层序地层学:问题与讨论

论文回顾地震地层学对层序地层学的贡献与影响、层序地层学理论积淀,指出沉积层序存在的诸如层序边界（不整合面及其可比的整合面）跨界系统阶等年代地层单位、沉积层序"T-R"水侵-水退建模理论基础与层序边界不断调整、基准面曲线滞后水侵-水退（R-T）曲线和纯几何学的相对应整合面（可比的整合面）禁锢等4个问题.针对4个问题论文建议:（1）静止正常水退（SNR）取代高位正常水退（HNR）,解决层序地层学由高位正常水退不合理设定造成的非周期性问题;（2）鉴于残留最大水泛面（RMFS）潜在地接近或一致于年代地层单位界线或全球界线层型剖面和点（GSSP）阶的下界的特征,层序地层学有可能建立残留最大水泛面与其相对应不整合面组成的复合层序边界,其中的残留最大水泛面部分用于解决现行层序边界跨年代地层单位界线的问题;（3）复合层序边界由盆朝陆的"一对一"追踪方式解决层序边界由陆朝盆"一对多"不断调整的问题;（4）降级"相对应整合面"为体系域边界,解决双定义"相对应整合面"问题,其中,Hunt and Tucker（1992）的"相对应整合面"被复合层序边界相对应不整合面部分向盆内延伸（ESU）取代而作为低位体系域底界（ESU亦兼有水侵体系域在不整合处的底界作用）,Posamentier and Allen（1999）的"相对应整合面"被复合层序边界之上的恢复的强迫水退底界取代而作为下降期体系域底界.此外,强迫水退底界同义术语现在采用的海相侵蚀海退面（RSME）术语不能全部代表海相与非海相背景.      

不整合分析及其在陆相盆地构造研究中的意义

讨论了3个问题,即不整合分析及其在研究陆相盆地的形成和演化中的意义;不整合分析及其与构造运动和盆地改造的关系;与不整合有关的圈闭类型。通过上述的不整合分析,可以获得以下结论：正旋回地层的超覆(或上超)是在拉张或中性构造背景中产生的,而反旋回地层的退覆和削截一不整合则是在挤压构造环境中发育的;复合递进型同构造不整合与内陆前陆盆地边缘挤压隆起的加速和减速上升有关。根据不整合面下被削截岩层的构造变形和侵蚀厚度可以推断出由构造运动所造成的盆地改造程度和与不整合有关的地层圈闭类型。     

A Middle Ordovician Drowning Unconformity on the Northeastern Flank of the Okcheon (Ogcheon) Belt, South Korea

The Maggol Limestone of Ordovician age was deposited in the Taebaeksan (Taebacksan) Basin which occupies the northeastern flank of the Okcheon (Ogcheon) Belt of South Korea. Carbonate facies analysis in conjunction with conodont biostratigraphy suggests that an overall regression toward the top of the Maggol Limestone probably culminated in subaerial exposure of platform carbonates in the early Middle Ordovician (earliest Darriwilian). Elsewhere this subaerial exposure event is manifested as a major paleokarst unconformity at the Sauk-Tippecanoe sequence boundary beneath the Middle Ordovician succession and its equivalents, most in notably North America and North China. Due to its global extent, this paleokarst unconformity has been viewed as a product of second- or third-order eustatic sea level fall during the early Middle Ordovician. The Sauk-Tippecanoe sequence boundary in South Korea, however, appears to be a discrete marine-flooding surface in the upper Maggol Limestone. Strata beneath this surface represent by a thinning-upward stack of exposure-capped tidal flat-dominated cycles that are closely associated with multiple occurrences of paleokarst-related solution-collapse breccias. This marine-flooding surface is onlapped by a thick succession of thin-bedded micritic limestone that is eventually overlain by a Middle Ordovician condensed section. This physical stratigraphic relationship suggest that second- and third-order eustatic sea level fall may have been significantly tempered by regional tectonic subsidence near the end of Maggol deposition. The tectonic subsidence is also evidenced by the occurrence of coeval off-platform lowstand siliciclastic quartzite lenses as well as debris flow carbonate breccias (i.e., the Yemi Breccia) in the basin. With continued tectonic subsidence, a subsequent rise in the eustatic cycle caused drowning and deep flooding of the carbonate platform, forming a discrete marine-flooding surface that may be referred to as a drowning unconformity. This tectonic interpretation contrasts notably with the slowly subsiding carbonate platform model for the basin as has been previously suggested. Thus, it is proposed that the Taebaeksan Basin in the northeastern flank on the Okcheon Belt evolved from a slowly subsiding carbonate platform to a rapidly subsiding intracontinental rift basin during the early Middle Ordovician.     

