循环与单调加载作用下冻结黄土的变形与损伤特性

针对冻土工程中地基冻土体受力形式复杂、常处于变应力路径、反复加卸载作用问题, 开展了冻结黄土静力条件下的三轴加卸载试验与单调加载对比试验, 研究了两种应力路径下冻结黄土的变形和损伤特性. 通过对比发现, 加载方式对冻结黄土变形特性随围压的变化规律影响不大. 循环加卸载作用下, 冻结黄土的压密变硬增强了其抵抗变形的能力. 卸载阶段, 冻结黄土表现出卸载体胀的弹性现象, 呈现出与融土不同的体变特征. 基于弹性模量的劣化定义了冻结黄土的损伤变量, 并根据试验结果得出了冻结黄土的损伤演化规律可用双曲线函数来描述. 在较低的围压下, 围压增加对冻土损伤的发展有抑制作用; 而当围压足够大时, 由于冰的压碎和压融的出现, 围压增大加剧了损伤的发展.     

盾构地中对接冻结加固模型试验(Ⅰ)——冻结过程中地层冻结温度场的分布特征

针对软土地层中盾构地中对接冻结加固施工边界条件复杂、形成冻结壁体积小且形状不规则的特点,以上海地区某盾构对接冻结加固工程为原型,按照相似理论设计进行了冻结加固模型试验,分析了冻结过程中地层温度场的分布规律,获得以下结论:在盾构壳体内表面保温的条件下,冻结管内部冻土的平均发展速度是冻结管外部的1.5倍左右;冻结28 h后,冻结管内部冻结壁的温度分布基本稳定,盾构壳体与土体交接面的温度均处于-20℃左右,内部冻结壁的平均温度约为外部的1.9倍。在同圈冻结管的叠加作用下,冻结过程中冻结壁主面和界面的温度变化规律基本一致,仅在冻结初期有少许差别。在外圈冻结管的低温屏蔽作用下,内圈冻结管对外部土体基本不发挥冻结作用,在不同冻结管排间距及多根冻结管交叉冻结的情况下,冻结管外部的冻土扩展规律基本相同,仅两排冻结管之间的土体温度分布存在差别。研究结果表明,盾构地中对接冻结加固形成的冻结壁形状与外圈冻结管的布置形式相似,形成的冻结壁厚度及平均温度在冻结28 h后基本稳定。     

一种考虑显热和潜热双重效应的冻土比热计算方法

对土在冻结过程中孔隙水的相态演变过程进行了分析,并在研究显热、潜热物理本质的基础上,将冻土进一步划分为冻结土和冻实土。根据潜热的物理意义指出,随土温从一般地温逐渐降低至较大负温,土的比热应该分段计算,即分为融土阶段、冻结阶段和冻实阶段。在融土阶段,孔隙水始终为液态;在冻结阶段,存在可以进一步冻结为冰的液态水;在冻实阶段,不再存在进一步可能冻结为冰的液态水。因此,冻结土的进一步降温将同时伴有显热释放和潜热释放。而在冻实土中,进一步的降温只伴有显热释放。在此基础上,基于混合物比热容的加权叠加法则,研究了冻土的比热构成,给出了涵盖潜热的冻土比热计算方法。     

模拟人工冻结凿井状态下冻土强度特性研究

通过模拟人工冻结凿井中冻土冻结、受力的实际过程,对已冻结试样进行不同温度、不同初始围压状态下的减载试验研究.结果表明:温度和土层深度是影响深部冻土破坏强度和破坏应变的主要因素,当温度不变时,破坏强度和破坏应变随初始围压呈线性关系变化.破坏强度受温度的影响取决于初始围压,在低初始围压状态下,冻土的破坏强度受温度变化影响不明显,但随着初始围压增大即土层深度加深,破坏强度受温度的影响也逐渐明显.破坏应变随温度的降低而逐渐减小,且呈双曲线形变化,但当温度低于 - 7℃时,在不同初始围压下其破坏应变基本不随温度的变化而变化     

多圈管分期冻结施工法温度场现场实测与分析

在深厚表土中进行冻结法施工常产生由于冻胀应力造成的冻结管断裂, 为减小深井冻结壁在形成过程中产生的内部冻胀应力, 采取外圈辅助冻结孔滞后于主圈孔冻结的施工方案, 能有效地防止冻结管断裂. 应用有限元方法对淮南某煤矿主井冻结井筒分期冻结过程进行了瞬态温度场数值模拟, 和现场实测十分接近. 分期冻结方案能减少冻结壁内部水分聚集, 以达到减少冻胀应力的目的, 并形成相对比较均匀的温度场. 相同冻结条件下采用分期冻结方案, 冻结壁有效厚度增大约15%. 数值模拟的系统分析可为深井冻结壁的设计与施工提供科学依据.     

