苏德尔特油田低渗透凝灰质砂岩成岩作用及储层质量差异性演化

海拉尔盆地贝尔凹陷苏德尔特油田兴安岭油层为典型的富火山物质的低渗致密砂岩储层。利用岩心观察、薄片鉴定、扫描电镜分析、压汞测试分析等方法,对兴安岭油层储层成岩作用及其控制下的储层质量演化过程进行了系统研究。结果表明,储层目前主要处于中成岩A期,整体经历了压实作用-早期方解石胶结作用/方沸石胶结作用-方沸石溶解/长石溶解作用/高岭石胶结作用/硅质胶结作用-晚期方解石胶结作用。兴安岭油层储层可以划分出强压实成岩相（I）、弱压实-方解石中强胶结成岩相（II）、中等压实-方沸石/长石强溶解成岩相（III）、中等压实-方沸石/长石中强溶解-高岭石强烈充填成岩相（IV）4种类型的成岩相。压实作用和早期方解石胶结作用导致储层孔隙度和渗透率降低,方沸石和长石的溶解作用有效提高储层孔隙度和渗透率,高岭石的沉淀作用导致储层渗透率大大降低。成岩相I和成岩相II储层质量最差,孔隙度和渗透率均较低,为典型的特低孔特低渗致密储层;成岩相III储层质量最好,具有较高的孔隙度和渗透率,为中孔-中低渗储层;成岩相IV储层质量中等,具有较高的孔隙度,但渗透率较低,为中孔（特）低渗储层。     

Diagenetic evolution vis-a-vis reservoir characteristics of Dhosa sandstones,Ler dome,Kachchh, western India

The detrital mineralogy as well as diagenetic characters of the Dhosa Sandstone Member of Chari Formation exposed at the Lerdome, south of Bhuj was studied. In order to assess the potential of the Dhosa Sandstone as a reservoir, it is substantial to understand the diagenetic processes that are controlled largely by post-depositional cementation and compaction in addition to framework composition and original depositional textures. The petrologic analysis of 33 thin sections was carried out to discern primary composition and diagenetic features including primary and secondary porosity patterns. Monocrystalline quartz dominates the detrital mineralogy followed by polycrystalline quartz. Among the polycrystalline variety recrystallized metamorphic quartz surpasses stretched metamorphic quartz in terms of abundance. Feldspars comprise microcline and plagioclase where the former is dominant over the latter. Orthoclase too comprises a very small percentage. Mica, chert, rock fragments, and heavies form the remaining detrital constituent in descending order of their constituent percentage. The diagenetic precipitates are mainly carbonate (8.30%) and iron (7.80%) followed by clay (0.66%) and silica (0.88%) that are minor constituent of the total cementing material. The main paragenetic events identified are early cementation, mechanical compaction, late cementation, dissolution, and authigenesis of clays. The overall reservoir quality seems to be controlled by compaction and authigenic carbonate cementation. The minus cement porosity average 29.4%. The porosity loss due to compaction is 21.92% and by cementation is 29.71%. The loss of original porosity was due to early cementation followed by moderate mechanical compaction during shallow burial. Preservation of available miniscule primary porosity was ascribed to dissolution of carbonates and quartz overgrowth which resisted chemical compaction during deep burial. The studied sandstones may have low reservoir quality owing to existing porosity of less than 9%. More carbonate dissolution and its transformation in dolomite in sub-surface condition and macro-fracture porosity may result in enhanced secondary porosity and good diagenetic traps.     

