水利水电工程强震监测和强震监测仪器

阐述了强震监测在实际工程中的作用,国内外强震监测的基本情况以及我国水利水电工程领域的强震安全监测的进展与现状,介绍了强震监测仪器的基本原理、特性及目前国内强震仪研制生产的技术水平和成果.介绍了水电工程领域强震监测工作中存在的实际问题.最后展望了强震监测工作在我国水电工程领域的发展趋势.     

1990年强震观测工作会议在无锡召开

强震观测工作是地震工作的一个重要组成部分。为了交流和俭查1989年强震观测的工作情况,加强今年重点地震监视区的工作,进一步完善强震观测的有关管理制度,国家地震局震害防御司于1990年5月6日至5月9日在江苏省无锡地震科技交流培训中心召开了强震观测工作会议。江苏省地震局,四川省地震局,新疆地震局、广东省地震局、云南省地震局、兰州地震研究所、武汉地震研究所、地球物理所、国家地震局分析预报中心和工程力学研究所     

强震观测的数字纪元

探讨了数字技术在未来强震观测工作中的地位和作用,首先回顾了强震观测五十年来的主要经验和教训,指出了八十年代强震观测工作的新趋势,它预示着密布台阵的建设和运行以及数字强震仪的发展与应用,将给强震观测工作的发展及地震工程和近场地震学的研究以重要影响,最后在阐述了世界各种数字强震仪所通常具有的特点的基础上,强调以数字技术等为标志的“第四次产业革命”阶段正在降临,强震观测的数字纪元已经到来。     

中国强震观测发展现状

本文简要地回顾了中国强震观测发展的历史,着重介绍我国强震观测台网和强震数据处理分析工作的现状,还简单地叙述了中国在强震观测领域中的国际合作问题。     

大渡河流域地震活动特征

本文通过对大渡河流域强震和弱震活动特征的研究发现,大渡河流域的强震活动频度高、强度大,对梯级水电站的影响显著。大渡河流域内的强震大部分以丛集的方式发生,其地震丛集的强度、频度和时间间隔都比较高,而且强震丛集密集发生的地方与大渡河梯级水电站的距离较近,因此,在大渡河流域梯级水电站地震安全综合防御工作中,应充分考虑强震丛集的发生特征。     

中国水工结构强震观测

简要回顾了我国水工结构强震观测的历史，介绍了水工结构强震观测的现状、特点和监测技术，以及大坝地震安全报警和强震观测记录的应用，对今后水工结构强震观测工作提出了若干建议。     

高湿地区强震仪小型室外加速度计观测罩

为解决强震仪在较恶劣环境下的使用问题,浙江省地震局结合本省强震仪观测环境特点,研制小型室外加速度计观测罩,保障强震仪土层自由场观测。该技术目前已由浙江省十多个地震台站安装使用,实例证明,该观测罩具有体积小、制造方便、使用寿命长、防水隔震等优点,可为强震仪提供良好的工作环境。     

华北强震规律的研究

本文采用华北历史强震资料,综合近年来多方面的研究成果,探讨华北地区强震活动规律,为该区的地震区划工作提供强震的趋势分析意见。     

我国强震观测工作的现状与展望

本文简要地介绍了国内外强震观测的现状,针对强震观测的发展趋势及我国的实际状况,对我国强震观测工作提出了一些建设性的意见。     

广东省强震观测的现状与展望

介绍了国内外以及广东省强震观测的历史现状，以大量的事实、数据说明广东省强震观测工作过去的辉煌和目前的落后状况，提出了我省今后开展强震工作的设想，特别指出要改变以前强震仪除被动等待强地震外就无所作为的情况，扩展用途，增加显示度，为用户着想。     

Magnetic polarity during the Middle Jurassic as recorded in the Summerville and Curtis Formations

Three-quarters of the Summerville Formation and a small portion of the Curtis Formation of central Utah have been sampled at close stratigraphic spacing. The two formations constitute an intertonguing marine-marginal marine, tidal flat sequence representing middle Callovian time. The magnetic polarity sequence observed is dominantly reversed with a few relatively short normal intervals. The age of these formations corresponds to some portion of time within the Jurassic oceanic quiet zone. The fact that normal polarity was not prominent in these formations casts some doubt upon the hypothesis that a long period of normal polarity was the cause of the quiet zone. Furthermore, a literature compilation indicates that normal polarity did not dominate the Jurassic as had been thought. The pole position determined from the Middle Jurassic Summerville Formation slightly revises earlier results and suggests a tiny amount of apparent polar motion relative to North American between Late Triassic and Middle Jurassic time.     

