邻氯苯基荧光酮—CTMAB荧光熄灭法测定痕量锡

本文研究了在溴化十六烷基三甲铵存在下,锡与邻氯苯基荧光酮(O-Cl-PF)形成三元配合物导致邻氯苯基荧光酮的荧光熄灭。结果表明:在pH3.8—4.5的NaAc/HCl介质中,产生荧光熄灭程度最大的激发波长为λ_(ex)=530nm,荧光波长为λ_(em)=550nm,当锡含量在20—120ppb范围内与荧光熄灭程度呈线性关系,藉以测定痕量锡。方法简便,稳定性好,应用于地质和合金样品中痕量锡的测定取得了令人满意的结果。     

亚甲基蓝—萃取荧光法测定痕量铊

本文对1,2-二氯乙烷萃取〔TlCl_4)~--亚甲基蓝缔合物体系研究发现;亚甲基蓝在1,2-二氯乙烷中具有荧光,荧光的λ_(ex)为468nmλ_(em)为680nm。而亚甲基蓝与〔TlCl_4〕~-的缔合物的荧光强度与 T1量相关,T1浓度在0.05—5ppm范围与荧光强度成线性关系。基于此,拟定了一个荧光测定痕量铊的方法。该法检出限为4ppb,且选择性较好,对于含Au、Hg量分别不大于20和100μg的岩石矿物试样可不经预分离测定痕量铊。对ppm级的痕量铊多次测定(n为6—10),变异系数均小于10％。     

荧光熄灭法测定煤矸石中微量锌

在pH8.6的Na2B4O7-HCl缓冲介质中，基于微量Zn^2 对5－溴水杨基荧光酮体系的荧光熄灭效应，建立了测定微量Zn^2 的荧光分析方法。结果表明，当激发波长λex=365nm，荧光发射波长λem=538nm时，Zn^2 量在0.0-400.0μg/L内与体系的荧光熄灭程度呈线性关系，方法的检出限为0.38μg/L。方法用于煤矸石中微量Zn^2 的测定，结果与极谱法结果一致，6次测定的RSD＜3．0％。     

PMBP萃取分离桑色素荧光法测定地质样品中痕量钪

在磺基水杨酸存在下,以1-苯基-3-甲基-4-苯酰基吡唑酮-5(PMBP)萃取,5％HBr反萃取,桑色素荧光法可灵敏、快速、准确地测定地质样品中痕量Sc。λ_(ex)为420nm,λ_(em)为500nm,测定下限为0.02μg/ml,0—8μg Sc/10ml同相对荧光强度呈线性。     

利用能量传递提高荧光法测铅的灵敏度

基于2-(4′-联苯基)-6-苯基苯并(口恶)唑(PBBO)染料分子发射光谱(λ_(em)~(max)=400nm)和2,3,4,6,7,8-六氢化喹嗪并[9,10,1-f,g]-1-甲基香豆素(CND_(102))的激发光谱(λ_(em)~(max)=388nm)的能级相互匹配,以及表面活性剂胶束的存在是染料分子间能量传递的必备条件,使荧光法测Pb的灵敏度以数量级提高。     

钌(Ⅱ)-邻菲啰啉-十二烷基硫酸钠体系荧光光度法的研究

在pH5.5—6.5的介质中Ru(Phen)_3~(2+)与十二烷基硫酸钠形成1:2的荧光配合物。其λex=437.0nm,λem=617`0nm。荧光法测定钌的检测限为0.4ng/ml,浓度范围是0.4ng国、—2.0μg/ml。用于合成试液中钌的测定相对标准偏差为5.6％(n=6)。     

二阶导数荧光光度法同时测定岩矿中铌和钽

本文研究了二阶导数荧光光度法同时测定岩矿中Nb和Ta。实验发现,在Nb(Ta)-桑色素-CTMAB荧光体系中,加入一定量乙醇,可使测定Ta的灵敏度显著提高,Ta的荧光强度与等量Nb相比约高10倍;利用二阶导数荧光光谱提高选择性,实现了Nb和Ta的同时测定。本文还采用BPR螯合树脂分离干扰元素和富集痕量Nb和Ta。方法用于地质样品分析,结果良好。     

双波长等吸收点光度法同时测定矿石中铂和钯

在SnCl_2存在的1mol/LHCI溶液中,用双硫腙-四氯化碳(H_2D_2-CCl_4)溶液同时萃取Pd和Pt。选择参比波长λ_1=776.6nm,测定波长λ_2=638.0nm,双波长等吸收点光度法测定Pd;再选择Pt的λ_(max)(720nm)单波长法测定Pt。方法可用于矿石中Pt和Pd的同时测定。     