Evolution of pore space in the Poza Rica trend (Mid-Cretaceous), Mexico

ABSTRACT The Poza Rica trend of the Tampico embayment, Mexico, will ultimately produce more than 2.3 × 10⁹ barrels of oil from Mid-Cretaceous (Albian-Cenomanian) basin-margin deposits. Bioclastic grainstone, packstone, and wackestone are interbedded with polymictic lime breccia and dolomitized debris; all were deposited by sediment gravity flow. Indigenous sediment was pelagic lime mud. Typical reservoir porosities are about 10%; permeabilities average 2 md and rarely exceed 100 md. Porosity is largely the result of selective dissolution of rudist fragments, which were originally aragonite. Detailed petrographic study, with emphasis on the diagenetic products, allows quantitative assessment of porosity at various diagenetic stages from original sediment to reservoir rock. A relatively simple diagenetic history is reflected by about 90% of the samples studied: primary porosity was reduced through lithification of matrix mud and initial cementation by clear, equant to bladed, non-ferroan calcite. Later dissolution produced extensive skelmoldic and minor vuggy porosity. Subsequently, non-ferroan calcite cement reduced porosity before the emplacement of hydrocarbons. Reconstructed sediment porosities are comparable to, but lower than, modern counterparts. The initial phase of cementation and presumed lithification of mud greatly reduced porosity in all lithologies, but appreciably more porosity persisted in grainstone and packstone than in wackestone or mudstone. Dissolution produced a porosity resurrection, which exceeded that of the initial sediment in some grainstones. Calcite cementation and local multiphase quartz cementation and dolomitization reduced porosity to present average values of 8–12% in grain-supported rocks and 3% in mud-supported rocks. The greater persistence of primary porosity and, therefore, permeability in grain-supported rocks probably accounts for their greater secondary porosity development and ultimate reservoir quality. Geometrically averaged permeabilities range from only 0.17 md in wackestone to 3.85 md in dolomite, but differ significantly with rock type and grain size. Permeability increases with porosity in all lithologies; the rate of increase is greater at higher porosities and with coarser grain sizes. The agent for both early cementation and development of secondary porosity appears to have been meteoric water. Subaerial exposure appears to be ruled out, however, by a basin-margin depositional environment and continued burial beneath Upper Cretaceous pelagic sediments. Early exposure to meteoric water can be explained by a hydrologic head developed during penecontemporaenous exposure that produced cavernous porosity in the adjacent Golden Lane trend. Descending meteoric water likely emerged as submarine springs along the Tamabra trend. Deposition of pelagic limestone during the Turonian blanketed part of the Golden Lane escarpment to enhance development of a large freshwater lens; gaps in the blanket localized springs and influenced flow patterns within the Poza Rica field. Analogous freshwater circulation exists today in northern Florida.     

贵州紫云上石炭统叶状藻礁灰岩的成岩作用

贵州紫云县猴场镇扁平村的上石炭统中的叶状藻礁及其周边灰岩中发育强烈的成岩作用和胶结物,这些胶结物在猴场研究区内是显著的和有代表性的。通过观察、分析野外露头、光片、薄片、薄片的阴极发光和染色,来研究礁体岩石的成岩作用,确定了成岩作用序列、成岩环境、成岩阶段。成岩作用类型主要有泥晶化、溶蚀、胶结、新生变形、机械压实、剪切或...     

Relationships among sedimentology, stratigraphy, and diagenesis in the Proterozoic Thelon Basin, Nunavut, Canada: implications for paleoaquifers and sedimentary-hosted mineral deposits

The Thelon Basin, Nunavut, Canada, is host to unconformity-type uranium mineralisation and has the potential to host other economic deposits. The Thelon Formation (ca. 1750 Ma) is composed of thick (meters to tens of meters), poorly sorted, trough cross-bedded conglomerate and coarse-grained lithic arenite beds, and to a lesser extent, well-sorted, medium- to coarse-grained quartz arenite beds. Relatively rare, 1–12 cm thick, clay-rich siltstones to fine-grained sandstone layers punctuate the coarser lithofacies. Based on regional analysis of drill cores and outcrops, multiple unconformity-bounded sequences are defined in this fluvial-dominated sedimentary succession. Stratigraphic correlations are based on detailed lithofacies analysis, distinct changes in fining-upward cycle thickness, and intraformational surfaces (unconformities, transgressive surfaces, and paleosols).Diagenetic and paragenetic relationships vary systematically with sedimentology and stratigraphy of the Thelon and provide a framework for understanding the evolution of fluid-flow systems in the context of basin hydrostratigraphy. Stratigraphic units with well-sorted textures, which lacked clay and unstable framework grains, originally were aquifers (depositional aquifers) during early basin evolution. However, pervasive, early quartz cementation radically reduced the porosity and permeability of these units, occluding pore throats and transforming them into aquitards. Proximal fluvial and alluvial fan lithofacies that contained detrital, mechanically infiltrated, and diagenetic clay minerals and/or unstable detrital grains originally had low permeabilities and only experienced minor quartz cementation. In the deep burial setting (2–7 km), these units retained sufficient permeability to allow diagenetic fluid flow (diagenetic aquifers) as suggested by feldspar dissolution, quartz dissolution, and formation and recrystallization of illite and other diagenetic reactions. Tracing potential diagenetic aquifer and aquitard units across the study area allowed development of a hydrostratigraphic model. In this model, diagenetic aquifers onlap onto, and focused basinal fluids into basement rocks to the east in the Thelon Basin (in the vicinity of the Kiggavik uranium deposit).     

