多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁一维反演方法研究

地空瞬变电磁法融合了地面与航空瞬变电磁的方法原理与观测模式,将发射源置于地表,并利用航空器在空中接收响应信号。因此,地空瞬变电磁法同时具有地面装置大测深、高信噪的优势以及航空装置中采集高效的优势。先有研究偏重于单一辐射源,忽略了多辐射场源在勘探深度与信噪比上的优势。因此需要研究适用于多辐射场源地空装置的数据解释方法。在解决多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁正演问题之后,以Occam反演理论为基础,对多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁一维反演进行研究。首先要构建目标函数,本文通过引入拉格朗日乘子,将数据拟合差及模型粗糙度组合起来进而构建目标函数;其次解决灵敏度矩阵的构建问题。模型计算结果表明本文多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁法一维反演算法的有效性,可为三维反演与精细解释提供良好的基础。通过对典型模型的反演计算,从其理论模型及反演结果的对比可以看出,Occam反演方法可以应用到多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁系统中,为多辐射场源地空瞬变电磁解释增加了新途径。     

基于模糊理论的混凝土热力学参数识别方法

根据混凝土内部温度观测数据,建立了基于模糊理论的混凝土热力学参数识别方法。根据观测点的温度观测数据的误差特性,建立了模糊优化的目标函数。将热传导反问题作为非线性优化问题处理,然后采用BFGS方法求解。由于温度观测误差的随机特性,分析了混凝土热力学参数识别结果的统计特性。数值计算结果表明,在考虑到温度观测误差的条件下,所建立的参数反演方法能够有效地识别出混凝土的热力学参数。     

Design of tabular excavations in foliated rock: an integrated numerical modelling approach

Summary This paper presents a rock mechanics design methodology applicable to steeply dipping orebodies typical of many underground hardrock mines. The first stage in the design process is the characterization of the rock mass using bothin situ and laboratory data. The effects of anisotropy on rock mass behaviour are discussed with reference to laboratory and field observations. The second stage involves the use of a number of selected numerical modelling techniques to investigate ground response in the near-field rock mass surrounding the mining excavations. This study shows that the use of several numerical methods in conjunction, allowing for the advantages of each method to be maximized, provides a more comprehensive analysis of the different facets of stope design. This approach differs from those in the literature which seek to compare the different numerical methods in order to select just one method best suited for a problem. The design methodology employed emphasizes the importance of developing an understanding of ground deformation mechanisms as opposed to predicting absolute behaviour.     

Performance studies on six heuristic global optimization methods in the location of critical slip surface

Recently, many heuristic global optimization algorithms have evolved with success for treating various types of problems. Majority of these algorithms have not been applied to slope stability problem for which the presence of soft band and convergence problem (discontinuity of the objective function) may create difficulties in the minimization process. In this paper, six heuristic optimization algorithms are applied to some simple and complicated slopes. The effectiveness and efficiency of these algorithms under different cases are evaluated, and it is found that no single method can outperform all the other methods under all cases, as different method has different behavior in different types of problems. For normal cases, the particle swarm method appears to be effective and efficient over various conditions, and this method is recommended to be used. For special cases where the objective function is highly discontinuous, the simulated annealing method appears to be a more stable solution.     

垂直界面附近椭圆形夹杂对SH波的散射与地震动研究

利用复变函数法和Green函数法给出了SH波对垂直界面附近椭圆形夹杂散射问题的解析解答。首先,将待求的半空间模型沿垂直边界分割为区域Ⅰ和区域Ⅱ两个直角域。通过保角映射的方法将区域Ⅰ内椭圆形夹杂的外域映射为单位圆外域,并利用镜像方法构造出两个区域内满足直角域边界条件的散射波场及适用的Green函数;其次,利用界面契合思想,通过在界面处添加附加力系的方法建立起满足界面处位移和应力连续条件的无穷代数方程组,并截断有限项求解;最后,给出了求解地表位移幅值的具体算例。结果表明,入射波数、入射角度、夹杂位置、垂直界面以及材料参数都对地表位移幅值的分布有影响。     