水相中铋(Ⅲ)-碘化钾-乙基紫缔合反应的研究—分光光度法测定微量铋

在pH 3.0～4.5范围,水相中缔合物(EV)_2[BiI_5](λ_(max)=540nm)同试剂(λ_(max)=650nm)有较大的对比度。在完成缔合后的体系中加入适量酸,过量乙基紫阳离子质子化使对比度、灵敏度增高。用于微量铋的测定,0～24μg/25ml范围符合比尔定律,表观摩尔吸光系数为2.05×10~5。用于样品分析结果满意。     

偶氮溴膦-mk与钍的反应及其应用

在0.05—1.28N的硝酸介质中钍同偶氮溴膦-mK反应,形成蓝紫色络合物。络合物稳定48小时,λ_(max)=680nm,△λ=130nm,ε=8.55×10~4,钍在0—30μg/25ml范围符合比尔定律。当体系中加入阳离子表面活性剂TPB后灵敏度至少提高三倍,钍在0—5μg/25ml范围内符合比尔定律,可用于微量钍的测定。     

RS和GIS技术集成及其应用

本文简要地介绍了ＲＳ（遥感图像处理系统）和ＧＩＳ（地理信息系统）技术及其集成的基本概念和方法。讨论了ＲＳ和ＧＩＳ技术及其集成的内在涵义、相互关系,认为ＲＳ是ＧＩＳ重要的外部信息源,是其数据更新的重要手段,尤其对于全球性的 地理动力学分析,更必须有ＲＳ所提供的覆盖全球的动态数据与ＧＩＳ的结合。反之,ＧＩＳ则可以提供ＲＳ所需要的一些辅助数据,以提高ＲＳ图像的信息量和分辨率,同时,ＧＩＳ可以将实地调查所     

红藻石和蓝藻石概念及分类归属的综述和修订

在分析和总结前人对红藻石和蓝藻石研究成果基础上,结合岩石薄片显微镜下观察实例,发现在以往碳酸盐岩颗粒分类中没有红藻石和蓝藻石的合适位置。鉴于红藻石重要的成因意义和造礁作用,有必要明确红藻石的概念和归属。珊瑚藻本身极易钙化,经生物矿化作用最终保存下来的珊瑚藻屑一直放在生物碎屑中,而红藻石是由非固着的珊瑚藻构成的钙质独立结核,因此也可以被划分到生物碎屑中。蓝藻石作为蓝细菌钙化作用的产物,同时鉴于蓝藻石的广泛存在,把钙化蓝细菌形成的核形石命名为蓝藻石,这一重要概念从提出到现在一直被使用。然而蓝绿藻概念已变更为蓝细菌,蓝藻石的形成与藻类无关,显然将其称作蓝菌石更加确切。因此,应将红藻石和蓝藻石分别归为生物碎屑和核形石当中,并用新的术语蓝菌石替代蓝藻石。其意义在于使红藻石和蓝藻石的概念及归属更为规范,并为碳酸盐岩颗粒的深入研究提供有益线索。     

自动化智能化地质岩芯钻探技术装备研发与应用

为解决5000 m地质岩芯钻探基础准则与依据缺失问题，提高钻探装备的自动化、智能化水平，启动了5000 m智能地质钻探技术装备研发工作，通过钻机装备、钻探器具研制，钻探工艺技术研究并经试验示范验证，取得多项创新成果，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术体系。通过特深孔钻孔口径与管柱规格优化研究、钻杆规格设计、装备性能参数选配，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术规范体系；基于5000 m特深孔地质岩芯钻机、孔口自动化作业装置等关键设备研制，实现了绳索取芯钻进的孔口作业全流程自动化，形成了轻量化钻机孔口管柱柔顺控制技术；基于复杂地层孔内工况判别、钻进参数优化与轨迹优化控制等技术问题研究，形成了多源信息融合的地面与孔底一体化钻进过程智能控制技术；基于高性能薄壁绳索取芯钻杆和系列小口径高效钻具研制，形成了大深度绳索取芯系列钻杆钻具技术；研发了耐高温环保型冲洗液、生物破胶废浆处理技术、“广谱型”双浆堵漏技术，形成了绿色环保型冲洗液体系与护壁堵漏技术。     

