Progress on the mapping of groundwater resources and environment in Asia

With the ever-accelerating economic and social growth in Asia, the sustainable development of environment, economy and society of Asia and beyond, is severely constrained by a series of grave issues, such as global climate change, population explosion, resource shortage, and rampant disasters. The need for study on groundwater resources and environment in Asia as part of the efforts to tackle global climate change looms even larger. In analyzing how global changes of modern times and human activities are related to primary geo-environment, the groundwater environment serial maps of Asia introduces a new concept for mapping geo-environment of Asia that connects the geological background to groundwater environment. The serial maps reveal the geographic environment that is closely related to groundwater, the special-temporal features of the geo-environment and how it is distributed. The study is vital not only to the harmonious development among environment, economy and society as well as ecological progress in Asia, but also to the strategic requirements posed by the “One Belt One Road”.     

Analysis of the negative effects of groundwater exploitation on geological environment in Asia

This paper summarizes the negative effects on geological environment caused by groundwater exploitation and its distribution. There are seven main types of the geological environment negative effects, which are generally as follows:(1) Constant decrease of groundwater level is mainly distributed in China(East Asia), India(South Asia), Tajikistan(Central Asia) and Saudi Arabia(West Asia);(2) land subsidence occurs mainly in eastern plains of East Asia and west Siberian Plain of North Asia;(3) seawater intrusion occurs mainly in China, Japan and South Korea in East Asia, Philippines and Indonesia in Southeast Asia, the Indian coastal areas in South Asia;(4) groundwater level decline caused by groundwater exploitation in oil fields;(5) mining collapse is mainly in 50° to 70° north latitude band;(6) the total area of karst collapse in China of East Asia is as much as 197.05 km~2; and(7) ground fracture is mainly distributed in the North China Plain, Fenwei Plain and the Yangtze River Delta. Asia can be divided into 6 zones in terms of the geological environment negative effect caused by groundwater exploitation. According to analysis, with the increasing intensity of human activities, geological environment issues become more and more serious, therefore it is vital to control the human activities within the scope of 5× 10~5 people/km~2 to 9.9× 10~5 people/km~2 for the effective control of the size of the affected area by geological environment problems.     

Influence of fluctuations of frozen soil in North Asia on groundwater and assessment on resources

The distribution and fluctuations of frozen soil in North Asia are closely related to the groundwater recharge-runoff-discharge in this area, and play a role in controlling the hydrogeological conditions of North Asia. By using NOAA satellite remote sensing interpretation data of frozen soil distribution in 2009 in conjunction with local hydrogeological conditions, the frozen soil area of North Asia according to the different characteristics of its impact on the groundwater was divided into three great hydrogeologic units, i.e. continuous permafrost, island permafrost, and high-altitude permafrost. By water balance method, the amount of natural renewable resources in North Asia was calculated as 1 007.45×109 m3/a, with mineable resource of 705.21×109 m3/a, which indicates that the reduction of frozen soil range due to climate change in recent years gives rise to the richer groundwater resources and greater potential of mineable resources in North Asia, and frozen soil melting poses a relatively significant influence on the groundwater environment and ecological environment in North Asia     

区域地下水功能及可持续利用性评价理论与方法

本文针对我国北方地下水评价中偏重资源而对地下水的生态功能和地质环境功能重视不足的问题，立足流域尺度地下水循环系统，从地下水的自然属性切入，突出协调综合发挥地下水的资源功能、生态功能和地质环境功能的目标，应用系统论和层次分析方法，建立了地下水功能的基本理念、评价标准和方法及评价指标体系，并以华北滹沱河流域作为示范区应用，结果表明具有实用性。     

地下水可持续开采量与地下水功能评价的关系

针对中国北方地下水评价中偏重资源而对地下水的生态功能和地质环境功能重视不足的问题,立足于流域尺度的地下水循环系统和地下水的自然属性,突出协调综合发挥地下水的资源功能、生态功能和地质环境功能的目标,从地下水可持续开采量与地下水功能的理念基础、评价原则和评价机理3个方面探讨二者的内在关联性,认为它们同源于人与自然和谐的理念,都以流域尺度的地下水循环系统为研究主体,以保护生态与地质环境为目标,彼此相互促进和相互支撑.地下水功能评价是合理确定地下水可持续开采量的充分条件,地下水可持续开采量的合理确定是实现地下水功能评价目标的必要条件;如果二者缺一,则地下水的生态功能或地质环境功能难以得到有针对性的保护.     

