湖南株洲湾塘地区地热勘查定井探讨

基岩山区地热形成必须具备“储、盖、通、源、滞”五大基本要素,以湖南株洲湾塘地区地热成因为例,说明怎样利用地热勘查手段来分析论证株洲湾塘地区地热形成的五大要素,建立热储概念模型,确定地热井位置。为提高地热钻探成井率,在基岩山区钻探施工时,建议使用气举反循环清水钻进工艺。     

广安市铜锣山背斜三叠纪岩溶热储结构特征及热水成因研究

为探讨广安市铜锣山背斜三叠纪岩溶热储特征、地热水水化学与同位素组成、热储温度及地热水循环机理,采用地热钻探、水化学与同位素取样测试、热水溶质组分图解分析等手段和方法,开展了地热水成因的研究工作。结果表明:研究区三叠纪碳酸盐岩热储结构相对完整,热储盖层、热储层和热储下部隔水层形成独立的地热水文地质单元。岩溶地热水水化学类型主要为SO₄-Ca·Mg和SO₄-Ca型,富含F、Sr、Li、B和SiO₂物质,其水源补给为大气降水,补给区位于铜锣山以北的大巴山一带,深部地热水补给高程大于1 100 m,补给区年均温度为9 ℃。热储温度为56~76 ℃,热水循环深度为2 013~3 030 m。地热水在循环过程中,主要发生碳酸盐岩和蒸发岩溶解、冷热水混合过程,且冷水混入比例大于80%。结合区域地热地质条件,构建了研究区地热水成因概念模型。      

辽宁凌源——建昌一带基岩地下水主要特征

凌源—建昌一带是辽宁西部主要干旱少雨地区,研究这一地区基岩地下水的分布规律,具有重大经济意义。本文从综合分析辽宁西部水文地质调查资科入手,对该地区基岩地下水类型及岩石富水性和褶皱束、盆地、断裂及不整合接触带富水性以及该地区补给径流排泄条件等问题进行了讨论。特别是深入分析了碎屑岩类裂隙孔隙水、碳酸盐类岩石裂隙岩溶水、带状裂隙水、层状裂隙水的赋存特点。     

缺水基岩山区蓄水构造类型划分及其属性分析

近十多年来,服务脱贫攻坚的基岩山区找水打井工作充分运用并丰富了蓄水构造理论,但缺乏对其类型的统一划分和属性的深入分析。以蓄水构造为理论指导,考虑地貌汇水、岩性赋水、构造控水等控制因素,以构造为主控因素,综合地形地貌、地层岩性和植被发育及开发利用实际价值等因素,系统总结划分出缺水基岩山区水平岩层、单斜、褶皱、断裂、接触、风化壳、复合、洞藏等8类20型35式蓄水构造,并借鉴、结合新构造控水理论和地下水系统理论分析总结不同尺度、不同类型蓄水构造的共性特征,从蓄水构造空间组合特征、边界水文地质性质、水动力条件、尺度效应、控水共生特征、开发利用实际价值等方面,提出了岩性与地质构造的相关性、透水与隔水的相对性、汇水与蓄水的平衡性、尺度与系统的统一性、形成与改造的继承性和规模与目的的匹配性等蓄水构造属性。研究成果细化完善了缺水基岩山区地下水蓄水构造类型划分,总结提炼了蓄水构造属性特征,深化了对蓄水构造概念内涵的理解与认识。既进一步推动了基岩山区水文地质学的研究,也可为缺水区找水定井提供参考,并指导缺水区水资源可持续利用。     