强震动观测仪器面临的机遇和挑战

本文介绍了国内外强震仪、力平衡加速度计、烈度计、MEMS加速度仪等强震动观测仪器的发展历史与现状,概述了强震动记录中典型异常波形产生的原因和力平衡加速度计的仪器响应误差及校正,建议了解决强震仪器缺陷的措施,分析了强震仪在强震动观测发展中面临的机遇和挑战。研究结果如下:① 进行强震动记录异常波形的研究是有针对性改进现有强震仪存在问题的很好途径;② 早期数字强震仪（力平衡加速度计频带范围0至30Hz）获取的强震动记录应进行仪器校正;③ 应跟踪强震动观测新方法和相关领域新技术,发展MEMS加速度仪和光纤加速度仪等新型仪器。     

Evidence of significant forward rupture directivity aggravated by soil response in an Mw6 earthquake and the effects on monuments

While strong directivity effects have been mostly recognized in M_w > 6.5 earthquakes, the paper investigates the case of a strong such effect in a relatively small‐magnitude event on 3 February 2014 in the island of Cephalonia, Greece. The second of two events (both of M_w ≈ 6) produced a pernicious accelerogram in the region's main town, Lixouri. The paper provides evidence from geology, interferometry, and seismology to convince that the motion was the result of constructive interference in front of the direction of rupture of the obliquely‐strike‐slip fault. The nature of the record is explored to demonstrate that its frequency content, its high velocity pulse, and its strong fault‐normal (FN) favorable polarity are associated with directivity. Moreover, the broad spectral acceleration peak (of 1.7 g) of the FN motion, centered at a period (T ≈ 1.4 s) which almost coincides with the period of the velocity pulse, is shown to have also been affected by soil amplification, in quantitative agreement with Bray et al. (2009). Such a directivity‐and‐soil‐affected motion explains much of the profound damage to monuments, slopes, and harbor quaywalls. In particular, toppling (as well as excessive rotation and sliding) of nearly‐all the tombstones in Lixouri cemetery are shown to correlate well with characteristics of the FN component of motion. By contrast, the excellent performance of the building stock — despite the destructive shaking that prevailed — is persuasively attributed to conservatively‐robust construction practices of the past and the high base shear coefficient of the strict latest (2000) seismic code. Copyright © 2017 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

典型强震动加速度仪一致性检验

针对两种典型强震动加速度仪,ETNA与MR2002,利用汶川地震强余震流动观测进行了两仪器的一致性检验.通过架设在同一仪器墩上的2种强震动加速度仪在5次余震事件中所获取加速度记录的波形、峰值、傅里叶振幅谱及反应谱的对比分析可知,ETNA仪器记录的峰值加速度与MR2002仪器记录的峰值加速度间的最大相对误差达23.6％,且南北向峰值加速度差异大于东西向和竖向,竖向明显小于两水平向;反应谱及傅里叶谱变化趋势基本相同,只是幅值存在些微差异,且竖向谱值相差最小,明显小于两水平向,反应谱最大相对误差近5％,相对于低频反应谱,高频反应谱差异较大;此外,亦存在两仪器记录时程曲线反向、记录时间长度不等、触发点不同等差异.经分析认为,这些差异主要是由于两种不同仪器性能上的微差异、仪器参数设置不同、以及触发滤波算法不同等因素引起的.     

在地震预测研究中使用GPS和震源机制资料的问题探讨——与王秀文等商榷

针对"山西地区应力场变化与地震的关系"一文,本文指出:(1)P波初动存在误读的可能,出现矛盾符号是正常的;(2)地震仪器极性也可能反向,不校核可能会导致错误的震源机制解.还讨论如何正确地表示震源机制随时间的变化.分析认为GPS观测结果若不认真考虑观测误差、模型误差以及应变信息的层次,所得结果可能会与震源机制解反演的区域...     