围压对冻结粉土动力特性的影响

通过恒应速率控制下等应变幅三轴动强度，对不同围压下的冻结粉土的应力－应变关系，动强度、破坏时间和破坏振次以及退荷回弹动弹模的讨论，认为围压效应有增强效应（提高动强度）和减强效应（降低动强度）两部分合成。在低围压时，围压效应中增强效应占主导、动强度随围压增加而提高；围压达到一定值之后，减强效应起主导作用，动强度随围压增加而下降，导致这一特点的主要机理是，围压作用下冰点下降引起冻土的未冻水含量增大和基     

冻结土石混合体在单轴压缩下的变形和声发射特征研究

冻结土石混合体具有明显的各向异性和结构效应,相比于冻土,其物理力学行为更加复杂。为了研究冻结土石混合体受压条件下的破坏过程和声发射特征,本文对含石量分别为30%、40%、50%的人工冻结土石混合体试样和不同含水量青藏公路冻结路基砂土石混填物试样进行单轴压缩下的声发射试验。结果表明：（1）与常温土石混合体相比,冻结土石混合体试样受冰晶和冻土的蠕变作用,在单轴压缩过程中表现出轴向应力峰后裂纹发育的变形模式。（2）受冰晶体破裂的影响,冻结土石混合体在加载初始压密阶段就出现一定数量的声发射事件,轴向应力峰后阶段也存在明显的声发射活动,呈现声发射活动的多峰特征。含石量越大,峰后声发射活动越强,且基质土为黏质粉土的土石混合体峰后声发射活动要强于基质土为砂土的冻结土石混合体。（3）冻结黏质粉土的蠕变性质和含石量的大小共同影响试样内部的变形特征。冻结土含量越高,土体越易裹挟块石做整体运动,不利于裂隙的发育,试样多见鼓胀变形,声发射活动较少;当含石量较大时,土石界面数量多,土体与块石差异运动明显,试样以裂隙扩展为主,声发射事件增多,整体变形不明显。     

复杂环境下浅埋暗挖隧道穿越薄富含水层冻结温度场研究

提出了南京地铁2号线新街口－上海路隧道穿越薄富含水层冻结法止水加固方案,利用ADINA有限元软件对该浅埋暗挖隧道涌水段建立冻结温度场数值模型,分析了冻结管间距、冻结盐水温度、冻结管直径对冻结壁发展速率、冻结壁厚度、平均温度的影响,以此为基础对冻结参数开展优化设计,并获得成功应用。研究结果表明：利用人工冻结技术能够有效解决这一特殊岩土工程难题。为了在支护段获得有效地止水冻土帷幕,冻结管间距应小于等于1 m;冻结工程中采取-30℃的盐水温度既能满足需冷量,又能符合经济性要求;采取大直径的冻结管对增加冻土墙厚度与降低冻土壁平均温度的影响并不显著。     

多圈管冻结壁形成和融化过程冻胀力实测研究

为获得多圈管冻结壁形成与融化过程中冻结壁内部冻胀力发展特性和孔隙水压力变化规律,进而分析冻结壁力学性态及安全性,在淮南某煤矿开展了冻结壁冻融过程中内、外部冻胀力和孔隙水压力的现场实测研究.实测结果表明:在地层冻融过程中,冻结壁内、外部形成了不均匀的冻胀应力,测试地层最大冻结压力达6.0 MPa,为初始地压的2.4倍;当井筒开挖至测试层位时地层冻结压力呈线性降低;随着浇筑外层混凝土井壁,冻结压力又有回升,当冻结壁融化后地层冻胀力为零,井壁恢复受水土压力作用.孔隙水压力变化经历了静止孔隙水压力和冻结过程的超静孔隙水压力两个阶段,超静孔隙水压力达到4.0 MPa,约为静止孔隙水压力的2.0倍.     

深土地压及对冻结壁厚度的影响

在对深厚表土中地压计算公式总结的基础上,根据冻结凿井的施工力学行为过程探讨了深厚表土中地压特点;通过深部重塑土的高压Ko固结水平加（卸）荷试验,获得了挤压（松弛）应力Ps与水平挤压（松弛）位移占之间的关系式,并进一步分析了忽略挤压（松弛）应力Ps造成的深土地压及冻结壁厚度的计算误差;对深厚表土的地压应根据冻结凿井施工过程确定,以避免重大工程事故。     

The terrestrial fauna of the Late Triassic Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry fissures,South Wales,UK and a new species of Clevosaurus (Lepidosauria: Rhynchocephalia)

Pant-y-ffynnon Quarry in South Wales yielded a rich cache of fossils in the early 1950s, including articulated specimens of new species (the small sauropodomorph dinosaur Pantydraco caducus and the crocodylomorph Terrestrisuchus gracilis), but no substantial study of the wider fauna of the Pant-y-ffynnon fissure systems has been published. Here, our overview of existing specimens, a few described but mostly undescribed, as well as freshly processed material, provides a comprehensive picture of the Pant-y-ffynnon palaeo-island of the Late Triassic. This was an island with a relatively impoverished fauna dominated by small clevosaurs (rhynchocephalians), including a new species, Clevosaurus cambrica, described here from a partially articulated specimen and isolated bones. The new species has a dental morphology that is intermediate between the Late Triassic Clevosaurus hudsoni, from Cromhall Quarry to the east, and the younger C. convallis from Pant Quarry to the west, suggesting adaptive radiation of clevosaurs in the palaeo-archipelago. The larger reptiles on the palaeo-island do not exceed 1.5?m in length, including a small carnivorous crocodylomorph, Terrestrisuchus, and a possible example of insular dwarfism in the basal dinosaur Pantydraco.     

