Spawning behaviour of snapper,Chrysophrys auratus,in captivity (note)

Spawning of snapper was observed in the public aquarium at Napier. Spawning males were characterised by a grey coloration and spawning females were the typical silvery‐pink colour. On four occasions spawning behaviour activity involved several males and one female and on one occasion it initially involved one male and one female, although other males joined in the spawning act. At each spawning event the female swam vertically towards the surface closely pursued by males. Eggs and sperms were released near the surface.     

Distribution and growth of snapper Chrysophrys auratus in the North Taranaki Bight,and management implications of these data

A bottom trawl survey was used to determine the position of a nursery ground for snapper, Chrysophrys auratus, in the North Taranaki Bight, New Zealand, and so indicate what area should be protected from potentially harmful fishing techniques. A nursery ground for trevally, Caranx georgianus, was also identified. The growth rate of snapper from the North Taranaki Bight is shown to be much faster than Hauraki Gulf and East Cape stocks, but quite similar to Tasman Bay fish. The onset of sexual maturity appears to be related to fish size rather than age, with about 80% of snapper being mature at a fork length of 25 cm. Recruitment success varies greatly between years, and successful recruitment may be related to warm spring temperatures.     

Food of snapper,Chrysophrys auratus (forster), in the Hauraki Gulf,New Zealand

The food of the snapper, Chrysophrys auratus (Forster), in the Hauraki Gulf was investigated by an occurrence method. The diet was extremely varied and depended on the size of the fish and the food available to it. Variation in feeding occurred during the day, but there was no difference in diet at different times of the year or between male and female snapper.

No evidence was found for the existence of two races of snapper in the Hauraki Gulf. Changes of colouration and behaviour among snapper schooling in the summer appeared merely to be associated with spawning activity.     

Fecundity of the snapper Chrysophrys auratus (Pisces: Sparidae) from the Hauraki Gulf

Fecundity estimates were made for snapper Chrysophrys auratus, a serial spawning fish, for the 1974–75 and 1975–76 spawning seasons. Weighed sub‐samples of ovaries were used, and eggs were counted manually. All eggs >0.1 mm diameter were considered potentially capable of being spawned; estimates of these eggs were made at the beginning and end of spawning, and their difference was considered to be the actual fecundity. A log‐log transformation of egg numbers against length offish gave a linear relationship. Fecundity estimates ranged from 297 000 at 25 cm to 4 528 000 at 50 cm in 1974–75, and from 83 000 at 25 cm to 6 164 000 at 50 cm in 1975–76. Counts of ripe eggs were also made, and batch sizes ranging from 13 000 at 25 cm to 104 000 at 50 cm were predicted. By combining these data with fecundity estimates the number of batches spawned was estimated to be 23–44 in 1974–75, depending on and increasing with length; and 6–59 in 1975–76.     

Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus): a review of life history and key vulnerabilities in New Zealand

Snapper (Chrysophrys auratus) is an important coastal fish species in New Zealand for a variety of reasons, but the large amount of research conducted on snapper has not been reviewed. Here, we review life history information and potential threats for snapper in New Zealand. We present information on snapper life history, defining stages (eggs and larvae, juvenile and adult), and assess potential threats and knowledge gaps. Overall we identify six key points: 1. post-settlement snapper are highly associated with certain estuarine habitats that are under threat from land-based stressors. This may serve as a bottleneck for snapper populations; 2. the largest knowledge gaps relate to the eggs and larvae. Additional knowledge may help to anticipate the effects of climate change, which will likely have the greatest influence on these early life stages; 3. ocean acidification, from land-based sources and from climate change, may be an important threat to larval snapper; 4. a greater understanding of population connectivity would improve certainty around the sustainability of fishery exploitation; 5. the collateral effects of fishing are likely to be relevant to fishery productivity, ecosystem integrity and enduser value; 6. our understanding of the interrelationships between snapper and other ecosystem components is still deficient.     