A Middle Ordovician Drowning Unconformity on the Northeastern Flank of the Okcheon (Ogcheon) Belt,South Korea

The Maggol Limestone of Ordovician age was deposited in the Taebaeksan (Taebacksan) Basin which occupies the northeastern flank of the Okcheon (Ogcheon) Belt of South Korea. Carbonate facies analysis in conjunction with conodont biostratigraphy suggests that an overall regression toward the top of the Maggol Limestone probably culminated in subaerial exposure of platform carbonates in the early Middle Ordovician (earliest Darriwilian). Elsewhere this subaerial exposure event is manifested as a major paleokarst unconformity at the Sauk-Tippecanoe sequence boundary beneath the Middle Ordovician succession and its equivalents, most in notably North America and North China. Due to its global extent, this paleokarst unconformity has been viewed as a product of second- or third-order eustatic sea level fall during the early Middle Ordovician. The Sauk-Tippecanoe sequence boundary in South Korea, however, appears to be a discrete marine-flooding surface in the upper Maggol Limestone. Strata beneath this surface represent by a thinning-upward stack of exposure-capped tidal flat-dominated cycles that are closely associated with multiple occurrences of paleokarst-related solution-collapse breccias. This marine-flooding surface is onlapped by a thick succession of thin-bedded micritic limestone that is eventually overlain by a Middle Ordovician condensed section. This physical stratigraphic relationship suggest that second- and third-order eustatic sea level fall may have been significantly tempered by regional tectonic subsidence near the end of Maggol deposition. The tectonic subsidence is also evidenced by the occurrence of coeval off-platform lowstand siliciclastic quartzite lenses as well as debris flow carbonate breccias (i.e., the Yemi Breccia) in the basin. With continued tectonic subsidence, a subsequent rise in the eustatic cycle caused drowning and deep flooding of the carbonate platform, forming a discrete marine-flooding surface that may be referred to as a drowning unconformity. This tectonic interpretation contrasts notably with the slowly subsiding carbonate platform model for the basin as has been previously suggested. Thus, it is proposed that the Taebaeksan Basin in the northeastern flank on the Okcheon Belt evolved from a slowly subsiding carbonate platform to a rapidly subsiding intracontinental rift basin during the early Middle Ordovician.     

镇安西口地区二叠纪—三叠纪地层格架与地层模型

笔者运用现代沉积学和层序地层学理论，对陕西镇安西口地区二叠系-三叠系的主要不整合面和地质体的岩相岩石组合特征及空间展布规律进行调查，在此基础上并依据前人研究资料，将区内二叠系-三叠系划分为4个层序单位，进而对单位内的体系域系统进行了划分和研究，建立了该地区地层格架与地层模型。通过研究认为，4次大幅度海平面变化及区域构造沉降作用是形成4个Ⅱ型不整合面的根本原因。该地区自晚二叠世，在不同阶段的盆地演化过程中，皆继承了西浅东深的古地理格局，此项研究成果为在构造活动地带相对稳定地区进行地层格架与地层模型提供了范例。     

Sequence stratigraphy of the Lower Cenomanian Bahariya Formation, Bahariya Oasis, Western Desert, Egypt

The Lower Cenomanian Bahariya Formation corresponds to a second-order depositional sequence that formed within a continental shelf setting under relatively low-rate conditions of positive accommodation (< 200 m during 3–6 My). This overall trend of base-level rise was interrupted by three episodes of base-level fall that resulted in the formation of third-order sequence boundaries. These boundaries are represented by subaerial unconformities (replaced or not by younger transgressive wave ravinement surfaces), and subdivide the Bahariya Formation into four third-order depositional sequences.

