换,因而相对Drain模块而言,应用River模块概化模拟岩溶管道更加精确。       

Water source partitioning among trees growing on carbonate rock in a subtropical region of Guangxi, China

It is not clear how the water sources are used by trees in typical karst areas of Guangxi, China. Trees growing on rigid carbonate rock can primarily use spring water, precipitation-recharged soil water or a mixture of the two. In this study, the Nongla karst dynamic monitoring station in the southwest of Guangxi, China, was observed. To determine the water sources accessed by trees growing on rigid carbonate rock, seasonal change of isotope ratios (δ¹⁸O and δ D) in twig sap, soil water, rainfall and spring water were measured. Stem water samples plotted to the right of the meteoric water line indicates utilization of water sources subject to evaporative isotopic enrichment. Trees growing on rigid carbonate rock in the southwest of China used rainfall directly in the rainy season. Adult trees tended to use deeper water stored in the epikarst zone, while the young ones used soil water when precipitation decreased. In the dry season, all trees sampled depend mostly on water stored in the epikarst zone. Spring water was the major water source for all of the tree species investigated in the dry season. In conclusion, these data indicate that trees growing on rigid carbonate rock in southwest China depend mostly on water stored in the epikarst zone. Therefore, water storage in the epikarst zone is the essential water source for trees growing on carbonate rock in southwest China.     

贵州高硫酸盐地区寻找安全饮用水方法的探讨

贵州镇宁地区地下水中硫酸盐超标是典型的环境地质问题之一,而该区地下水中硫酸盐超标主要来自于三叠系中统关岭组(T2g)含水岩组。采集水样分析发现该含水岩组中地下水的硫酸盐含量达到了275.42~1 100 mg?L-1,为Ⅳ-Ⅴ类水。运用地下水中硫同位素追踪,其硫酸盐主要来源于石膏溶解,并通过实施“探采结合井”（ZK3）,初步查明 “膏岩层”分布于三叠系中统关岭组一段下亚段(T2g1a)的中下部,厚度在1～1.5 m。而分层抽水试验显示:T2g含水岩组试段水质为Ⅴ类,降深在11.50 m时涌水量为256.61 m3?d-1;当揭穿T2g膏岩层含水层并进行封隔止水后,钻孔自流量为330.05 m3?d-1,降深在10.80 m时钻孔涌水量达628.84 m3?d-1,水质属Ⅲ类水。因此,在类似因水质超标而引起的功能性缺水地区,可越过膏岩层而获取深层安全的可饮用的地下水。      

Dynamics and anthropogenic impacts of multiple karst flow systems in a mountainous area of South China

The Xiangxi River basin, South China, is a steep terrane with well-developed karst features and an important Cambrian-Ordovician aquifer. Meteoric water in this mountainous area features a mean δ¹⁸O elevation gradient of –2.4?‰/km. This gradient was used to estimate mean recharge elevations of 760 m for Shuimoxi (SMX) spring, 1,060 m for Xiangshuidong (XSD) spring, and 1,430 m for drill hole ZK03, indicating multiple flow paths in the Cambrian-Ordovician karst aquifer. Mean residence times of 230 and 320 days and ～2 years were estimated for these features, respectively, using the damped running average model that predicts the isotopic variations in groundwater from those in precipitation. Groundwater in the regional karst flow system has the longest residence time, the highest recharge elevation, the longest flow paths, the lowest addition of anthropogenic components, and the greatest amount of water–rock interaction as indicated by its higher dissolved solids, Mg²⁺ concentrations and Mg/Ca ratios than the springs. In contrast, the local and shallow karst flow systems respond rapidly to recharge events. Artificial tracer tests prove that these shallow karst systems can also quickly transmit anthropogenic contaminants, indicating that they are highly vulnerable to human impacts, which include the enrichment of NO₃ ^–. The intensity of water–rock interaction and groundwater vulnerability are mainly determined by the structure and dynamics of the multiple karst flow systems.     

