Residual-state creep of clastic soil in a reactivated slow-moving landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region,China

We study the creep properties of clastic soil in residual state. The intact samples are taken from a reactivated slow-moving landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir Region, China. Firstly, the patterns of the landslide movement are analysed based on recent monitoring data, which indicate that the soil within the shear zone is undergoing two deformation processes: a creep phase, characterised by different creep rates, and a dormant phase. We then study the creep behaviour of the soil samples through a series of ring shear creep tests under various shear stress conditions. The creep response depends strongly on the ratio of the shear stress to the residual strength, and the normal effective stress, whereas the creep rate decreases due to strength regain. The long-term strength of the clastic soil is close to the residual strength. Therefore, the residual strength obtained from conventional shear test, which is less time consuming than creep test, can be used in long-term stability analyses of creeping landslides.     

三峡库区千将坪滑坡失稳探讨

千将坪滑坡是三峡水库二期蓄水到139m高程水位期问发生的特大型滑坡,也是三峡库区近年来发生的规模较大的滑坡,受到了多方面的关注.滑体物质组成包括上部为残坡积粘土夹碎石和老滑坡堆积体、下部为沙镇溪组泥质粉砂岩两部分,沿基岩软层顺层下滑.根据滑动特征,可划分为顺层滑动、切层剪出以及滑覆堵江和过江反冲区三个区.本文重点研究了降雨、水库蓄水以及组合因素下滑坡稳定性变化特征.在蓄水前自然状态下,整体稳定系数K=1.18.未蓄水时暴雨状态下,稳定系数K=0.97,与蓄水前自然状态下比较,稳定系数降低20.9%;仅考虑蓄水而未降雨时,滑坡的稳定系数K=0.99,与蓄水前自然状态下比较,稳定系数降低18.3%;在蓄水到134m+强暴雨状态下,稳定系数K=0.93,与蓄水前自然状态下比较,稳定系数降低24.8%.反映了蓄水和降雨二者的组合对滑坡失稳影响是非常明显的.     

三峡库区安渡滑坡成因机制分析与稳定性预测

奉节县安渡滑坡正处于蠕滑变形-加速变形阶段,其破坏力极大、影响甚广.本文在深入分析滑坡地质特征、结构特征和变形特征的基础上,对滑坡的成因机制和影响因素进行了深入研究.采用传递系数法计算并评价其稳定性.研究表明,安渡滑坡体目前处于不稳定状态,三峡水库蓄水到175m或遭遇长时间高强度的暴雨时,可能整体失稳.     

三峡库区石榴树包滑坡近期变形特征与机理分析

石榴树包滑坡是黄蜡石滑坡群中的一个重要滑坡,一直以来备受瞩目,其持续变形对长江航运及人民生命财产安全造成严重威胁。本文通过对石榴树包滑坡的勘探得到其详细的物质组成及结构,通过近两年的GPS表面位移、地下水位、降雨量等自动化监测数据分析,对该滑坡的变形特征、变形机理进行研究。结果表明：（1）石榴树包滑坡最初以前缘变形为主,现阶段以中后部变形为主。（2）降雨是石榴树包滑坡复活的主要原因,受库水位升降与降雨联合作用使石榴树包滑坡持续变形。前缘变形较小主要是由于前缘渗透性大,水力梯度较小的原因;中后部变形大主要是中后部渗透性小,水力梯度相对较大的原因。（3）降雨对滑坡地下水影响较大,使地下水水力梯度增大可达5～9倍。本研究可为三峡库区滑坡灾害监测预警及防治提供重要参考。     

三峡库区卧沙溪滑坡变形失稳机制分析

卧沙溪滑坡位于长江支流青干河右岸,三峡库区蓄水以来,该滑坡的变形持续加剧.地表调查表明滑坡出现了剪性、张性及挤压裂缝;GPS监测数据表明滑坡下部的变形大于上部,滑动是由于库水位下降而引起.滑坡变形机制为前缘牵引后缘平推式,前期以牵引为主,后期以平推为主.强降雨和库水位下降是滑坡变形的主要因素,当库水位在一段时期内按一定速率持续下降时,滑体变形速率明显加大.     