Porosity in chalk – roles of elastic strain and plastic strain

Chalks originate as Cretaceous to Recent pelagic or hemipelagic calcareous ooze, which indurate via burial diagenesis to chalk and limestone. Because they accumulate in pelagic settings with high environmental continuity, chalks may form thick formations and even groups. For this reason, and because chalks have a simple mineralogy (low magnesium calcite, silica and clays), they are ideal for the study of diagenetic processes including the depth-related decrease of porosity. It is the aim of this study to illustrate how the evaluation of in situ elastic strain can help in understanding these processes including the interplay between stress-controlled diagenetic processes and processes furthered by thermal energy. Petrophysical core and well data can be used for analyses of how porosity reduction via pore collapse and pressure dissolution is related to in situ elastic strain. The data in question are: depth, density of overburden, pore pressure, ultrasonic P-wave velocity and dry density/porosity. The analysis reveals that the transition from ooze to chalk is associated with high elastic strain and consequent pressure dissolution at calcite–particle contacts causing contact cementation. The transition from chalk to limestone is also associated with high elastic strain, especially at clay–calcite interphases causing development of stylolites via pressure dissolution, and consequent pore-filling cementation. Following each transformation the elastic strain drops rapidly. The observation of this diagenesis-related pattern in elastic strain of the sedimentary rock is novel and should not only be helpful in understanding the porosity development in sedimentary basins, but also add basic scientific insight.     

Diagenetic evolution of a shallow marine Kimmeridgian carbonate ramp (Jabaloyas,NE Spain): implications for hydrocarbon reservoir quality

The upper Kimmeridgian outcrops in Jabaloyas (NE Spain) studied here have significant similarity in terms of carbonate ramp morphology and its facies architecture with Member D of the Upper Jurassic Arab Formation reservoirs in the Middle East. Geological models from analogue outcrops enhance or challenge the understanding of multi-scale sedimentological and diagenetic heterogeneities in the subsurface hydrocarbon reservoir models by providing morphometric parameters. For this purpose, conventional diagenetic studies (petrographic microscopy analysis and cathodoluminescence) have been performed to assess the impact of diagenetic modifications through burial. More than 50 thin sections have been used to define a full paragenetic sequence. Additional mineralogical mapping (Qemscan®) on a selection of thin sections serves as a calibration tool for semiquantitative analytic studies of every mineral phases and the proposed porosity evolution. This work unravels the whole paragenetic diagenetic processes and focused on those that occurred right after deposition to shallow burial (eogenesis). High-sequence stratigraphy allows linking these events to variations of the environmental domains that, in fact, respond most likely to sea-level fluctuations. In particular, it provides key parameters to frame the diagenetic overprint such as cementation processes plugging primary interparticle porosity and selective dissolution linked to master bounding surfaces: calcite meniscus cements in vadose zones and selective dissolution processes linked to firmgrounds. Ultimately, they offer valuable trends that would be potentially relevant to decipher and characterize reservoir parameters for the upscaling workflow of fabrics from microscopic to inter-well scale in carbonate hydrocarbon reservoirs.     