地层渐进成拱对浅埋隧道上覆土压力影响研究

砂土及完整性较差、黏聚强度较小的破碎岩体中,浅埋隧道地层拱作用机制随地层变形发展而变化,受此影响隧道松动土压力也相应变化。常规方法忽略了地层拱不同阶段力学机制的不同,同时未考虑剪切面转动与大主应力旋转之间的相互关系,因此,不能解决浅埋隧道地层能否成拱、地层拱何时贯通至地表以及地层拱发展对隧道松动土压力影响等问题。针对这一情况,提出渐进地层拱力学模型以反映不同阶段地层拱的力学机制;其次,同时考虑主应力旋转、剪切面转动及二者相互关系,确定拱内土体应力分布;随后,优化了传统主应力偏转与地层差异沉降间的数学模型。在此基础上确定了渐进地层拱对隧道松动土压力的影响。改进方法结果与传统方法结果及试验结果的对比验证了改进方法的有效性与适用性。通过参数分析研究了隧道初始松动压力、随地层变形发展的松动压力以及地层拱贯通至地表时的极限变形等关键参数。最后,对下北山超大跨浅埋隧道的研究说明了改进方法的实用性。结论显示：（1）初始松动压力为初始松动区内土体重力,初始松动区范围不受覆跨比影响,而受地层强度影响,随内摩擦角增加而减小;（2）最大拱效应阶段以后,松动土压力随地层变形发展而增加,深埋、小跨度隧道（ ）增长速率较慢,反之较快;（3）极限变形随覆跨比、内摩擦角增加而增加,深埋、小跨度隧道地层拱效应更明显;（4）对于下北山隧道,初始地层拱存在,初始松动土压力为0.37 ,极限松动土压力为0.41 ,最终松动土压力为0.54 ,隧道变形应控制在5.7%以下避免地层拱贯通至地表。     

基于MODIS LST产品估算青藏高原地区的日平均地表温度

地表温度是衡量地-气界面热状况的重要指标,在冻土制图、城市热岛效应等研究领域有重要应用.MODIS数据只提供了每日4次过境的瞬时温度值,而实际应用中往往需要日平均地表温度.对实测0cm温度数据进行分析后,发现其日变化曲线呈分段函数特性,白天按正弦曲线变化,夜间则呈线性下降.据此提出对白天和晚上的数据进行分段拟合的方案,并与已有的两种拟合方法作对比验证.地面验证工作包括两个方面:一是模拟的验证,按卫星过境时间从逐小时的实测0cm数据中挑出4个瞬时值,将上述拟合方法应用于这4个瞬时值,得到拟合的日平均温度,再同24h的算术平均值比较.结果表明:Sin-Linear法精度最高,平均误差在1K以内;其二是地面对MODIS的验证,将3种方法应用于MODIS数据,再与地面平均值比较,3种方法中Sin-Linear法误差最小,且具有最好的线性相关,R2超过0.9.     

Calculation of surface settlements caused by EPBM tunneling using artificial neural network, SVM, and Gaussian processes

Increasing demand on infrastructures increases attention to shallow soft ground tunneling methods in urbanized areas. Especially in metro tunnel excavations, due to their large diameters, it is important to control the surface settlements observed before and after excavation, which may cause damage to surface structures. In order to solve this problem, earth pressure balance machines (EPBM) and slurry balance machines have been widely used throughout the world. There are numerous empirical, analytical, and numerical analysis methods that can be used to predict surface settlements. But substantially fewer approaches have been developed for artificial neural network-based prediction methods especially in EPBM tunneling. In this study, 18 different parameters have been collected by municipal authorities from field studies pertaining to EPBM operation factors, tunnel geometric properties, and ground properties. The data source has a preprocess phase for the selection of the most effective parameters for surface settlement prediction. This paper focuses on surface settlement prediction using three different methods: artificial neural network (ANN), support vector machines (SVM), and Gaussian processes (GP). The success of the study has decreased the error rate to 13, 12.8, and 9, respectively, which is relatively better than contemporary research.     

改进模拟退火法在估计河流水质参数中的应用

将模拟退火法应用于求解分析河流水团示踪试验数据，确定河流水质参数的函数优化问题。针对标准SA算法收敛速度缓慢的弱点，采取了增加附加约束条件、设置内阈值提前降温和增加记忆功能等综合措施对算法进行了改进。算例表明，综合改进措施能够明显地提高算法收敛速度，并可以得到满意的参数计算结果。计算结果也表明，内循环次数不会对外循环次数产生明显的影响。由于算法对目标函数没有附加要求，而且算法的收敛性与待估参数的初值无关，因此，改进SA算法在分析河流水质试验数据、确定水质参数方面．将会具有非常广的应用范围。     

A new approach for estimating the transverse surface settlement curve for twin tunnels in shallow and soft soils