川藏铁路格聂山和察雅段构造岩溶发育规律及岩溶地下水循环模式研究

Construction of the Sichuan-Tibet Railway may face significant geological safety risks of water inrush and mud inrush in the plateau tectonic karst region. It is of great scientific and practical significance to carry out research on the evolution regularity of the plateau tectonic karst and the relevant karst groundwater circulation mode for the early prediction and identification of the water inrush and mud inrush disaster in the railway tunnel to be built. Based on the field survey and published literatures, this paper makes an in-depth analysis and draws some conclusions. The tectonic karst development shows obvious sequence characteristics and elevation zonation. The first level to fourth level karst development areas were formed before Miocene, late Miocene to Pliocene, Pliocene and Pliocene to Pleistocene, and occur in the elevation range of 4900?5300 m, 4000?4300 m, 3700?3800 m and 2900?3200 m, respectively. Active faults obviously control the distribution and enrichment of karst groundwater. Since the late Pleistocene, active faults have connected different karst areas and formed unique storage conditions for the tectonic karst groundwater in the plateau region. Karst groundwater system can be divided into high recharge area, remote pipeline flow area and concentrated discharge area. The high recharge area occurs in the first-level karst evaluation area, and the third-level and fourth-level are the concentrated discharge area which generally contain the outcropping springs with a discharge of more than 100 L/s. The groundwater system is appropriately divided into shallow and deep groundwater flow system. Karst springs are mainly supplied by ice and snow melting water, and exhibits the dynamic characteristics of the high water pressure, long flow path and deep water groundwater circulation. High CO₂ saturation concentration of the melting water and the salt effect of sulfate promote the formation of high TDS sulfuric acid karst groundwater of low temperature.     

中国南方表层岩溶系统的碳循环及其生态效应

表层岩溶系统因碳酸盐岩－水－CO²(气)三相的化学动态不平衡过程而产生特殊的碳循环环节,参加循环的碳包括碳酸盐岩中的碳、大气和土壤空气CO²部分。中国南方表层岩溶系统的碳循环非常活跃,并敏感地响应岩溶动力因素的变化,从而促进了地球化学过程和生物化学过程的结合,成为大气CO²汇的重要项。中国南方表层岩溶系统的碳循环通过驱动环境的元素迁移,促进土壤有机质的积累,并影响植物所需要的矿物质营养元素的全量和有效态,进而影响岩溶区的植物物种、特有性和作物的发育。     

趵突泉泉域岩溶水典型污染组分变化特征及污染途径

济南趵突泉水闻名天下,自20世纪50年代以来岩溶地下水水质发生较大变化。利用收集与实测的近60年的水化学数据,选取矿化度、NO3-、SO42-、Cl-典型水化学指标,结合水文地质条件及人类活动影响,对山前三个典型富水地段岩溶地下水化学变化特征进行研究,并揭示泉域西部、中部、东部三个富水地段岩溶水水质污染途径。结果表明,1986年以前,三富水地段水质变化特征相似,均呈小幅增长趋势,而1986年以后差异显著。其中,西部富水地段除90年代以外,岩溶水中典型污染组分含量总体涨幅较小,地下水主要污染途径为点源—表流阶段入渗型;中部富水地段岩溶水中典型污染组分呈稳步增长趋势,地下水主要污染途径为面源—降雨间歇入渗型;东部富水地段岩溶水中常规离子组分涨幅最大,地下水主要污染途径为点源—开采越流入渗型。研究结果对泉域三个富水地段岩溶地下水保护具有重要指导意义。      

论贵州岩溶水赋存的地貌规律性

贵州地处我国南方一个亚热带岩溶化高原,岩溶水丰富、赋存条件复杂,是在地质、地貌、气候三者长期共同作用下演变而成。本文从地貌侧面对岩溶水在上升地貌发育区的一系列表现进行了初步研究,提出了岩溶水的二元结构、三维空间规律、地貌富水面以及地下河系补给类型等新认识;对岩溶水开发利用也作了地貌条件的分析。      