自动化智能化地质岩芯钻探技术装备研发与应用

为解决5000 m地质岩芯钻探基础准则与依据缺失问题，提高钻探装备的自动化、智能化水平，启动了5000 m智能地质钻探技术装备研发工作，通过钻机装备、钻探器具研制，钻探工艺技术研究并经试验示范验证，取得多项创新成果，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术体系。通过特深孔钻孔口径与管柱规格优化研究、钻杆规格设计、装备性能参数选配，形成了5000 m地质岩芯钻探技术规范体系；基于5000 m特深孔地质岩芯钻机、孔口自动化作业装置等关键设备研制，实现了绳索取芯钻进的孔口作业全流程自动化，形成了轻量化钻机孔口管柱柔顺控制技术；基于复杂地层孔内工况判别、钻进参数优化与轨迹优化控制等技术问题研究，形成了多源信息融合的地面与孔底一体化钻进过程智能控制技术；基于高性能薄壁绳索取芯钻杆和系列小口径高效钻具研制，形成了大深度绳索取芯系列钻杆钻具技术；研发了耐高温环保型冲洗液、生物破胶废浆处理技术、“广谱型”双浆堵漏技术，形成了绿色环保型冲洗液体系与护壁堵漏技术。     

矿物——成矿与找矿

单颗粒矿物微量元素激光原位定量分析测试数据的大量积累和研究,使矿物成为矿床地球化学研究和矿床勘查的重要示踪剂。本文重点选择磁铁矿、磷灰石、石榴子石、榍石、锆石、绿泥石和绿帘石等的原位分析研究所获得的认识,介绍单颗粒矿物成分组合及变化在矿床类型划分、成矿年龄测定、氧逸度、成矿过程与物质来源、找矿与勘探等方面的应用。不同矿床类型中普遍存在的矿物,如磁铁矿、磷灰石等的微量元素含量及组合差异,提供了矿床类型识别的标志。单颗粒矿物,特别是矿石矿物和密切共生矿物如锡石、铌钽铁矿、赤铁矿、石榴子石、方解石等的原位定年,使成矿年龄的直接准确测定成为现实。矿物中变价元素,如Fe、V、Mn、Ce、Eu含量和/或比值的变化,指示了成矿过程氧逸度及其变化特点。从矿物核部向震荡环带与边部的微量元素含量或同位素组成的变化,示踪了成矿过程中流体来源或性质的变化。斑岩和矽卡岩矿床中与成矿作用关系密切的蚀变矿物,如绿泥石、绿帘石的形成温度、特征微量元素比值,如Ti/Sr、Ti/Co、V/Ni、Mg/Sr等,与距矿床中心距离呈线性函数关系,可定量预测距矿床中心的距离,使以绿泥石、绿帘石为代表的找矿指示矿物研究迅速发展。     

桩-岩摩擦黏着特性的试验与分析

研究桩与岩石的侧摩阻力组成及影响因素,有助于准确地把握桩与岩石的侧摩阻力取值原则。在对桩与岩层的摩擦黏着机制分析的基础上,指出界面力与岩层抗剪力的区别,并提出岩层的极限侧摩阻力由界面强度及岩石强度两者较弱一方决定的观点。进行了中风化岩中4组混凝土短桩的抗压及抗拔极限摩阻力对比试验,获得了相应的极限侧摩阻力值以及抗拔与抗压极限侧摩阻力值的比值。抗拔时由于上部岩层对桩侧岩层的约束作用较弱,会使侧摩阻力相对抗压时有较大降低。通过有限元计算及其与试验值的比较分析,研究短桩与岩层的界面强度条件,发现岩层和混凝土灌注桩间的侧摩阻力中界面黏着力占很大比例。     