Increasing demand on infrastructures has led to increased attention to shallow soft ground tunneling methods in urbanized areas. Especially in metro tunnel excavations, it is important to control the surface settlements which are observed before and after excavation, which may cause damage to surface structures. Unlike motorway, sewage and other infrastructure tunnels, metro tunnels generally have to be excavated as twin tunnels and must have a larger diameter. Metro tunnels also have shallow depth. Due to their shallow depth, metro tunnels generally have been constructed in weak rocks or weak soils in cities. The construction of twin tunnels will generate ground movements which have the potential to cause damage to existing surface and subsurface structures. To solve this settlement problem, experts have used the Earth pressure balance machine (EPBM) and the slurry balance machine. In such excavations, especially in twin tunnels, the main challenges for constructers are estimating the maximum surface settlement, controlling the interaction of transverse surface settlement and shaping the settlement curve. Incorrect estimation of these parameters can lead to significant problems above the tunnels and in nearby structures. This paper focuses on surface settlement measurements, on the interaction of twin tunnel transverse surface settlement and on the relationship between shield parameters and transverse surface settlement for parallel tunnels using EPBM shields in clay and sand soils in shallow depth. Also, a new equation is proposed for estimating the transverse settlement curve of twin tunnels. The results from this proposed equation are compared with the results of field observations. The transverse settlement curve values obtained from the proposed equation have good agreement with the actual results for the Otogar–Kirazli metro case studies.     

敏感环境下基坑数值分析中土体本构模型的选择

数值分析已成为敏感环境下基坑工程分析的最重要手段,其关键是选择合适的土体本构模型和计算参数。在分析了岩土数值分析中常用土体本构模型特点的基础上,通过算例较系统地对比了各类模型在基坑开挖数值分析中的适用性。敏感环境下的基坑工程需重点关注墙后土体的变形,从满足工程需要和方便实用的角度出发,建议采用能考虑黏土的塑性和应变硬化特征、能区分加荷和卸荷且刚度依赖于应力水平的硬化类弹塑性模型,如MCC模型和HS模型进行分析。具体工程实例的分析,表明了硬化类弹塑性模型在敏感环境下基坑开挖数值分析中的适用性。     

The optimisation of flotation networks

The generalised optimisation of a flotation network is studied by means of using variable connections (structural parameters) and variable enhancement factors which are used instead of a flotation model to describe the separation process. The enhancement factors are functions of variables affecting the flotation process. These functional relationship may be derived by means of using a flotation model. Bounds are placed on the enhancement factors by means of either using a flotation model or by inspection of existing pilot or commercial plant data. These bounds, together with external, system and mass balance constraints and an appropriate objective function, define the general optimisation problem for a flotation network.The optimisation problem above may be solved by non-linear programming methods, however, it is easily transformable into a Linear Programme which is easy to solve. The procedure has been applied to a flotation circuit comprising three banks of cells for which an optimal set of connections and enhancement factors has been computed for varying constraints.A simulation procedure based on a gamma flotation model has been applied to one of the optimal circuits so as to compute the flotation variables.     

对基坑抗隆起稳定安全系数的改进

基坑的平面形状、尺寸以及围护结构的入土深度都会影响基坑的抗隆起稳定性,但现行规范推荐的抗隆起稳定安全系数算法均不能反映这些因素的综合影响。为解决这一问题,区分不同情况,对基坑底隆起破坏可能的模式做了必要的分类,分别给出了不同破坏模式情况下抗隆起稳定安全系数的计算方法。基于此方法,基坑围护结构的强度、刚度和入土深度都会影响基坑的抗隆起稳定性。计算分析表明,无论是对于排水情况还是不排水情况,狭窄基坑都具有更好的稳定性,而围护结构的入土深度可提高基坑的稳定性。改造后的基坑安全系数使传统算法可以考虑更多因素,为狭窄基坑缩小围护结构入土深度提供了一个理论手段。     

A variational inequality approach to free surface seepage in an inhomogeneous dam

The current work uses Baiocchi's transformation to obtain heuristically a formulation of the inhomogeneous dam problem. When finite element methods are applied the finite dimensional problem is a variational inequality which may be solved to obtain approximate solutions. The main advantage of the method is that it uses a fixed mesh. The finite dimensional problem is solved by means of succesive overrelaxation with projection. Although the standard convergence theory¹ for this method does not apply in this case, because the stiffness matrix is not symmetric, satisfactory and rapid convergence was obtained in all of our examples. Numerical results are given for some examples.     