河北汤泉地热田地温场分布及其控制因素研究

汤泉位于河北省遵化市西北部,为山前丘陵地貌,地热资源丰富。本文对汤泉地热田内分布的诸多基岩热水井进行了钻孔测温,利用测温结果对该地热田地温场分布特征及控制因素进行了研究。研究发现:钻孔温度明显受地下水流的影响,绝大部分测温井表现为对流传热特征,个别表现为传导为主的传热特征;地温异常区域位于汤泉福泉宫和疗养院一带,异常中心呈两极分布,地热异常中心50 m埋深水温为51~54℃,100 m埋深水温可达60~67℃;该地热系统中地热水系地下水在深循环过程中,在正常的大地热流背景下被围岩逐渐加热所致;由花岗岩隔水底板构造形态所形成的隐伏盆地,构成了福泉宫至疗养院一带的蓄水构造;由于断裂构造切割花岗岩体,造成深部的热流沿断裂上升,混合并加热赋存于福泉宫至疗养院一带蓄水构造中的片麻岩裂隙水,形成该地段的地热异常现象;福泉宫地区和疗养院地区片麻岩含水层裂隙发育,使得深部热量能够快速到达浅部地层,并在浅部出现局部异常高温;汤泉地热田片麻岩热储层地热流体属于含岩盐地层溶滤的陆相沉积水,主要来源于大气降水。     

Assessment of water seepage through a geologic barrier surrounding a large reservoir using groundwater levels, soil condition, and a numerical model

Though the geologic barrier surrounding a dam reservoir plays an important role in preventing water seepage to the outside of a reservoir, a detailed survey to assess bedrock conditions of the whole reservoir boundary is seldom performed when designing a dam. In this study, a variety of investigations and analyses have been conducted to reveal a seepage phenomenon through a reservoir boundary composed of highly fractured metamorphic rocks at the Daechung multipurpose dam. At the study site, groundwater levels at monitoring wells located close to a reservoir tend to change proportionally to reservoir water levels, usually with a rapid response time of 1 day or less. Soil moisture content also changes with respect to the reservoir water level, and the area where seepage from the reservoir is a possibility has a relatively high soil moisture content. The similarity of measured seepage rates at the outflow site and the seepage rate estimated by Darcy’s law suggests strong connectivity and high density of the fractures. The estimated seepage rate using a numerical model for the northernmost valley (Zone 1) is approximately 127.2 m³/day in the case of high reservoir water level and 24.3 m³/day in the case of low water level. Continuous monitoring to obtain time series data for water levels, quality, and bedrock displacement is recommended to assess the sustainable stability of this geologic barrier.     

岩溶蓄水构造电阻率模型建立及其在物探找水中的应用

岩溶地下水的富集是极不均匀性的,寻找和查明岩溶蓄水构造的空间位置及其结构,是在岩溶山区寻找地下水源地的前提.本文通过对贵州省岩溶地下水富集条件的分析、归纳,将岩溶蓄水构造分为两个大类共七个类型,并利用地质体电阻率的统计结果建立了各类型岩溶蓄水构造的电阻率物理模型.实际工作表明,利用岩溶蓄水构造的电阻率物理模型,对提高岩溶山区找水打井的成功率具有指导意义.     

Ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain

We review recent work on ice, moraine, and landslide dams in mountainous terrain, thus complementing several comprehensive summaries on glacier dams in intracontinental and Arctic areas of low relief. We discuss the roles of tectonic and climatic forcing on ice-, moraine-, and landslide-dam formation and sudden drainage, and focus on similarities and differences between their geomorphic impacts on confined valleys drained by steep bedrock and gravel-bed rivers.Despite numerous reported failures of natural dams in mountain belts throughout the world, their relevance to long-term dynamics of mountain rivers remains poorly quantified. All types of dams exert local base-level controls, thus trapping incoming sediment and inhibiting fluvial bedrock incision. Pervasive geomorphic and sedimentary evidence of outburst events is preserved even in areas of high erosion rates, suggesting that sudden dam failures are characterized by processes of catastrophic valley-floor aggradation, active-channel widening, and downstream dispersion of sediment, during which little bedrock erosion seems to be achieved.We find that, in the absence of direct evidence of former dams, a number of similarities among the geomorphic and sedimentologic characteristics of catastrophic outburst flows may give rise to ambiguous inferences on the dam-forming process. This is especially the case for tectonically active mountain belts where there is ample and comparable potential for the formation and failure of ice, moraine, landslide, and polygenetic dams concomitant with climatic oscillations or earthquake disturbance. Hence, the palaeoclimatic implications of erroneously inferring the cause of dam formation may be significant.We recommend that future research on natural dams in mountainous terrain addresses (a) climate- and earthquake-controlled systematics in the pattern of formation and failure; (b) quantification of response of mountain rivers to catastrophic outburst events and their concomitant process sequences; (c) elaboration of a comprehensive classification of natural dams in mountainous terrain with special attention to polygenetic dams; (d) physical-based modelling of dam formation, failure, and routing of water and sediment outbursts; and (e) quantitative controls on the contribution of natural dams to sediment budgets in mountainous terrain.     