Cumulate and Cumulative Granites and Associated Rocks

Abstract. Processes that move crystals relative to melt, that is crystal fractionation, are of major importance in producing variations that are observed within cogenetic suites of granites. In low‐temperature granite suites, crystal fractionation initially involves the progressive separation of crystals residual from partial melting from that partial melt. Once separation of those crystals, or restite, has been completed, further fractionation may occur through the separation of crystals that had precipitated from the melt, the process known as fractional crystallization. High‐temperature granite magmas are largely or completely molten and elements such as Ca, Mg and Fe, and their associated minor elements, are in that case dissolved in the melt. Such magmas, particularly those that are more potassic and hence contain a higher fraction of low temperature melt, may evolve compositionally through fractional crystallization. Cumulate rocks result, comprising a framework of cumulus minerals with interstitial melt. In this process some of the melt is also displaced to form more felsic rocks. Such cumulate rocks may have distinctive chemical compositions, but that is often not the case. Distinctive features include SiC>2 contents near or below 50 % in rocks that are transitional in the field to more felsic granites, very high Cr and Ni, very low K, P, Ba, Rb and Zr, and anomalous abundances of the anorthite components Ca and Al. These rocks may also have positive Eu anomalies. Cumulate rocks do not necessarily have distinctive textures, at least as such features are understood at this time. Fractional crystallization can also involve the movement of precipitated crystals relative to melt. We refer to rocks as cumulative when formed from the fractions in which the abundance of crystals has increased. The production of cumulative granites typically occurs at more felsic melt compositions than is the case for cumulate granites, and this process may have its greatest significance in the fractional crystallization of the felsic haplogranites. Relative to felsic granites of broadly similar compositions lying on a liquid line of descent, cumulative granites contain more Ca, reflecting the addition from elsewhere of plagioclase crystals with solidus compositions. The abundances of Sr and Ba may be high to very high, and sometimes there are positive Eu anomalies. Cumulative I‐type granites may have low abundances of Y and the heavy REE, while the S‐type granites can be very distinctive with anomalously high abundances of Th and the heavy REE resulting from the concentrating of monazite. Generally, but not always, those who propose fractional crystallization as a mechanism for producing compositional variation within a suite of granites do not state whether the rocks in that particular case are thought to lie on a liquid line of descent or are cumulates/cumulative, although it is generally presumed that they were melts. Our experiences in eastern Australia have shown that the mechanism of fractional crystallization was quantitatively not as important during granite evolution as many workers would expect. However, there are some excellent examples of that process, most notably the Boggy Plain Supersuite. Overall in eastern Australia, varying degrees of separation of restite is a much more common mode of crystal fractionation, and that may also be seen to be the case for some other granite provinces if they are examined with that possibility in mind.     

现代新技术新方法与工程地质

本文阐述了瓣技术，新方法应用于工程地质研究取得的进展，内容涉及原位测试技术，数值模拟技术，物理模拟技术和物探测技术，这些方面的研究推动了工程地质学的发展。     

中国东部中生代高Sr低Yb和低Sr高Yb型花岗岩：对比及其地质意义

中国东部在晚中生代时（晚侏罗世-旱白垩世）有广泛的中酸性岩浆活动，按照花岗岩的地球化学特征，大致可以划分为东北、华北和华南3个岩区。本文研究表明，按照Sr和Yb的含量，大致可以将花岗岩分为5类．即：高Sr低Yb型（Sr〉400μg／g，Yb〈2μg／g）、低Sr低Yb（Sr〈400μg／g，Yb〈2μ/g）、低Sr高Yb（Sr〈400μg／g，Yb〉2μg／g）、高Sr高Yb型（Sr〉400μg／g，Yb〉2μg／g）以及非常低Sr高Yb型（Sr〈100μg／g，Yb=2—18μg／g）花岗岩。东北和华南以发育低Sr高Yb花岗岩为主，有少量高Sr低Yb和非常低Sr高Yb类型的花岗岩分布；而华北则以高Sr低Yb型花岗岩（埃达克岩）最发育，低Sr高Yb、低Sr低Yb型和非常低Sr高Yb型花岗岩有少量分布。本文着重探讨了华北和华南花岗岩的特征，认为华北和华南花岗岩地球化学的区别可能主要与花岗岩源区成分和深度有关，且主要受源区深度的控制。如果花岗岩熔融的源区残留相由榴辉岩组成（石榴石＋辉石＋金红石＋／一角闪石），则花岗岩明显亏损HREE、Nb、Ta和Ti，而富集Sr和Al，无明显的负铕异常，属于高Sr低Yb（埃达克岩）类型；如果源区深度浅，由斜长角闪岩或麻粒岩组成（斜长石＋辉石＋角闪石），则花岗岩相对贫Sr富Yb。作者认为，华北和华南花岗岩地球化学特征上的上述差异，表明在晚中生代时（晚侏罗世．早白垩世）。华北和华南的地壳厚度不同：华北较厚，华南较薄；华北经历了下地壳拆沉而华南无；华北和华南的下地壳成分不同，华北较基性的下地壳拆沉后，留下的地壳平均成分与华南比偏中性。     

Etch and intracutaneous landforms and their implications

Many landforms, major and minor, and including plains of various types, inselbergs, boulders, flared slopes, Rillen and rock basins, are initiated beneath the land surface, at the weathering front. They have evolved in various lithological settings. Most are formed by differential moisture attack, either controlled, or strongly influenced, by bedrock structure. Such forms of subsurface derivation may be differentiated into etch or subcutaneous features that were initiated at the base of the regolith, and intracutaneous forms that had their origin within the weathering zone. Although the agent or agents responsible for eroding the regolith and exposing the bedrock forms have varied in space and time, the similarity of etch and intracutaneous forms is such that their basic morphology persists regardless of the climatic regime in which they now occur. As the regolith is widely developed on the land surface, the forms initiated beneath and within it cannot be taken as climatic indicators. Indeed, like structural forms, these convergent forms represent a varied but significant azonal element in the physiographic landscape.