The effect of water on accessory phase solubility in subaluminous and peralkaline granitic melts

The solubilities of columbite, tantalite, wolframite, rutile, zircon and hafnon were determined as a function of the water contents in peralkaline and subaluminous granite melts. All experiments were conducted at 1035 °C and 2 kbar and the water contents of the melts ranged from nominally dry to approximately 6 wt.% H₂O. Accessory phase solubilities are not affected by the water content of the peralkaline melt. By contrast, solubilities are affected by the water content of the subaluminous melt, where the solubilities of all the accessory phases examined increase with the water content of the melt, up to 2 wt.% H₂O. At higher water contents, solubilities are nearly constant. It can be concluded that water is not an important control of accessory phase solubility, although the water content will affect diffusivities of components in the melt, thus whether or not accessory phases will be present as restite material. The solubility behaviour in the subaluminous and peralkaline melts supports previous spectroscopic studies, which have observed differences in the coordination of high field strength elements in dry vs. wet subaluminous granitic glasses, but not for peralkaline granitic glasses. Lastly, the fact that wolframite solubility increases with increasing water content in the subaluminous melt suggests that tungsten dissolved as a hexavalent species.     

Quaternary stresses revealed by calcite twinning inversion: insights from observations in the Savonnières underground quarry (eastern France)

Calcite samples were extracted both from the rock matrix and the superficial coating of a karstified fault plane of an underground quarry, located in the eastern border of the Paris basin. The karstification is dated as Quaternary. Analysis of mechanical calcite twinning reveals that only the calcite matrix has also undergone a compression trending WNW that can be attributed to the Mio-Pliocene alpine collision. Both coating and matrix have undergone a strike-slip regime with σ₁ roughly trending north–south, that could correspond to the regional present-day state of stress, a strike-slip compression rather trending NNW, modified by local phenomena. To cite this article: M. Rocher et al., C. R. Geoscience 335 (2003).     

HYDROGEOLOGY

正20141756 Chen Ruige(Mathematical College,China University of Geosciences,Beijing100083,China);Zhou Xun Numerical Simulation of Groundwater Level Fluctuation in a Coastal Confined Aquifer with Sloping Initial Groundwater Level Induced by the Tide(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(7),2013,p.1099-1104,6 illus.,16 refs.) Key words:confined water,groundwater level     

METAMORPHIC PETROLOGY

正20141408 Cai Jia(Institute of Geology,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Beijing100037,China);Liu Fulai Petrogenesis and Metamorphic P-T Conditions of Garnet-Spinel-Biotitebearing Paragneiss in Danangou Area,Daqingshan-Wulashan Metamorphic Complex Belt(Acta Petrologica Sinica,ISSN1000-0569,CN11-1922/P,29(7),     

SERIALS

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GEOPHYSICAL EXPLORATION

正20142386An Guoying(China Aero Geophysical Survey and Remote Sensing Center for Land and Resources,Beijing 100083,China)Application of Satellite Remote Sensing in Regional Hydrogeological Investigation:Taking Cenozoic Strata in Wenquan Sheet(1∶250 000)of Karakoram Range as an Example(Geosci-     

QUATERNARY GEOLOGY & GEOMORPHOLOGY

正20141016An Chengbang(Key Laboratory of Western China’s Environmental Systems,Ministry of Education,Lanzhou University,Lanzhou 730000,China);Zhao Yongtao Lake Records during the Last Glacial Maximum from Xinjiang,NW China and Their Climatic Impli-     

PETROLEUM GEOLOGY

正20141538 Cao Qing(School of Earth Sciences and Engineering,Xi’an Petroleum University,Xi’an 710065,China);Zhao Jingzhou Characteristics and Significance of Fluid Inclusions from Majiagou Formation,Yichuan Huangling Area,Ordos Basin(Advances in Earth Science,ISSN1001-8166,CN62-1091/P,28(7),2013,p.819-828,7 illus.,3 tables,43 refs.)     

GEOCHEMISTRY

正20142002 Wei Hualing(Institute of Geophysical and Geochemical Exploration,Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences,Langfang065000,China);Zhou Guohua Element Content and Mineral Compositions in Different Sizes of Soil in Tongling Area,Anhui Province(Geological Bulletin of China,ISSN1671-2552,CN11-4648/P,32(11),2013,p.1861