柴达木盆地英东地区地质综合评价及勘探目标优选

通过对柴达木盆地英东地区构造断裂特征、烃源岩条件、沉积储层的地层发育特征、生储盖组合等地质条件综合分析、评价认为:英东地区油砂山、英东一号构造等中浅层圈闭落实,油源充足且具有良好的生储盖组合。同时砂33、砂34井试油已获得油气流,说明油气层有东扩的趋势。因此通过目标优选评价认为该区具有良好的勘探前景,目前通过砂37、40井等井钻探已发现英东一号油气田。     

应用大地电磁法TE、TM模式勘查构造裂隙水

基岩山区地下水类型以构造裂隙水为主,而山区构造裂隙发育具有各向异性以及容易受地形影响的特点.为此,研究了大地电磁测深法TM、TE两种观测模式的响应特征,认为通过这两种观测模式的对比应用,可以清晰地了解地层的各向异性,且TE观测模式在识别构造空间分布特征方面更具有突出的优势.在太行山区的实际应用验证了该技术的有效性,为山...     

白城北部低山丘陵区构造裂隙水赋存规律及其勘查方法的初步研究

构造裂隙水是基岩地下水的重要组成部分,尤其是在风化裂隙发育较差,覆盖较薄的白城北部低山丘陵区,构造裂隙水往往成为该区的主要供水水源.本文简要介绍了该区构造裂隙水赋存的特点及其分布规律,并结合工作实践,提出了探明该区储水构造的方法.     

The influence of geology and land use on arsenic in stream sediments and ground waters in New England,USA

Population statistics for As concentrations in rocks, sediments and ground water differ by geology and land use features in the New England region, USA. Significant sources of As in the surficial environment include both natural weathering of rocks and anthropogenic sources such as arsenical pesticides that were commonly applied to apple, blueberry and potato crops during the first half of the 20th century in the region. The variation of As in bedrock ground water wells has a strong positive correlation with geologic features at the geologic province, lithology group, and bedrock map unit levels. The variation of As in bedrock ground water wells also has a positive correlation with elevated stream sediment and rock As chemistry. Elevated As concentrations in bedrock wells do not correlate with past agricultural areas that used arsenical pesticides on crops. Stream sediments, which integrate both natural and anthropogenic sources, have a strong positive correlation of As concentrations with rock chemistry, geologic provinces and ground water chemistry, and a weaker positive correlation with past agricultural land use. Although correlation is not sufficient to demonstrate cause-and-effect, the statistics favor rock-based As as the dominant regional source of the element in stream sediments and ground water in New England. The distribution of bedrock geology features at the geologic province, lithology group and map unit level closely correlate with areas of elevated As in ground water, stream sediments, and rocks.     