安塞油田长2油层成岩作用及其对储层物性的影响

安塞地区长2油层储层以中细粒长石砂岩为主，主要成岩矿物为绿泥石环边、方解石胶结物、石英和长石加大生长、伊利石、伊一蒙混层、钠长石和高岭石等。绿泥石环边的发育对原生粒间孔的保存起到有利的作用。石英加大级别达Ⅲ级，加大边含有丰富的有机包体，均一温度范围48．1～76．5℃，烃类进入储层的时间为早白垩世中期至晚白垩世。储层发育多种孔隙类型，面孔率平均为11．60％．主要类型有粒间孔、骨架颗粒溶孔和微裂缝等。残余粒间孔和骨架颗粒溶孔是本区长2储层的主要孔隙类型。根据成岩作用的矿物岩石学标志、有机质成熟度及古温度，将长2油层砂岩的成岩作用划分为3个成岩阶段：早成岩阶段、晚成岩阶段和表生成岩阶段。储层性质明显地受到沉积微相和成岩作用的影响，沉积物粒度较粗、厚度较大的分流河道储集物性明显优于各种粒度较细、厚度较薄的分流间席状砂体。     

鄂尔多斯盆地镇北地区延长组长4+5致密油层成岩作用及成岩相

鄂尔多斯盆地镇北地区含凝灰质的延长组长4+5致密油层勘探潜力巨大,但因成岩作用研究薄弱,相对高孔高渗储层成因机理和分布规律认识不清,使该区勘探开发进程受到明显的制约。综合应用铸体薄片、扫描电镜、电子探针、阴极发光、显微荧光、X射线衍射、流体包裹体、高压压汞和常规物性等方法,对镇北地区的长4+5储层成岩作用及成岩相带进行了研究。研究结果表明:研究区长4+5储层主要处于中成岩阶段A期,石英自生加大等硅质胶结作用和铁白云石等碳酸盐胶结作用是造成储层低孔特低渗的根本原因;绿泥石膜胶结作用和早期油的充注抑制了机械压实作用和胶结作用,保护了储层孔隙;长石碎屑的溶蚀作用扩大了储集空间。划分出机械压实相、碳酸盐胶结相、绿泥石膜胶结相和长石溶蚀相四类主要成岩相,其中长石溶蚀相常形成相对高孔高渗储层发育区,一般面孔率大于6.0%,孔隙度大于14.0%,渗透率大于1.30×10-3 μm2,主要分布在辫状河三角洲前缘亚相水下分流河道微相砂体中部。综合研究表明,沉积作用和成岩作用共同控制着相对高孔高渗储层的分布。     

冀中坳陷廊固凹陷河西务构造带古近系沙河街组四段储集层孔隙度演化定量研究

薄片鉴定、流体包裹体分析、埋藏演化史与有机质热演化史分析、膏岩层脱水及黏土矿物转化分析等研究表明：河西务构造带古近系沙河街组四段储集层经历了碱性→酸性→碱性→弱酸性→弱碱性的成岩环境演化过程;成岩作用演化序列为：压实作用→长石溶蚀和(或)石英加大→碳酸盐胶结和(或)硬石膏胶结→少量碳酸盐胶结物溶解→少量黄铁矿胶结。利用“反演回剥”的原理, 以铸体薄片资料为基础, 计算了各关键成岩作用对储集层面孔率的贡献量, 并利用面孔率-孔隙度的函数关系, 结合机械压实校正, 定量地恢复了不同成岩特征储集层的实际孔隙度演化史。根据孔隙度演化史与油气成藏史匹配关系, 河西务构造带沙四段储集层第1期油气成藏时期储集物性较好, 孔隙度高达20％左右。第2期油气成藏时期, 北部区块储集层碳酸盐胶结强烈, 孔隙度急剧降低至7％左右, 不利于油气充注补充;而南部区块储集层碳酸盐胶结作用弱, 孔隙度仍以大于10％为主, 有利于油气充注补充和成藏, 成为有利勘探目标。     