The construction of the sequence stratigraphic framework of the Bahariya Formation is based on the lateral and vertical changes between shelf, subtidal, coastal and fluvial facies, as well as on the nature of contacts that separate them. The internal (third-order) sequence boundaries are associated with incised valleys, which explain (1) significant lateral changes in the thickness of incised valley fill deposits, (2) the absence of third-order highstand and even transgressive systems tracts in particular areas, and (3) the abrupt facies shifts that may occur laterally over relatively short distances. Within each sequence, the concepts of lowstand, transgressive and highstand systems tracts are used to explain the observed lateral and vertical facies variability.

This case study demonstrates the usefulness of sequence stratigraphic analysis in understanding the architecture and stacking patterns of the preserved rock record, and helps to identify 13 stages in the history of base-level changes that marked the evolution of the Bahariya Oasis region during the Early Cenomanian.     

The Valanginian history of the eastern part of the Getic Carbonate Platform (Southern Carpathians,Romania): Evidence for emergence and drowning of the platform

Lower Cretaceous successions that crop out in the eastern part of the Getic Carbonate Platform (Southern Carpathians, Romania) preserve records of the Valanginian events in different settings of the platform. The integrated sedimentological, biostratigraphical, geochemical and mineralogical analysis of the upper Berriasian–Valanginian successions reveal successive stages in the evolution of the carbonate platform: (a) pre-drowning stage of the shallow-shelf and slope settings of the platform; (b) subaerial exposure and karstification; and (c) incipient flooding and drowning of the carbonate platform. Following the subaerial exposure, starting in the middle early Valanginian, the eastern part of the Getic Carbonate Platform experienced a drowning phase documented by iron oxyhydroxides, phosphate and glaucony mineralized discontinuity surface and glaucony-rich sediments disposed on the discontinuity surface. Recognition of the diachronous intra-Valanginian discontinuity surface within the studied successions is based on clear evidences (facies contrast, depositional and diagenetic features, biostratigraphic and taphonomic data, and geometrical relations). The negative–positive carbon isotope excursion is correlated with the global perturbations of the carbon cycle related to the Valanginian “Weissert” episode, and it is documented for the first time in the shallowest parts of the Getic Carbonate Platform. Tectonic activity and eustatic sea-level fluctuations were most probably the main factors that led to fault-block tilting, local emersion and subsequent drowning of the eastern part of the Getic Carbonate Platform during the Early Cretaceous. We infer that the eastern part of the Getic Carbonate Platform was affected by late Berriasian–early Hauterivian extensional tectonics that could be related to the Neo-Cimmerian movements with effects generally recognized in the northern peri-Tethyan areas.     

准噶尔盆地侏罗系不整合复合体及其岩性地层油气藏

准噶尔盆地在侏罗纪为一振荡的泛盆,形成了多期不整合,以不整合为层序边界形成的层序地层单元与油气藏的分布富集密切相关。不整合上下的低位域、高位域发育冲积扇、河流、三角洲等储集性能较好的砂砾岩,湖侵域则以厚度稳定、分布广泛的湖相泥岩为主。考虑到准噶尔盆地侏罗系不整合发育的多期性、分布的稳定性以及层序地层单元对生储盖的控制作用,建立由不整合面及不整合面上下的低位域、高位域构成的不整合复合体,多期不整合复合体与湖侵域的泥岩相互叠置形成多套生储盖组合。不整合复合体对于油气的运聚成藏起重要作用,在不整合复合体内部形成多种类型的岩性地层圈闭。不同级别的不整合复合体控制着生、储、盖组合的空间分布与富集层位,不整合复合体内部的组成单元则决定了岩性地层圈闭的类型及分布。其中,不整合复合体的低位域、高位域发育的大型冲积扇、三角洲沉积体系控制岩性圈闭的分布,而不整合复合体内的地层尖灭线控制地层圈闭的分布。     

黄骅坳陷歧口凹陷古近系层序地层格架及其特征分析

以经典层序地层学为指导,利用先进的解释系统,通过井-震互动反馈,从层序划分原则入手,对一级、二级、三级层序和体系域界面特征和识别标志进行研究,提出了该地区的层序划分方案。将该地区古近系地层划分为1个一级层序、3个二级层序和11个三级层序。一级层序和二级层序是构造层序,对应于不同级别的构造运动;三级层序是由盆缘不整合面及与其对应的盆内整合面所限定的地层单元,在盆地范围内可追踪对比。研究区内主要发育同生断裂坡折带和挠曲坡折带,这两种坡折带引起沉积斜坡明显突变,控制着坡折带两边的层序和砂体的发育。最终建立了两种坡折带与沉积体系配置关系,指出坡折带下部是低位砂体的有利发育带。     