红鳍笛鲷(Lutjanus erythopterus)胚胎发育的形态学研究

通过显微直接观察法对红鳍笛鲷胚胎发生的形态学进行了研究,以期为红鳍笛鲷人工繁殖、育苗提供参考资料。红鳍笛鲷胚胎的形态发生过程可分为受精卵、卵裂、囊胚、原肠胚、神经胚、器官形成等6个阶段,24个时期。红鳍笛鲷受精卵为浮性卵,透明而呈圆球形,内有一大油球,在水温28℃、海水盐度32.2的条件下,受精后15 min原生质隆起形成胚盘;受精后30 min进行第1次卵裂,为盘状卵裂;受精后3 h,胚胎进入高囊胚期;受精后6 h 27 min,胚胎发育至原肠期;受精后9 h 36 min形成神经板,继而神经板前端分化出前脑泡、中脑泡和后脑泡;脑泡分化后,视囊、听囊、晶状体等相继形成;受精后15 h 32 min尾芽形成;受精后约20 h,仔鱼出膜。其发育过程与黄鲷、金头鲷、点带石斑等其他海水鱼相似。     

An evaluation of tagging experiments on the New Zealand snapper,Chrysophrys auratus (Forster), during the period 1952 to 1963

Details of all known data on New Zealand snapper tagging operations to 1963 are presented and briefly analysed. Nearly 8,000 fish have been tagged, with 43 (0.5%) returned. Fishing methods have included beach‐seining, trawling, and hand‐lining; tags used have been “pig‐rings”, operculum strap tags, or Petersen discs attached by two different methods. The greatest number of returns were from line‐caught fish with Petersen discs attached through the body by nylon thread. Of the 43 fish recaptured, 33 were taken less than six miles from their tagging site, and seven had moved between 10 and 260 miles (no recapture site was given for three fish. Days at liberty ranged from one to 1,127, with a mean of 164. There were insufficient growth data for analysis.     

Notes on the ecology and paleoecology of neothyrls,an endemic New Zealand brachiopod

Neothyris lecticularis (Deshayes, 1839) live mainly south o'f 44°S in waters 90–180 m (extremes 18–384 m) deep where bottom temperatures are always >7°c. Fossil N. “avails” (Hutton, 1886) in the early Pleistocene limestone at Castlepoint (41 °S) are associated with an assemblage of animals generioally the same as the living N. lenticularis assemblage of Foveaux Strait. The granular substrate occupied by the living animals is similar to the matrix of the Castlepoint limestone. Thus the early Pleistocene marine climate in 90–180 m at 43°S may have been about 5°c cooler than it is today; the possible use is mentioned of the presence of the fossil assemblage in studies of palaeoelimates.

Population analysis of living and fossil stocks show a constant bias toward the older age‐groups; this finding is discussed. Various ecological observations are recorded.     

笛鲷鱼类的线粒体DNA控制区结构及其系统发育分析

采用PCR扩增直接测序的方法获得了11种笛鲷鱼类的线粒体DNA控制区全序列。结合从GenBank中下载的6种笛鲷鱼类的相应序列进行结构分析,可以将笛鲷鱼类的控制区分为终止序列区、中央保守区和保守序列区三个区域,找到了终止相关的序列ETAS以及一系列保守序列(CSB-F,CSB-E,CSB-D和CSB-1,CSB-2,CSB-3),并给出了它们的一般形式。以黄谐鱼为外群,采用NJ法和ME法构建笛鲷鱼类的分子系统树。分子系统发育分析表明,线粒体DNA控制区序列适合于笛鲷鱼类的系统发育分析,而且支持Allen关于笛鲷属的系统形态分类学观点。     

Red snapper discards in the Gulf of Mexico: Fishermen's perceptions following the implementation of Individual Fishing Quotas

In 2007, an Individual Fishing Quota (IFQ) program was introduced to the valuable red snapper (Lutjanus campechanus) fishery in the US Gulf of Mexico. This study assessed the current perceived scale and causes of red snapper discarding in the Gulf in recent years within the commercial reef fish fishery, according to commercial fishermen. Data were collected through interviews, which took place with fishermen in April and May 2010, and which were unexpectedly halted due to the Deepwater Horizon oil spill that occurred in late April 2010. Results suggest that for those fishermen fully participating in the IFQ program, snapper discarding has decreased since program implementation. For those not fully involved in the program (e.g., due to participation costs), discarding has likely since increased.     