南堡凹陷深层储层成岩作用与孔隙演化

基于储层沉积学、岩石学理论基础及铸体薄片、扫描电镜、X射线衍射、孔渗等分析资料,对渤海湾盆地南堡凹陷3号构造带沙河街组一段（沙一段）储层特征与成岩作用进行详细系统地研究,明确了各成岩作用强度,重建了研究区深层储层成岩演化序列,并定量分析了各成岩作用对于储层孔隙度的影响。结果表明:沙一段储层沉积相带为辫状河三角洲前缘,目前处于中成岩阶段A₂期,平均孔隙度为12.4%,平均渗透率为92.3×10-3 μm2,先后经历了压实、早期胶结、溶蚀以及晚期胶结作用,其中压实作用是最主要的减孔作用,压实造成孔隙度损失约17%,溶解作用一定程度上改善了储层物性,溶蚀增加孔隙度约7.6%。预测了深层储层孔隙演化路径和储层质量,并最终建立孔隙度演化模式,为后续勘探开发提供了借鉴。     

The Effects of Diagenesis on the Reservoir Characters in Ridge sandstone of Jurassic Jumara dome,Kachchh, Western India

Ridge sandstone of Jurassic Jumara dome of Kachchh was studied in an attempt to quantify the effects of diagenetic process such as compaction, cementation and dissolution on reservoir properties. The average framework composition of Ridge sandstone is Q₈₀F₁₇L₃, medium-to coarse grained and subarkose to arkose. Syndepositional silty to clayey matrix (3% average) is also observed that occurs as pore filling. The diagenetic processes include compaction, cementation and precipitation of authigenic cements, dissolution of unstable grains and grain replacement and development of secondary porosity. The major cause of intense reduction in primary porosity of Ridge sandstone is early cementation which include silica, carbonate, iron, kaolinite, illite, smectite, mixed layer illite-smectite and chlorite, which prevents mechanical compaction. The plots of COPL versus CEPL and IGV versus total cement suggest the loss of primary porosity in Ridge sandstone is due to cementation. Cements mainly iron and carbonate occurs in intergranular pores of detrital grains and destroys porosity. The clay mineral occurs as pore filling and pore lining and deteriorates the porosity and permeability of the Ridge sandstone. The reservoir quality of the studied sandstone is reduced by clay minerals (kaolinite, illite, smectite, mixed layer illitesmectite, chlorite), carbonate, iron and silica cementation but on the other hand, it is increased by alteration and dissolution of the unstable grain, in addition to partial dissolution of carbonate cements. The potential of the studied sandstone to serve as a reservoir is strongly related to sandstone diagenesis.     

成岩体系对致密砂岩储层质量的控制 ——以四川盆地中台山地区须二段为例

为探讨成岩体系对致密砂岩储层质量的控制机理,综合岩心、铸体薄片、阴极发光、X衍射、扫描电镜、包裹体分析、孔渗和三维地震等资料,对四川盆地中台山地区须二段致密砂岩储层成因机制进行了分析.研究发现中台1井须二段主要发育长石石英砂岩、文探1井须二段主要发育岩屑石英砂岩,储集空间主要为长石和岩屑粒内溶孔,孔隙度多<8％,渗透率...     

Influence of sedimentary facies on reservoir quality and distribution of diagenetic features in the Funing Formation,Wanglongzhuang Oilfield,Subei Basin,Eastern China

The Paleogene clastic sediments of the Funing Formation, which is characterized by slump-fan, delta-front, and beach-bar deposits, are important targets for oil and gas exploration in the Wanglongzhuang Oilfield, Subei Basin, eastern China. Three categories of reservoir quality are distinguished on the basis of petrographic and petrophysical experiments such as nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and mercury injection (MI). A paragenetic sequence for diagenetic evolution of each sedimentary facies has been reconstructed to determine the mechanisms for the variations in reservoir quality of the formation and the influence of the sedimentary facies on the distribution of diagenetic features in each of its members. The maturity of the organic material, textural relationships, and the distribution pattern of diagenetic minerals suggest that the study area underwent mainly mesodiagenesis. The mesodiagenesis A and mesodiagenesis B stages induced different diagenetic features in the target reservoir; the beach-bar sand of the E₁f₂ unit and the delta-front sand of the E₁f₄ unit underwent mostly only cementation; the delta-front deposits of the E₁f₃ unit, however, suffered more from mechanical and chemical compaction than from cementation. The loss of porosity in the fluxoturbidites of E₁f₄ due to compaction was just as large as the loss by cementation. The gravity-flow channel, sand-bar, and distributary-channel deposits have a higher porosity and permeability than the sand-beach and estuarine-bar deposits.     