沉积盆地的构造地层分析——以中国构造活动盆地研究为例

结合盆地形成演化过程中各种构造作用与盆地沉积充填和改造过程的成因分析,是揭示内陆构造活动盆地沉积体系域时空配置和生储盖发育分布的重要基础。各级构造不整合面的发育分布决定着盆地规模等时地层格架的基本样式。盆地构造演化的阶段性、旋回性及多期的构造变革对盆内多旋回的沉积-剥蚀过程的叠加和原型盆地的叠合等可产生深刻的影响。阐明不同构造幕同沉积构造活动和古构造格架与沉积物分散过程和构造古地貌变化的成因关系,是建立盆地沉积充填模式的关键。构造坡折带对特定的沉积相带或体系域的发育具有明显的制约作用,往往构成盆内重要的油气成藏区带。中国西部大型叠合盆地内古隆起的形成演化和隆、坳格局的变迁可导致复杂的层序结构和不整合分布样式,对地层或构造地层圈闭的形成分布具有重要的控制作用。     

鄂尔多斯盆地中南部上古生界层序与岩相古地理演化*

为明确鄂尔多斯盆地中南部上古生界层序特点与岩相古地理演化规律,利用周缘野外露头和盆地钻井测井相特征,分析层序界面、体系域界面的岩性、古构造及海侵方向变化特征,总结层序发育特点与岩相古地理演化规律。结果表明: 不同风化序列的区域性不整合面及海侵方向转换面为二级层序界面,区域性海退面、下切冲刷面及陆上暴露面为三级层序界面; 潮间带砂坪及近岸相海侵含砾砂岩顶为海侵面,最大海侵面发育灰岩、泥页岩及煤层,是海侵体系域与高位体系域分界面; 上古生界包括二级层序2个: MSQ1、MSQ2,三级层序6个: SQ1、SQ2、SQ3、SQ4、SQ5、SQ6,其中SQ1—SQ2发育水进体系域与高位体系域,不发育低位体系域,SQ1为潟湖—障壁海岸沉积体系,SQ2为泥炭坪—泥坪相潮坪沉积;SQ3—SQ6发育完整的低位—海侵—高位体系域,SQ3发育区域性海退进积海陆过渡相三角洲沉积,SQ4早期为低位体系域下切冲蚀砂体,晚期沉积古环境由温暖湿润还原环境演变为炎热干燥的氧化环境,SQ5—SQ6早中期为氧化环境三角洲沉积,SQ6晚期为高位体系域具海侵夹层的潮坪相沉积。研究为鄂尔多斯盆地及其他盆地层序与岩相古地理演化提供理论依据。     

琼东南盆地高精度层序地层学研究

运用当代层序地层学的原理和方法, 综合分析了地震、测井、岩心等资料, 发现琼东南盆地经历了早期裂陷和晚期坳陷两大发育历程, 相应划分出TejasA和TejasB两个超层序组; 与盆地非海相、海相过渡相、生长断层、缓坡和被动大陆边缘背景演化阶段相匹配, 形成了5个超层序.以不整合及其与之可以对比的整合为三级层序边界, 识别出19个层序, 含5 7个体系域、5 4个以上准层序组、196个以上准层序.在盆地的不同演化阶段, 沉积层序的不同点主要在于低水位体系域包含的沉积体系不同.在恢复古地理环境的基础上, 提炼出有关沉积层序模式.根据可容纳空间分析, 编制了本区海平面升降曲线, 发现陵水中期、梅山早期和莺歌海早期三次大的海泛与全球变化完全合拍.在纵向上, 海进体系域至密集段生烃潜力最强, 空间上以外陆架-大陆坡最好, 其次为滨沼或海陆过渡相.指出了陆架坡折附近的低水位楔和斜坡扇是值得注意的隐蔽圈闭勘探目标.      