三峡库区藕塘滑坡特征、成因及形成机制研究

三峡库区藕塘滑坡位于重庆市奉节县安坪镇长江右岸,是由于三峡水库蓄水引起的巨型顺层基岩滑坡,面积约1.78 km2,体积约9.0×107m3,是近年来三峡库区重大滑坡灾害之一。基于大量的野外地质调查以及室内试验分析,详尽阐述了滑坡地质地貌及地质结构特征,运用地貌学与工程地质力学理论方法从地质和环境因素两方面进行滑坡成因分析,提出了藕塘滑坡的形成机制及演化过程,并对其变形发展的趋势进行了预测,得出如下结论:(1)藕塘滑坡为巨型顺层岩质滑坡,平面形态具有多级多期次滑动特征,空间形态具有视向倾斜滑动特征,受控于稳定山体的阻挡;(2)顺向单斜地貌,节理裂隙发育,具有软硬夹层的地质结构是滑坡形成的控制因素;长江深切侵蚀为滑坡提供了动力基础和运动空间;集中降雨和三峡水库蓄水是导致滑坡复活的主要诱发因素;(3)各级滑坡的形成机制不同,一级滑坡为"拉裂-滑移(弯曲)-剪断"模式,二级滑坡为"平面滑移"模式,三级滑坡为"滑移-剪断"模式;(4)现阶段该滑坡以局部浅层失稳破坏形式为主。最后,建议加强三峡库区集中降雨和库水位波动联合作用下滑坡诱发机理与监测预警研究工作。     

三峡库区千将坪滑坡高速滑动机制研究

2003年7月13日,三峡水库初期蓄水至135 m高程30 d之际,在三峡库区秭归县发生了三峡库区的第一个水库滑坡,滑坡方量达1 500万m3,最大滑速达16 m/s,最高涌浪达24.5 m。滑坡造成10人死亡,14人失踪,摧毁129间民房以及4个工厂,致1 200人无家可归。千将坪滑坡发生后,为了预测三峡库区及世界其它水库工程可能发生的同类高速滑坡,持续数年研究千将坪滑坡的高速滑动机制,通过理论分析及数值模拟,探索了千将坪滑坡的高速滑动机制,认为千将坪滑坡具有孕育高速滑坡的典型结构特征,滑坡滑带的峰残强降差是滑坡高速启动的根本原因,高陡边坡蕴藏的高势能及滑带液化是滑坡加速高速滑动的主要原因。     

三峡大树场镇堆积层滑坡暴雨失稳机理研究

2014年9月1日,奉节大树场镇发生了大型崩塌堆积层滑坡,体积约37.8×104m3。基于大量的现场地质调查和室内分析,文章阐述了滑坡特殊的地质地貌及地质结构特征,分别从地质和环境因素两个方面进行了滑坡成因分析,采用非稳态非饱和渗流方法研究滑动失稳变形过程,并基于地貌学与工程地质力学理论推断滑坡形成演化过程。得出如下结论:(1)大树场镇滑坡为极端降雨诱发的近水平地层区崩塌堆积层滑坡,具有多次滑动特征;(2)特殊的地形地貌条件是滑坡形成的内因;极端强降雨是滑坡发生的直接诱发因素;(3)降雨前期,降雨主要通过入渗滑体增加其自重,入渗量大而渗流量小,对滑体稳定性影响较小;之后持续强降雨致使基岩顶面处的孔隙水压力不断增大,为滑体提供动态浮托力,加之滑体内部形成的渗流场导致稳定性大幅度降低;堆积体结构分布受控于基岩接触面形态,滑体不同区域达到饱和状态时间存在明显差异性是多次滑动变形破坏的理论依据;(4)短时极端降雨触发堆积层局部饱和岩土体由蠕滑逐步形成小规模滑坡碎屑流;持续极端降雨导致基岩顶面富集大量地下水,使堆积层岩土体呈饱和-过饱和状态,形成大规模滑坡碎屑流。     

三峡库区巫山金鸡岭滑坡成因机制与变形特征

三峡库区新城区迁建多采用就地后靠方式,工程扰动叠加强降雨往往诱发滑坡失稳。基于重庆巫山江东小区金鸡岭滑坡,对其影响因素和成因机制进行探讨。工程扰动不仅是传统认为的后缘加载、前缘削脚作用,更重要的是坡体表层土方堆填阻断了滑坡体地表水泄流通道,使地表水向地下水转化。强降雨作用下滑坡体内地下水位明显升高,导致金鸡岭滑坡2018年8月1日前后发生较大变形。采取降水井抽排地下水等应急处置后,滑坡变形明显趋缓,可见工程扰动导致的地下水升高是该滑坡诱发的关键因素。数值模拟表明,工程扰动后稳定系数明显降低,对应堆填区渗流场变化明显,渗流加剧,孔隙水压力、水力梯度、总水头上升,结合达西定律与有效应力原理可知渗透力增加,抗剪强度削弱,诱发滑坡变形。     

三峡库区曾家棚滑坡变形特征与成因机制分析

2012年6月,三峡库区大溪河曾家棚发生滑坡,该滑坡在库水位变动和暴雨共同作用下发生,其发生发展过程及形成模式在三峡库区具有典型代表性。通过对比曾家棚滑坡以往勘查测绘资料和本次滑动变形实测及调查结果,对该滑坡影响因素和成因机制进行了分析,并提出了其发展变化演化过程,预测了其发展变化趋势及危害性,可为库区相似岸坡稳定性分析及监测预警提供借鉴。     