Acute sublethal toxicity of MV Rena contaminants (heavy fuel oil,oil dispersant and cryolite) to finfish and rock lobster

ABSTRACT

The wreck of the MV Rena in October 2011 discharged large quantities of potentially toxic materials in the coastal marine environment of the Bay of Plenty, New Zealand. We evaluated sublethal effects of the water soluble fractions of physically and chemically dispersed heavy fuel oil (HFO) and the water soluble fraction of cryolite on the haematology of subadult or adult snapper (Chrysophrys auratus), spotted wrasse (Notolabrus celidotus) and red rock lobster (Jasus edwardsii). Small but transient effects occurred, the most significant of which were changes in circulating immune cell populations in fish and lobster that recovered by the conclusion of a 96-h exposure period. No post-exposure effects were observed during a 10-day recovery in toxicant-free seawater. Corexit 9500 oil dispersant increased polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) uptake from HFO in fish and lobster by around two-fold and four-fold, respectively, and caused a larger change in immune cell abundance in snapper than exposure to HFO alone. While depuration of PAHs was more rapid in fish than lobster, significantly elevated PAH levels were still evident after 10 days of depuration.     

免疫增强剂对鲫鱼非特异性免疫功能的影响

利用主要成分为从：每洋甲壳类中提取的甲壳胺作为免疫增强剂,在饵料中添加不同的浓度(0．5％,1％,2％),在0,10,20,30d时检测鲫鱼(Carassius auratus)的白细胞数量、白细胞吞噬功能的变化以及血清中酚氧化酶活力等免疫指标的变化。研究结果表明,该免疫增强剂可以提高鲫鱼血液中白细胞数量和吞噬细胞的吞噬能力,增强鲫鱼血清中酚氧化酶的活力．对鲫鱼的生长无明显影响。鲫鱼的非特异性免疫功能随着免疫增强剂浓度的增加和投喂时间的延长而呈现增强的趋势。     

Influence of age, sex and body condition on zinc, copper, cadmium and metallothioneins in common guillemots (Uria aalge) stranded at the Belgian coast.

The common guillemots, Uria aalge, found stranded at the Belgian coast, display high levels of Cu in both liver and kidneys. The condition index of the animals, defined as the ratio of liver to kidneys mass (Wenzel & Adelung, 1996, The suitability of oiled Guillemots (Uria aalge) as monitoring organisms for geographical comparisons of trace element contaminants. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 31, 368-377), influences both the metal concentration and its binding to metallothioneins (MT): the lower the condition index, the more emaciated the animals, and the higher the total Cu concentration and the concentration of Cu bound to MT. In less robust individuals, our results suggest that Cu could displace Zn from MT, rendering the Zn ions available to induce a new MT synthesis. Sex-related effects also emerged as significantly higher hepatic MT as well as Cu- and Zn-MT concentrations were found in emaciated male guillemots compared to females. In both organs, Cd concentrations remained low and typically demonstrated an age-dependent renal accumulation, with no noticeable effect of the condition index. As a whole, these results suggest that, for guillemots found stranded at the Belgian coast. Cu binding to hepatic and renal MT could function as a protective mechanism, rendering the metal ions unavailable to exert any cytotoxic activity.     

不同饵料对真蛸亲体产罗同量、受精卵孵化率及初孵幼体大小的影响

分别采用文蛤（Meretrix meretrix）、菲律宾蛤仔（Ruditapes philippinarum）、缢蛏（Sinonovacula constrzcta）、许氏平鲌（Sebastodes fuscescens）投喂处于产卵、护卵期的真蛸（Octopus vulgaris）亲体,通过测量亲蛸摄食量、产卵量、...