沾化凹陷下第三系不整合类型及其地质意义

渤海湾盆地沾化凹陷下第三系中发育一系列不整合面，分隔了不同级别的地层单元，地层记录出现了间断。虽然对间断历史的推测十分困难，但这些不同组织、样式与分布的不整合面组成的系列时空型式不仅为各地层单元形成限定了边界约束，而且为整个凹陷的盆地动力学分析提供了时空框架和动力学信息。沾化凹陷的不整合成因类型包括基底不整合、裂陷幕不整合、破裂不整合和与构造活动、水位变化、沉积过程及气候变迁相联系的不整合或沉积间断。综合性的不整合研究不仅可以用于盆地动力学研究，也是石油勘探寻找油气圈闭的有效手段。     

陆相前陆盆地沉积充填与层序地层模式探讨——以库车前陆盆地为例

以库车前陆盆地为例,对陆相前陆盆地的形成、沉积充填与层序地层结构、不整合面与层序界面、层序地层组成与其模式、生储盖组合与岩性地层圈闭等关键问题进行了探讨。认为前陆层序是盆缘构造运动的响应,由低位(冲积)体系域、湖侵体系域、高位体系域组成。前陆盆地层序界面表现为构造或沉积不整合面,代表了一次构造幕的发生,其层序地层样式是盆缘造山带构造楔推进作用的结果,是盆地演化的不同阶段的响应,反映了构造运动由强到弱的间歇变化。前陆层序界面代表了沉积结构的大转换,之下为构造稳定阶段的湖相泥岩或膏泥岩,之上为代表构造运动的冲积扇—扇三角洲相的巨厚磨拉石沉积充填。在构造活动期和静止期,盆地不同位置形成不同的沉积充填和地层结构特点。构造活动期以低位(冲积)体系域为主,在毗邻造山带侧以巨厚的冲积扇-扇三角洲-辫状河三角洲相等冲积沉积物为主;构造静止期以湖侵体系域为主,为广泛的河流-湖泊相沉积。沉积厚度从靠近冲断带侧向盆地内逐渐变小。陆相前陆盆地的生储盖组合配置好,储集体广泛分布于低位、湖侵和高位体系域中,以辫状河三角洲和滨湖相为主。其岩性地层圈闭主要分布在前缘斜坡带上,包括沿古隆起边缘的地层超覆不整合圈闭和地层削蚀不整合圈闭,将会成为今后油气勘探的新领域。     

浅议层序边界

基于现行层序地层学标准化建议方案出现的层序边界差异,分析层序边界设置的演变历史,存在将相对应的整合面cc分别放置在海平面、相对海平面或基准面垂向变化的1/8周期处、最低点、最高点3种方式。Sloss关于科迪勒拉冒地槽和阿巴拉契亚冒地槽之间的北美克拉通层序划分的年代地层关系图解,以及生物地层学均证实不整合面"楔入"层序为整体趋势,包围层序仅为局部的,这一观念的转变有利于层序地层学的进一步发展;岌岌湖现代水下加积扇实体模型经验地证实层序边界为残留最大水泛面及其相对应的不整合面,该定义也可为硅质碎屑岩背景提供借鉴。通过实例分析,比较了强迫海退底界、强迫海退顶界、残留最大水泛面+相对应的整合面3种层序边界划分,建议将不整合面"包围层序"的观念调整到"楔入且部分界定"这一理念上来。此外,对岸线迹线周期性约束层序边界、横向上不整合面上下地层成因关联性与其不整合面发育时间区间呈负相关问题进行了讨论。     