盾构俯仰角变化对盾构-土相互作用影响研究

盾构姿态改变过程中盾构?土相互作用是复杂的多相耦合问题。针对盾构俯仰角这一关键姿态参数，基于地基反力曲线，通过等效土体弹簧简化了盾构?土相互作用关系，从而建立了盾构-土相互作用模型。通过改进的Terzaghi松动土压力计算方法，解决了盾构?土相互作用初始边界问题。基于以上研究成果，得到了盾构俯仰角理论计算方法，并对垂直基床系数以及上软下硬地层等因素对盾构?土相互作用的影响进行了分析和讨论。结果表明：上软下硬地层不利于盾构姿态的控制，对于盾构姿态控制的要求更高。最后，结合济南地铁R2线盾构隧道工程对俯仰角的实测数据进行了对比分析，结果表明，由于千斤顶施加的偏转弯矩无法完全作用于盾构，导致实测值普遍略小于理论值。盾构俯仰角的理论计算方法可为盾构姿态控制提供理论指导。     

相邻基坑土条土压力计算方法探讨

基坑工程实践中,经常遇到相邻基坑土条土压力如何计算的问题,现行基坑规范尚没有计算方法。通过理论探索和工程实践,对前、后期的基坑支护型式进行了归类和组合,提出了相临基坑宽度的确定原则;提出了建立在库仑土压力理论基础之上的简化计算方法--叠加法,推导并给出了非黏性土和黏性土在不同坡率和地面分布有荷载条件下主动土压力系数和土压力的计算公式,并提出了临界宽度的概念和土条土压力折减系数的计算公式。利用所提出的叠加法、临界宽度的概念和土条土压力折减系数的计算公式,可以简捷地计算不同土层、不同坡率和地面荷载条件下的土条土压力合力及土压力强度。工程实践表明,该方法概念清晰、理论依据充分、计算公式简便,以此设计的基坑支护结构安全合理,可供类似基坑支护工程设计参考。     

On the efficient analysis of shallow tunnels

The numerical analysis of shallow tunnels using a combined Finite Element-Boundary Element method is discussed. The theory of coupling the Boundary and Finite Element discretisation is presented and solutions obtained by the method compared with analytical results for near surface circular excavations. The coupled method is then applied to a practical problem in tunneling.     

三维层状饱和地基动力Green函数的薄层法求解

建立了三维层状饱和地基模型并在模型底部施加无反射边界条件,引入Fourier变换和正交变换将饱和地基Biot动力方程化为Love和Rayleigh模态方程,将地基沿深度方向划分为数个薄层单元并对单元位移场引入线性插值函数,从而将模态方程离散化,通过求解本征值问题最终给出了三维层状饱和地基的频域动力Green函数。分析了均质饱和地基的Love和Rayleigh模态的弥散特性,求解了均质和成层饱和半空间的Lamb问题,并与Philippacopoulos的数值积分解对比,说明了所求Green函数的正确性。所得Green函数无需关于Hankel函数进行数值逆变换且能直接考虑地基的成层性,提高了计算效率。     

Engineering quality assurance for construction ground freezing

Controlled ground freezing for mining and construction applications has been in use for over a century. Despite the great technological evolution which has occurred during this period, it still remains more of an art than a science. Both the ground freezing system and related frozen earth structure are, as a practical matter, indeterminate from the standpoint of accurate engineering computations. Because of this, the successful execution of a ground freezing project depends to a large extent on the personal experience of the individuals involved in its design and execution. The purpose of this paper is to present information on proven methods for accomplishing and verifying some of the most important construction operations used during installation and maintenance of a ground freezing system and related frozen earth structure. The data on which this paper is based are derived from records of numerous completed projects for which ground freezing was employed to provide temporary ground suppport groundwater control, and/or structural underpinning. Applications included shafts, tunnels, deep open excavations, underpinning, and emergency or remedial repair of other types of construction used in the same applications.

Based on the data studied, the paper concludes with some fundamental recommendations for applied research topics.     

井地2.5维DC反演研究

开展了不同观测方式的井地2.5D直流电阻率反演研究。①从2.5维直流电阻率满足的边值问题出发,采用变分原理结合节点线性基函数推导了2.5维井地DC满足的积分弱解形式;②构建了二阶最大平滑稳定泛函的2.5维井地直流电阻率正则化目标函数,采用共轭梯度算法对正则化目标函数进行最优化求解,并采用逐步衰减正则化因子的求解策略来提高反演的稳定性;③设计了均匀半空间模型得到的数值解与解析解对比,电位的相对误差在2%以内,阐述正演算法的正确性和高精度。另外,分析了不同观测装置的2.5维井地直流电阻率异常体特征,并对不同观测方式对2.5维井地DC理论数据进行反演研究。研究结果表明,井中数据的引入提高了2.5DC对纵向探测的分辨率能力,同时提高了2.5DC反演有效性以及准确性。