三峡库区典型顺斜向岩质滑坡变形破坏特征及失稳机制分析

近年来,三峡库区城集镇开发区顺斜向岩质滑坡失稳破坏现象时有发生,研究顺斜向岩质滑坡的变形破坏特征及失稳机制对防治此类滑坡具有重要意义。本文以巫山县白杨湾滑坡为例,通过现场踏勘、钻探和多种监测手段,对这一典型顺斜向岩质滑坡的变形破坏特征及失稳机制进行了深入研究。此滑坡所处地层为巴东组第二段泥岩,岩体破碎,地下水较丰富。滑坡岩层向右边界倾斜,右边界受断层控制,断层面与岩层面相交切割形成楔形体顺斜向滑移。滑坡体积约320×104 m3,滑动方向与岩层倾向夹角60°。受坡脚开挖和坡体建筑荷载等人类工程活动的影响,滑坡于2019年7月开始出现显著变形,滑坡中部的位移速率达到2～5 mm/d。2019年9月中旬,滑坡前部设置应急抗滑桩后,滑坡变形开始减缓至0～0.5 mm/d。白杨湾滑坡对城集镇开发区金科城造成巨大威胁,建议采取“搬迁避让+工程治理+专业监测”的防治对策。本文的研究成果对指导三峡库区顺斜向岩质滑坡防治和人工开挖诱发滑坡的防治具有重要借鉴意义。     

三峡库区巫山县塔坪H1滑坡变形机制

自2008 年三峡库区175 m试验性蓄水以来,受库水波动及强降雨影响,沿江库岸发生多起顺向古滑坡变形灾害。以三峡库区巫山县塔坪H1滑坡为例,结合近十年滑坡调查勘察与变形监测资料,分析了该滑坡蓄水后的变形特征。通过研究分析认为:（1）塔坪H1滑坡为顺层古岩质滑坡,岩体呈碎裂状,岩性主要为三叠系香溪组软硬相间的砂岩、泥页岩,岩层间夹多套软弱夹层,形成了多级滑带控制的滑坡变形。（2）滑坡变形分为3个区域,位移量变形最大的滑坡前缘消落带区域,最大水平位移已达80 cm,其次是处于缓慢变形状态的曲尺场镇前部区域和后部相对稳定的曲尺场镇区域。（3）数值模拟结果显示,库水位周期性波动影响着滑坡前缘涉水区域稳定性变化,短时强降雨沿岩体结构面入渗会加速滑坡中前部区域稳定性快速下降。在水位波动和短时强降雨的共同影响下,塔坪H1滑坡在每年汛期呈现缓慢变形。目前塔坪H1滑坡中前部处于持续变形阶段,亟需开展滑坡防治工程,提高滑坡稳定性,确保场镇安全。     

Mechanism of the Anlesi landslide in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China

Many gentle dip translational rock slides have taken place in the Three Gorges Reservoir, China. In order to study the mechanism of these translational rock slides, the authors use the Anlesi landslide as a typical case study to investigate in detail. Field investigations show that the slip zones of the Anlesi landslide were formed from a white mudstone in Jurassic red strata. X-ray diffraction and infrared ray analysis showed that the main mineral components of the slip zones are montmorillonite, illite, feldspar and quartz. Laboratory tests indicate that the slip zone soils are silty clay, of medium-swelling potential, the shear strength decreasing significantly as the slip zone attracts water and saturates.The main factors contributing to the Anlesi landslide are recent tectonic activity, incompetent beds, and intensive rainfall. Recent tectonic activity had caused shear failure along the incompetent beds, and joints within the sandstone. With the effect of intensive rainfall, water percolates to the incompetent beds along tectonic fissures, resulting in swelling of the soil material and high groundwater pressures within fissures in the strata. As a consequence, the Anlesi slope is prone to slide along these incompetent beds.Flac3D software was used to simulate the mechanism of the Anlesi landslide considering the rheological properties of soil and rock. The simulation results demonstrate that the stress, displacement and failure area changes with simulated creep time. The maximum displacement in the X direction reaches 7.59 m after 200-year simulated creep. Therefore, the mechanism of the Anlesi landslide can be illustrated considering the rheological properties of Jurassic red strata.     