安徽长江经济带地热资源赋存特征及潜力评价

【研究目的】安徽长江经济带地热资源储量丰富,未来开发利用前景好,对该区域进行地热资源评价可为安徽省能源结构优化及地热资源可持续开发利用提供科学依据。【研究方法】在分析研究区地质构造、地层岩性、地热流体水化学类型等地质与水文地质条件的基础上,揭示了安徽长江经济带地热资源概况及分布特征,探讨了隆起山地对流型和沉积盆地传导型地热资源的赋存特征,并对其储量及开发利用潜力进行评价。【研究结果】安徽长江经济带地热资源热储主要赋存在巢湖—和县基岩隆起区、大别山隆起区、沿江基岩隆起区、江南隆起等隆起山地及定远断陷盆地、肥东断陷盆地、霍山—九井盆地、庐枞断陷盆地、安庆断陷盆地、宣城断陷盆地等沉积盆地。前者隆起区热储类型为带状,岩性以断裂破碎带中花岗岩为主,后者断陷盆地热储类型为层状及层状兼带状,岩性以砂岩和碳酸盐岩为主。带内热储主要为偏硅酸·氟热矿水,隆起山地型地热流体水化学类型主要为SO₄、HCO₃型水,沉积盆地型地热流体水化学类型主要为HCO₃型水。通过潜力评价可知,隆起山地型地热资源潜力较小,且处于开发利用状态的地热田基本处于超采状态;沉积盆地型地热资源潜力相对较大,其中潜力大、中和小的盆地分别有4处、6处和10处。【结论】安徽长江经济带区域内地热资源潜力分布不均,地热资源需要分区规划利用,并且需要考虑高氟、高矿化度热矿水利用造成的地表水环境污染。     

Hydrogeochemistry and Origin of Thermal Groundwater in Bedrock Aquifers in Tianjin, China

INTRODUCTIONThermalgroundwaterisfoundtohaveoccurredinthebedrockcarbonateaquifersofLowerPaleozoicandMeso toNeo ProterozoicErathemsnearTianjin ,China .Thebedrockaquifersexistinthelayersbetweenabout 10 0 0mandmorethan 4 0 0 0mbelowthelandsurface .Thethermalwaterhasbeensuccessfullydevelopedoverthepast2 0yearstoprovideasourceofhotwaterforavarietyofresidentialandindustri alpurposes.Geothermalwellstappingtheaquifersarecapa bleofproducingcommercialquantitiesofhotwaterwiththetemperaturesranging…     

黑河中游盆地南部山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给量的估算

山区地下水对平原区的侧向径流补给量是一个长期争议且悬而未决的难题,这个量在西北内陆干旱盆地,被估算得或很小或很大。在总结前人研究的基础上,采用地质水文地质调查、物探、钻探、抽水试验、地下水动态观测、水化学测试、盆地地下水水位统测和综合研究等技术方法,查明了黑河中游盆地南部山盆交接带的地质构造接触关系、地层岩性接触关系及梨园河口白垩系风化壳含水层结构和水文地质参数。通过山区不同流域等级的地表水与地下水转化关系分析,将山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给带划分为大中型河流河谷补给段和小微型河流或冲沟群流域构成的浅山带补给段。河谷补给段勘探资料较为丰富,多用达西断面流方法计算;针对浅山带补给段极为缺乏勘探资料的实际,以梨园河口断面径流量为参照,构建了浅山带岩性、汇水区面积、降水量等3 个变量的山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给量的估算方法。估算出黑河中游盆地南部山区浅山带地下水对平原的侧向径流补给量为0.40×108 m3/a,河谷段基岩侧向补给量为0.07×108 m3/a;推算出河谷段第四系地下水补给量为0.30×108 m3/a;3 项补给量之和为0.77×108 m3/a,占盆地地下水资源量的3.0%。该研究为西北内陆干旱盆地山区地下水对平原区侧向径流补给量的估算提供了一个可供借鉴的实例。     

重庆南川市甑子岩W12 #危岩崩塌预警分析

岩崩是基岩山区一种常遇的地质灾害，具有突发性强，可预见性差，危害性大的特点。文章通过对重庆南川金佛山甑子岩W12^#危岩体现场勘查，分析了该危岩体的成因机制和破坏模式。采用常规监测仪器和人工变形量测手段进行了预警预报研究，成功地预报了金佛山甑子岩W12^#危岩的崩塌，避免了重大的经济损失和人员伤亡。研究成果可为研究岩崩系统发展演化机制、探索突发性地质灾害的空间预警和防灾减灾决策提供可靠依据。     