中国北方岩溶水变化特征及其环境问题

随着自然条件改变和人类活动强度的加大,我国北方岩溶水系统从输入、输出到结构、水资源要素转换关系均发生了巨大变化,在短短几十年内有近30%岩溶大泉断流,80%泉水流量大幅度衰减,区域岩溶地下水位每年以1~2m速度持续下降,同时,有20%以上的岩溶水系统主排泄带的水质在Ⅲ类以下且总体趋向恶化,此外,还存在着矿坑突水,岩溶塌陷、地裂,海水入侵,旅游功能降低,生态功能丧失等诸多的岩溶水环境问题,极大地加剧了水资源的紧张状况。本文根据前人成果和实地调查资料并采用一些典型事例归纳总结了岩溶水环境问题及其发展演化趋势,展示北方岩溶水面临的严峻形势,以引起社会各界对此问题的关注,加大岩溶水资源调查研究与保护力度,同时,也为广大学者开展相关立项与研究提供参考。      

Hydrogeochemistry of karst groundwater for the environmental and health risk assessment: The case of the suburban area of Chongqing (Southwest China)

Karst groundwater is a vital resource for drinking, living and irrigation purposes in karst agricultural areas of the world. Due to the vulnerability of karst aquifers, surface pollutants are easily transferred to the subsurface and make karst groundwater be deteriorated, thereby restricting the rational exploitation of karst groundwater resource. In view of this, 49 karst groundwater samples were collected from spring (SW) and underground river (URW) sites in the suburban area of Chongqing City and analyzed for various hydrochemical components. Particularly, the karst groundwater quality was comprehensively uncovered by combining characteristics of hydrogeochemical evolution and health risks caused by nitrate and fluoride. The results revealed that the karst groundwater was slightly alkaline in nature and the water types were mainly characterized by Ca-HCO₃ accounting for 93.88% of the total samples due to the heavy dissolution of carbonate rock. The relatively high concentrations of Na⁺, SO₄^2? and NO₃^? up to 271.88 mg/L, 277.94 mg/L and 56.94 mg/L were over the corresponding maximum acceptable limits for drinking water, which can be predominately attributed to the emissions of industrial park, dissolution of gypsum and pyrite and excessive application of chemical fertilizers. Although agricultural activities were stopped and chemical fertilizers were no longer applied during the sampling period, long-term application of fertilizers have a persistent adverse effect on the karst groundwater NO₃^?. The pollution index of the karst groundwater (PIG) revealed that the low pollution and potential pollution zones were noticed in the northwestern parts of the study area. With respect of the SW, all the total hazard index (HI) values were below 1 suggesting no significant health risk. On the contrary, HI values of 0.11–1.16 for adults, 0.15–1.61 for children and 0.17–1.83 for infants in the URW indicated significant noncarcinogenic health risks. Particularly, infants and children were more vulnerable to karst groundwater NO₃^? than adults. Furthermore, the noncarcinogenic health risks of karst groundwater can be mainly attributed to NO₃^?, confirmed by the higher contribution ratio (66.55%) to the HI values. Therefore, special and targeted measures need to be taken to decrease the NO₃^? concentration in agricultural area.     

Dinarides东南部跨界岩溶含水层的特性

Dinarides南部是世界上岩溶发育最强烈的地区之一,同时也是欧洲降水量最大的地区。区内碳酸盐岩沉积厚度大于300m,平均岩溶发育深度从250m 至350m,沿断裂发育的岩溶,甚至更深。地下水平均流速变化较大,从0.002 cm/s至55.2cm/s。地下水滞留时间很短,水位变化非常迅速,变幅高达312m。地下水位对强降雨的响应小于4小时。岩溶大泉的主要特征是管道出口深,最大最小流量变化大。区内发育的落水洞有成千上百个,其中一些落水洞排水能力超过100m3/s,规模巨大并被洪水暂时淹没的岩溶坡立谷闻名世界各地。泉水天然流量和野生动物生存环境的改变,特别是当地特有物种的破坏,已经成为新近许多岩溶工程项目的焦点议题。由于该区极其复杂的水文地理和政治环境,不同国度间的跨界含水层似乎是一个非常敏感的问题。