三峡库区黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗模型研究

传统的入渗模型未考虑坡角和降雨强度对滑坡入渗过程的影响,为了更好地描述黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗过程,在Green- Ampt入渗模型的基础上推导了考虑坡体倾角和小降雨强度影响的降雨入渗模型。为了获取改进的入渗模型参数,在黄土坡滑坡1#崩滑体上进行了双环渗透试验与降雨、土的含水率和基质吸力现场监测。结果表明,黄土坡滑坡1#崩滑体饱和渗透系数为4.81×10-5 m/s;降雨时体积含水率增加,降雨停止后体积含水率降低,深部表现出一定的滞后特性;基质吸力变化趋势与体积含水率相反,降雨使其减小,降雨停止后逐渐增大。通过双环渗透试验与现场监测,获取了黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗模型参数值。将入渗模型计算值与现场监测数据进行对比,该模型计算值与现场监测数据吻合,说明该降雨入渗模型可用于黄土坡滑坡降雨入渗分析。     

三峡库区四方碑滑坡稳定性与变形趋势预测

三峡水库建成后,库水位周期性涨落和暴雨产生的渗流作用导致大量古滑坡的复活或新滑坡的发生。以库区近水平层状结构的四方碑滑坡为例,依据库水位实际调动,将水位从175 m至145 m不同降速与50年一遇暴雨进行工况组合,计算4种工况下滑坡的稳定性及破坏概率。然后采用Geo-studio软件的Sigma模块对滑坡进行变形模拟,运用R/S分析方法判断滑坡的变形持续性,并结合野外调查情况,综合评价分析四方碑滑坡的稳定性。结果表明:滑坡在各工况下整体均处于基本稳定状态,具有低危险性;变形模拟结果显示滑坡前缘位移最大,与野外调查情况一致;各监测点Hurst指数均介于0.5~1,表明时间序列具有正持续性,在研究的时间限度内滑坡的局部破坏增强,应在汛期加强对滑坡前缘的巡查和预警。     

Study on deformation characteristics and mechanism of reactivated ancient landslides induced by engineering excavation and rainfall in Three Gorges Reservoir area

Natural Hazards - From 2015 to 2017, construction for the Dalixi Eco-Industrial Park in Dalixi Village, Xingshan County in the Three Gorges Reservoir area, reactivated a series of ancient...     

三峡水库区万州独生基滑坡稳定性分析

独生基滑坡位于重庆市万州区长江右岸。为百安坝斜坡松散堆积层沿下伏软弱层面滑动的滑坡体。属于降雨及地表生活排水诱发、人类工程活动加剧变形而形成的新滑坡。论文在分析和研究滑坡区地质环境背景、平剖面形态、特征及诱发因素的基础上,采用传递系数法计算了滑坡体各工况及荷载组合条件下的稳定系数。通过计算,滑坡在天然状态、加载及暴雨条件下均处于不稳定状态。最后根据滑坡特征、主要诱发因素及其稳定性,针对滑坡体失稳特征,通过防治方案对比,初步拟定以抗滑桩工程进行治理,以保证滑坡体的稳定。     

三峡库区新房子滑坡锚拉抗滑桩防治工程设计

本文通过对三峡库区重庆市丰都县龙孔乡楠竹新房子滑坡的物质组成、变形特征以及影响因素的深入研究,认为水是该滑坡形成的极为重要的因素,进行了滑坡稳定性分析,根据计算结果提出了治理该滑坡的工程技术方案,着重对锚拉抗滑桩防治工程设计进行了分析论证.     

Field monitoring and deformation characteristics of a landslide with piles in the Three Gorges Reservoir area

Landslides often occur within the reservoir area behind dams. In China, a common strategy for stabilizing these landslides is to install large piles through the landslide and into the stable ground below. The piles interact with the landslide and constitute a landslide-stabilizing pile system. The deformation of this system under the reservoir operation is more complicated than the deformation of the landslide itself. Understanding the behaviour of this system is very important to the long-term safety of landslides stabilized with piles in reservoirs. The Majiagou landslide, which was selected as a case study, was triggered by the first impoundment of the reservoir behind the Three Gorges dam. A row of anti-slide piles was installed in the landslide in 2007, but monitoring results found these were ineffective at stabilizing the landslide. Subsequently, in 2011, two longer test piles and an integrated monitoring system were installed in the landslide to better understand the failure mode of the landslide and to measure the deformation characteristics of the landslide-stabilizing pile system. Monitoring results show that the Majiagou landslide is a translational landslide with three slip surfaces. The test piles provided local resistance and partially slowed down the sliding mass behind the piles, and the landslide deformation response to external factors decreased for a time. However, after 2 years, the deformation of the landslide-stabilizing pile system reverted to seasonal stepwise cumulative displacements influenced by cycles of reservoir drawdown and rainfall. The monitoring results provide fundamental data for evaluating the long-term performance of anti-slide piles and for assessing long-term stability of the stabilized landslide under the reservoir operation.