辽宁西部地区缺水因素分析及地下水资源开发利用建议

淡水资源是基础自然资源。辽宁省西部地区地下水资源贫乏,生态环境脆弱,需科学、合理开发利用地下水资源,支持缺水地区经济的发展,改善当地人民的生活水平和生态环境建设。     

Ecological function zoning and protection of groundwater in Asia

The natural groundwater recharge in Asia is estimated to be 4 677.74×10⁹ m³/a. However, it features extremely uneven spatial-temporal distribution. Groundwater is distributed in various natural and geological environments, and it is liable to be affected by numerous factors and possesses different properties. Moreover, groundwater faces complex ecological problems. This paper gains a complete understanding of groundwater in Asia in terms of the structure of aquifer systems, the processes of groundwater cycle, and the spatial variation laws of surface ecosystems. Based on this, it proposes the ecological function zoning scheme of groundwater in Asia, aiming to provide guidance for the utilization of regional water resources and the planning for economic and social development, coordinate the relationship between social and economic development and water resource protection, and improve the ecological functions of groundwater. Furthermore, this paper analyzes the problems with regional groundwater management in Asia and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions, thus providing a theoretical basis for the sustainable development and utilization of regional groundwater and environmental protection.     

西北地区地下水的地质生态环境调节作用研究

针对西北干旱区特定的生态环境条件 ,通过凝结水对沙生植物作用的分析以及地下水位埋深对植物生长和土壤盐渍化影响的分析 ,探讨了地下水对生态环境的控制作用 ,认为地下水埋深及包气带水分运动状况 ,是主要生态环境指标 ,保持合理的生态地下水位是防治植物死亡和土地荒漠化的关键 ;维持适度的地下水位埋深 ,可以控制土壤水盐运移和均衡 ,达到改良土壤和改善地质生态环境的目的。文中还探讨了塔里木河和玛纳斯河流域水资源开发利用对生态环境的影响。     

华南西部滨海湿地调查及主要成果

通过遥感、单波束测量、地质取样、海水取样、钻探、地下水采集与监测等多种调查手段及工作方法,首次在我国华南西部开展1∶10万滨海湿地地质调查与生态环境评价工作,对滨海湿地类型及分布、滨海海域地形地貌、沉积物环境质量、海水环境质量、生态地质演化、地下水化学要素进行综合分析与研究。项目系统查明了该区滨海湿地类型、分布、生态环境现状及其主要影响因素,对湿地生态地质环境质量进行了综合评价,构建了华南西部滨海湿地地质调查技术方法体系和生态地质环境综合评价体系,提出了滨海湿地保护和恢复的建议,为后续我国南方滨海湿地调查提供了示范。     

地下水环境脆弱程度图编图方法研究

由于地下水的过量开采,导致地下水资源乃至地下水环境遭到不同程度的厂址,引起许多与其相关的生态环境问题。为此,本文引用地下水环境脆弱性概念,并以松嫩平原为例,采用先进的理论和方法,以包气带厚度、包气带渗透系数、地下水补给强度及地下水水力坡度等为定量化指标牙分不同脆弱程度地区,编制了为统一协调资源与环境,优化开采提供依据的一种新的地下水环境脆弱程度图。     

面向生态的干旱半干旱地区区域地下水资源评价的方法体系

为了提高区域地下水资源评价的可靠性、扩展干旱半干旱地区面向生态的区域地下水资源评价方法,对准噶尔盆地和鄂尔多斯盆地地下水与生态环境关系进行调查研究,认为地下水具有重要的生态价值。目前在干旱半干旱地区区域地下水资源评价中对地下水的生态价值考虑不够,是造成地下水资源评价可靠性不高的原因之一。因此,提出了干旱半干旱地区地下水生态价值的概念,围绕可持续利用的地下水资源量与生态环境良性循环的目标,构建了面向生态的区域地下水资源评价方法体系。方法体系的基本思路是突出系统的观点和地表水与地下水统一评价、水质水量并重、地下水资源与其相关生态环境统一评价的3个原则;通过建立水文地质概念模型、集中参数型模型、分布参数型模型和基于地下水变化的生态环境综合评价4个模型,加上引进水量、水位与水质3个约束条件,以及开发基于GIS的地下水资源评价信息系统的平台,对地下水资源、调蓄能力与生态环境效益进行整体评价与预警。方法体系注重了地下水的资源和生态的双重属性,强调地下水资源与相关生态环境整体评价和预警的一体化,突出了模型体系与GIS技术在区域地下水资源评价和相关生态环境评价的有效集成。     