龙门山前陆盆地底部不整合面: 被动大陆边缘到前陆盆地的转换

晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地是在扬子板块西缘被动大陆边缘的基础上由印支造山运动而形成的,盆地中地层充填厚度巨大,包括晚三叠世卡尼期至瑞提期的马鞍塘组、小塘子组和须家河组,持续时间达20Myr,显示为1个以不整合面为界的构造层序。位于晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地构造层序与下伏古生代-中三叠世被动大陆边缘构造层序之间的不整合面属于龙门山前陆盆地的底部不整合面,标志了扬子板块西缘从被动大陆边缘盆地到前陆盆地的转换。该底部不整合面位于晚三叠世马鞍塘组与中三叠世雷口坡组之间,显示为平行不整合面或角度不整合面,在接触面上发育冲蚀坑、古喀斯特溶沟、溶洞、溶岩角砾、古风化壳的褐铁矿、黏土层及石英、燧石细砾岩等底砾岩。该不整合面向南东方向不断地切削下伏地层,且均发育岩溶风化面,上覆的晚三叠世地层沿不整合面向南东超覆,显示了从整合面到不整合面的变化过程,并随着逆冲楔的推进向南东方向迁移,其超覆线、侵蚀带和相带的走向线与龙门山冲断带的走向大致平行。底部不整合面显示为典型的前陆挠曲不整合面,标志着龙门山前陆盆地的形成和扬子板块西缘挠曲下降和淹没过程,底部为古喀斯特作用面,下部为碳酸盐缓坡和海绵礁建造,上部为进积过程中形成的三角洲沉积物,具有向上变粗的垂向结构,表明底部不整合面和前缘隆起的抬升是扬子板块西缘构造负载的挠曲变形的产物,显示了在卡尼期松潘-甘孜残留洋盆的迅速闭合和逆冲构造负载向扬子板块的推进过程。本次在对晚三叠世龙门山前陆盆地底部不整合面的风化壳、残留厚度、地层缺失、剥蚀厚度、地层超覆等研究的基础上,计算了底部不整合面迁移速率、前缘隆起迁移速率、地层上超速率和前缘隆起的剥蚀速率,并与逆冲楔推进速率进行了对比,结果表明,底部不整合面迁移速率、前缘隆起的迁移速率、地层上超速率均介于3~18mm·a^-1之间,其与逆冲楔推进速率(5~15mm·a^-1)相似,因此,可用底部不整合面迁移速率、前缘隆起的迁移速率和地层上超速率代表逆冲楔推进速率。但是前缘隆起的剥蚀速率很小,介于0.02~0.08mm·a^-1之间,仅为逆冲楔推进速率的1/100。     

Sequence subdivision and development characteristics of low-accommodation non-marine basins: a case study of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin

The third-order sequences of the Yanchang Formation in the Ordos Basin were determined by a comprehensive analysis of surface outcrops, core, logging and seismic data. Natural gamma curves were studied by the band-pass method. The hidden stratigraphic sequence and six lithological cycles were extracted. By examining sequence boundaries and lithological cycles, we identified six third-order (including SQ1, SQ2, SQ3, SQ4, SQ5 and SQ6) and three second-order sequences in the Yanchang Formation. The sequence stratigraphy of the Ordos Basin was found to have the following special development characteristics: (1) the third-order sequence growths were totally stable, and the thickness of the Ordos Basin was relatively stable; (2) thick sand bodies did not form in lowstand systems because of underdeveloped slope breaks; (3) the third-order sequences had diverse features at different sedimentary periods; (4) the distribution of the depositional systems had various characteristics in different tectonic belts, and the entire sequence had the filling characteristics of multiprovenances and multicycles. The low-accommodation Ordos Basin in the Upper Triassic was limited by slow subsidence, gentle basement paleorelief, stable tectonic settings and sufficient sediment supply. The characteristics of the basin included stable developed sequences, limited preserved lowstand systems tracts, multiple depocentres and subsiding centres, development of many delta systems in the north and south of the basin controlled by the gradient of the basement paleorelief, and laterally stretching sediments. Results further indicated that the controlling factors of the third-order stratigraphic sequences of Yanchang Formation in the low-accommodation lacustrine Ordos Basin included sediment supply (provenance), climate and lake-level fluctuation. Overall, our case study indicated that the development characteristics and controlling factors of sequence stratigraphy in a low-accommodation lake basin provided a comprehensive method of establishing the sequence stratigraphic framework of a low-accommodation non-marine basin. Our results also predicted that the SQ3, SQ4 and SQ5 of the Qiaochuan and Zhidan areas favoured oil and gas prospecting of the Yanchang Formation.     