Correlation between strong motion durations and damage measures of concrete gravity dams

Strong motion duration affects the cumulative damage of structures significantly. There are more than 30 different definitions of strong motion duration. This study describes numerically, the interdependency between several different definitions of strong motion duration and structural accumulated damage indices, and the aim is to determine the definitions of strong motion duration that exhibit the strongest influence on structural damages. For this purpose, 20 as-recorded accelerograms with a wide range of durations, which are modified to match a 5% damped target spectrum, are considered in this study, and several different definitions of strong motion duration, such as significant duration, bracketed duration and uniform duration are proposed for measuring these durations. On the other hand, nonlinear seismic analyses of concrete gravity dams subjected to earthquake motions with different strong motion durations are conducted according to the Concrete Damaged Plasticity (CDP) model including the strain hardening or softening behavior. Peak displacement, local damage index, global damage index and damage energy dissipation are established for characterizing the influence of strong motion duration on the dynamic response of concrete gravity dams. The degree of the interrelationship between strong motion durations and damage measures is provided by correlation coefficients. Comparison of the correlation between the different durations of the ground motion and different damage measures reveals that strong motion durations calculated from different definitions have no significant influence on damage measure based on the peak displacement response of the dam, but are positively correlated to the accumulated damage measures such as the local damage index, global damage index and damage energy dissipation for events with similar response spectrum.     

Equatorial paleopoles and behavior of the dipole field during polarity transitions

One of the reasons for performing paleomagnetic studies is to determine whether the geomagnetic field remains dipolar during a polarity transition. Data on 23 field reversals of Recent, Tertiary and Upper Mesozoic age are examined with regard to the longitudinal and latitudinal distribution of paleomagnetic poles during a polarity change. Both frequency distributions of the transitional pole positions are not random. The results suggest that some field reversals are characterized by the rotation of the dipole axis in the meridional plane and show that two preferential meridional bands of polarity transitions exist centered on planes through 40°E–140°W and 120°E–60°W respectively. The latitudinal distribution of transitional paleopoles shows that there is a decrease in the number of observed poles with decreasing latitude. This is interpreted as the result of an acceleration in the motion of the dipole axis when it approaches the equator. Comparison of transitional velocities and paleointensity magnitudes reveals that the dipole moment is very weak only for a short part of the transitional period when the paleopole position lies within the latitudes of 10°N and 10°S. The overall conclusion is that the geomagnetic field retains its dipolar character during polarity changes.     

基于MapX的云南省数字强震台站管理地理信息系统的设计及开发

以基于Windows操作系统的MapX标准控件作为基本开发组件、Delphi语言作为集成开发环境,采用地理信息系统技术构建了云南省数字强震台站管理地理信息系统平台.该平台可将全省所有强震台站的图、文、表格、幻灯、声音、影像等资料融合起来,从而实现对强震台站的综合管理及数据的查询、更新与分析.     

数字强震记录“精确”插值、积分和微分的权函数算法——I.时域离散序列数值分析方法与应用研究

现有强震记录常规处理程度中采用的插值、积分、微分运算方法计算简单、省时,但在某些情况下,不能确保所要求的计算精度,针对这一问题,本文假定强震记录是理想的有限长记录并满足采定理,在此基础上提出了对强震记录进行“精确”插值,积分和微分运算以及权函数的概念,并推导建立了相应的计算公式,理论和算例分析表明：（１）本文算法中使用的插值,积分和微分运算权函数均具有不变和快速收敛的性质;（２）只需要少量的权系数,本文算法就能获得足够的计算精度;（３）选取足够多的权系数,本文算法能以任意精度副近真实的精确解序列,（４）本文算法可以成为强震数据处理和相关结构动力分析的基础。     

Numerical simulations of the bi-level and branched structure of intracloud lightning flashes

Intracloud (IC) lightning is used to mean those lightning flashes which channels do not strike the ground. It is an important scientific problem to inves-tigate the IC flash features and the discharge physics.Measurements from the electric field change arrange-ment[1,2] and VHF radiation events[3,4] have provided ample evidence that IC flashes have branches with substantial horizontal extents. The VHF interferomet-662 Science in China: Series D Earth Sciences ric observations[5] also s…