火成岩风化壳储集层特征与油气产能关系研究:以准噶尔盆地红山嘴石炭系油藏为例

红山嘴油田是准噶尔盆地典型的风化壳型油藏,具有广阔的勘探前景。利用宏微观岩矿分析、地球物理、地球化学等多种实验分析手段,对红山嘴地区火成岩岩石学特征、结构发育特征及控制因素开展综合研究,结果表明:(1)红山嘴地区发育侵入岩、次火山岩、火山熔岩、火山碎屑熔岩、火山碎屑岩和沉火山碎屑岩等6大类火成岩,其中安山岩和凝灰岩最为发育;(2)火成岩储集空间组合包括原生气孔—溶蚀孔—Ⅰ级裂缝型、溶蚀孔—Ⅰ/Ⅱ级裂缝型、Ⅲ级裂缝型和Ⅳ级裂缝型4类,Ⅰ—Ⅳ类储层物性依次变差;(3)风化壳自上而下发育水解带、淋蚀带、崩解Ⅰ带、崩解Ⅱ带、母岩带5个分带,顶部水解带风化强,多被分解成致密的泥土层,可作盖层,而淋蚀带和崩解Ⅰ带是风化淋蚀改造较好区,储层物性最好;(4)不同油气产能井与风化壳结构具有很好的对应关系,可为风化壳型火成岩油藏优势区带划分和产能预测提供指导。     

柴达木盆地东坪地区侏罗系分布及基岩岩性预测

柴达木盆地东坪地区东坪1井天然气的发现揭开了柴达木盆地基岩天然气藏勘探的序幕。勘探和研究认为,东坪地区基岩气藏以侏罗系烃源岩为气源,纵向上通过断裂、裂缝系统迁移,横向上通过不整合面、优质砂体运移,在花岗岩和片麻岩基岩中聚集成藏。因此,侏罗系分布和基底岩性预测是该区基岩气藏勘探的关键问题。通过CEMP勘探结合重磁资料研究,明确了侏罗系的分布,预测了东坪—冷湖地区基岩分布及特征,与钻井吻合良好,对东坪—冷湖地区的基岩气藏勘探具有指导意义。     

西藏措勤盆地下白垩统碳酸盐岩储层特征及评价

本文是以措勤盆地碳酸盐岩为研究对象，利用野外地质实测资料和室内分析化验资料，分析碳酸盐岩储层的岩性特征，储集空间、储层类型、储集性能。对朗山组、川巴组的碳酸盐岩储层进行了评价。认为郎山组厚度大，溶蚀、裂缝发育，在区域上相对稳定，是该区的重点储层，多巴组的储层次之，以此弥补该地区的碳酸盐岩储层研究的空白。     

Discussion on the calculation of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well for stratified thermal reservoir

In order to ensure the sustainable exploitation of geothermal resources and prevent the occurrence of thermal breakthrough during the process of geothermal water reinjection, the authors systematically summarized the calculation formulas of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well in this paper. Three shortcomings in the calculation method of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well were identified through theoretical derivation. (1) The parameter f, which is defined as the ratio of the specific heat of water to that of thermal reservoir rocks, is defective. (2) The value of the thermal reservoir recovery rate defined as 0.15 is relatively unilateral, which is not applicable for geothermal wells with different lithology. (3) The calculation time is fixed as 36 500 d, which is not appropriate for geothermal wells with interval development. Based on the problems above, the authors redefined the parameter f and used variables to replace the previous thermal reservoir recovery rate and exploitation time, which can be identified according to different thermal reservoirs and specific exploitation time. By comparison of the applicable conditions of different calculation formulas of the rights protection radius of the geothermal well, the authors proposed that different calaulation formuas should be chosen based on the relationship of the size between β^-1-α and 3λ. And by comparison of the rights protection radius calculation formulas for the mining well and the recharge well, it is found that the rights protection radius of the mining well is always bigger than that of the recharge well. Finally, Shuiwen residential area of Decheng district was taken as an example to verfity the theoretical results.