沉积盆地的层序和沉积充填结构及过程响应

现代层序地层学的理论发展,把沉积过程纳入到地质演化的时空框架中并与地球的多旋回或节律演化结合研究,形成了一套带有革命性的、在等时地层格架中研究沉积作用的新方法,成为了油气资源等沉积矿产预测勘探的重要工具。沉积盆地的沉积充填可划分出与各级沉积旋回相对应的层序地层单元。追踪对比由不整合面或不整合面及其对应的整合面为界的高级别层序地层单元建立的区域性等时地层格架,对盆地构造古地理再造和油气勘探战略性研究至关重要;追踪四、五级等低级别层序地层单元和体系域建立的高精度层序地层格架,可为重点区域或区带的沉积体系和储集体的沉积构成和分布等的解剖提供精细的地层对比基础。依据沉积基准面的变化,从层序内水进到水退的沉积旋回中可划分出正常水退沉积、强制性水退沉积、水进沉积及垂向加积等成因沉积类型。海相或湖相盆地中三级层序地层单元内均可较好地划分出低位、水进、高位及下降体系域。盆地构造作用、气候变化、海、湖平面升降过程对层序发育的控制作用及沉积响应研究,一直是层序地层学或沉积地质分析领域的研究热点。沉积盆地的层序地层序列演化是盆地地球动力学过程的总体响应。层序地层学把盆地古构造、古地理的变迁纳入到统一的地球演化系统中研究,形成了与区域地球演化史或盆地动力学演化相结合的重要研究领域。多旋回盆地或叠合盆地中多期次的构造变革导致了多个区域性不整合面所分隔的多个构造层序的叠加。注重构造—层序地层的结合分析,揭示盆地的层序地层序列与多期盆地构造作用的成因联系,是构造活动盆地或大型叠合盆地沉积地质演化和油气聚集规律研究的关键。盆地构造作用,如前陆盆地多期次的逆冲挠曲沉降和回弹隆起的构造作用、多幕裂陷过程、多期构造反转等与重要不整合及区域性沉积旋回或层序的形成密切相关;而由气候变化引起的海或湖平面变化是控制高频沉积旋回或低级别层序发育的主要因素。在构造活动盆地中,构造坡折带对沉积体系域和沉积相的发育分布具重要控制作用。     

Formation and significance of a middle Silurian ravinement surface on Gotland, Sweden

A laterally extensive and conspicuously smooth erosional surface is exposed near the Wenlock–Ludlow boundary on east-central Gotland, Sweden. It occurs in the reef complex area of a carbonate platform, has an undulating topography, and separates truncated bioherms and biostromes from overlying allochthonous high energy deposits. On a basin regional scale, the surface is associated to a shift from a prograding to a retrograding platform, and to a substantial hiatus in basin marginal areas (Estonia). The significance of the surface is further indicated by: (a) clear-cut truncation of the reef complex, including m-sized stromatoporoids, along a distance of at least 20 km, (b) an erosional relief exceeding 2.08 m, (c) a conspicuously smooth nature in both palaeolows and palaeohighs, (d) present, although scarce, subaerial diagenetic indications, e.g. shallow karst features at the unconformity surface and pendant/meniscus cement in the lowermost part of overlying strata, (e) a locally occurring basal conglomeratic lag in overlying strata, and (f) peritidal indications and, as evident from at least one quarry, onlapping geometry in overlying strata.

The unconformity has implications for the analysis of the middle Silurian Baltic basin evolution as well as for the interpretation of erosional surfaces on carbonate platforms in general. Based on the above characteristics, the formation of the unconformity is attributed to a relative sea-level fall, causing subaerial exposure, followed by transgressive abrasion in a rocky shore environment. The unconformity hence constitutes a ravinement surface which, based on the associated basin regional sedimentary changes, is interpreted as coinciding with a regional exposure surface (sequence boundary). It thus increases our understanding of the hitherto poorly understood palaeogeographic evolution of the middle Silurian Baltic basin. Further, the transgressive erosion was significant as well as recurrent, as indicated by the clear-cut truncation of large stromatoporoids at the unconformity surface and by truncated marine fossil fragments in upper edges of karst infills. The unconformity therefore constitutes a good example of the capability of transgressive erosion in creating stratigraphic incompleteness, and hence in removing subaerial indications, on previously exposed carbonate platforms.     

不整合结构对地层油气藏形成的控制作用研究

不整合不仅仅是一个“面”,更是一个“体”,其本身具有较独特的微观组构,即具有“空间结构”属性.通过大量的岩心观察、野外踏勘及测井资料对比解释,纵向上提出不整合结构体的概念,并将其划分为三层结构:结构体上层、结构体中层及结构体下层,其中结构体上层与下层构成储集体,结构体中层形成封盖层,且封盖强度随埋深加大而增加.地层油气...