黑河干流拟建水利工程对下游生态环境的影响分析

依据典型年份实际调查资料和以往研究成果, 采用地下水均衡方法, 定量对比分析了黑河拟建水利工程对下游地区地下水资源变化趋势, 并利用Visual Modflow三维地下水非稳定流软件系统模型对下游盆地未来20 a(2008—2028年)地下水位及其生态环境变化趋势进行了预测.结果表明: 在拟建工程实施20 a后黑河下游地下水位总体上处于下降趋势, 但下降幅度呈逐年减少状态直至趋于新的动态平衡.金塔-鼎新盆地地下水位下降幅度最大的地段是黑河沿岸为0.51~0.87 m, 但由于人工农业绿洲补充, 故生态环境不会有大的改变.额济纳盆地地下水位下降幅度最大的地段是古日乃及外围, 分别为1.0 m以上和0.5~1.0 m, 将引起植被的衰亡和种群的更替变化; 大部分地段地下水位下降幅度介于0.0~0.50 m之间, 对现有的生态与环境影响不显著; 桃来三达-额济纳旗以北地下水位呈现上升趋势, 上升幅度为0.10~0.87 m, 东居延海一带上升幅度大于0.87 m, 这一地区植被长势趋于良好, 植被覆盖率会有所增加, 将形成围绕海子的天然绿洲.     

生态水文学与生态水文地质学

在分析生态水文学学科发展过程的基础上，对生态水文地质学的研究对象、内容和方法进行了讨论。生态水文地质学是生态学与水文地质学交叉渗透后形成的学科，是地下水资源可持续利用的理论基础。当前中国生态水文地质学研究的主要任务是生态状况的定量描述、水文地质条件与生态状况的关系、多重界面水分转换机制及其生态效应、含水层中地下水各种物理化学过程的生态效应和气候变化对地下水的影响及其生态响应等问题。生态水文地质学必将在中国实施可持续发展战略的过程中发挥巨大的作用。     

城市地下空间开发对地下水环境影响的初步研究

本文以南京地铁、玄武湖水底交通隧道为例,初步分析了玄武湖水底交通隧道对地下水环境的潜在影响。这种潜在影响主要表现在三个方面:阻滞地下水的排泄,引起地下水位的升降,诱发玄武湖水与古河道水的贯通。结果则是地下水污染加剧,城市生态环境的恶化。     

Groundwater System Division and Description of Asia

Based on landform, climate, river system, geological structure and hydrogeological structure and from the perspective of systematology, the groundwater system of Asia can be divided into 36 secondary groundwater systems under 11 primary ones by the intercontinental scale. This forms part of the work of the groundwater series map of Asia, which is compiled according to groundwater system division and evaluation of the total amount and types of aquifer, reflecting the large-scale features of groundwater resources in Asia. Systematic profiling of groundwater in this way provides a scientific basis for groundwater exploitation planning and management in Asia, and avoiding disputes over groundwater resources and the environment among Asian countries.     

柴达木盆地鱼卡河流域水资源开发利用与生态保护

鱼卡河流经2个次级断陷盆地,流域地表水资源总量为10 236.58×104 m3;地下水资源总量为17 764.55×104 m3。其中鱼卡盆地地表水资源量为10 123.06×104 m3,地下水量为6 967.85×104 m3;马海盆地地表水资源量为9 145.44×104 m3,地下水量为10 796.7×104 m3。鱼卡盆地地下水开采量为226.3×104 m3,占地下水资源量3.2%;马海盆地地下水开采量为619.8×104 m3,占地下水资源量5.7%。通过对流域地下水资源利用研究表明,随着流域地下水资源开发力度加大,下游出现了地下水资源短缺,造成生态环境恶化。例如,流域地下水不能得到合理开发利用,将进一步加剧下游生态环境更加恶化,破坏生态平衡。因此,合理开发利用流域地下水资源,是关系到流域下游工农业可持续发展的主要问题。     

济南都市圈生态地质环境质量评价

通过实际调查资料,以地层岩性、构造稳定性、植被覆盖、土地沙漠化、地下水、地表水、工程地质条件、地质灾害等8个生态评价因子,采用模糊数学方法,对济南都市圈生态地质环境质量进行了评价。建立了济南都市圈生态地质环境质量评价模型,为政府规划或技术管理部门决策提供可靠的科学依据。     

邢台市平原区地下水环境劣变机理及对策

邢台市是华北平原地下水超采的典型区域。通过分析区域内地下水开采与环境变化的关系,发现地下水环境劣变与地下水开采量增加以及河道渗漏量持续减少等因素密切相关,揭示了目前研究区地下水埋深整体大幅度下降的区域特征以及由于邢台市平原区过量开采地下水而引发的生态环境问题。针对研究区当前面临的地下水日益衰竭及水环境劣变的现状,提出了...     

辽宁省地下水环境质量评价与水质污染防治

地下水水质基本状况和污染程度直接反映地下水环境质量的好坏.本文对辽宁省地下水环境质量做出了评价,主要分析了表征地下水质动态特征的相关化学组分.影响地下水环境质量变化的因素,主要有自然因素、人为因素两方面.对于地下水水质污染的防治,从自然环境、人为环境、时间因素三方面采取措施.