鄂尔多斯盆地直罗油田长6油层组成岩作用及孔隙演化研究

位于鄂尔多斯盆地的直罗油田三叠系延长组长6油层组为近年来新开发的一个主力油气产层。岩石学和成岩作用特征研究表明,直罗油田长6油层组以细粒长石砂岩和岩屑长石砂岩为主,砂岩经历了机械压实作用、胶结作用、交代作用和溶蚀作用等成岩作用,成岩作用处于晚成岩阶段A期。成岩作用控制了储层砂岩孔隙发育特征,其中压实作用与胶结作用是导致储层超低渗的主导因素,而次生溶蚀孔隙的形成对储层砂岩物性具有一定改造作用,并控制了该区长6油层组相对高孔高渗储层的展布特征。     

The Diagenesis and Diagenetic Lithofacies of Tight Reservoir of Chang4+5 Member of Yanchang Formation in Huaqing Area,Ordos Basin

Though the prospective of reserves of tight oil reservoir of Chang 4+5 member of Yanchang Formation is great in Huaqing area, Ordos Bsin, but its speed of oil exploration and development has been much restricted much by weak reservoir diagenesis research. To study the characteristics of diagenesis, diageneticfacies and physical properties of reservoir of Chang 4+5 in Huaqing area, a series of analytic techniques were used, including polarized light microscope, casting slice, scanning electron microscope, electron probe microanalysis, cathodeluminescence, micro fluorescence, X-ray diffraction, fluid inclusion, high pressure mercury, physical properties, etc. The results showed that the ferrocalcite, quartz and kaolinite cementation caused the background of low porosity and ultra low permeability reservoir of Chang 4+5 reservoir in the study area, and the diagenetic stage belonged to the “A” middle now. Chlorite film cementation and early oil accumulation effectively protected pores and limited the mechanical compaction and the cementation. The intense dissolution of feldspar could greatly improve the reservoir porosity and cause the relatively high porosity and permeability reservoir. There are mainly divided into four kinds of diagenetic facies, including chlorite cementation residual intergranular pore facies, the mechanical compaction facies, chlorite cementation and feldspathic solution facies, carbonate cementation facies. The most favorable diagenetic facies is feldspathic solution facies, which mainly distributes in the middle sandbody of the fluxoturbidite and underwater distributary channel of the main sand belt adjacent the semi-deep lake shoreline, and it is favorable to the formation of relatively high porosity and permeability reservoir, of which surface porosity is more than 6.0%, porosity is more than 16.0 %, permeability is more than 1.30×10^-3μm². Comprehensive studies have shown that the combination of sedimentation and diagenesis controls the distribution of relatively high porosity and permeability reservoir.     

Diagenesis impact on a deeply buried sandstone reservoir (Es1 Member) of the Shahejie Formation,Nanpu Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,East China

Diagenesis has a significant impact on reservoir quality in deeply buried formations. Sandstone units of the Shahejie Formation (Es₁ Member) of Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, East China is a typical deeply buried sandstone with large hydrocarbon accumulations. The methodology includes core observations and thin section studies, using fluorescence, scanning electron microscope (SEM), cathodoluminescence (CL), fluid inclusion and isotope and electron probing analysis as well as the numerical determination of reservoir characteristics. The sandstones consist of medium to coarse-grained, slight to moderate sorted lithic arkose and feldspathic litharenite. Porosity and permeability values range from 0.5 to 30% and 0.006 to 7000 mD, respectively. The diagenetic history reveals mixed episodes of diagenesis and deep burial followed by uplift. The main diagenetic events include compaction, cementation alteration, dissolution of unstable minerals and grain fracturing. Compaction resulted in densification and significantly reduced the primary porosity. Quartz, calcite and clay are the dominant pore-occluding cement and occur as euhedral to subhedral crystals. Alteration and dissolution of volcanic lithic fragments and pressure solution of feldspar grains were the key sources of quartz cement whereas carbonate cement is derived from an external source. Clay minerals resulted from the alteration of feldspar and volcanic lithic fragments. Porosity and permeability data predict a good inverse relationship with cementation whereas leaching of metastable grains, dissolution of cement and in some places formation of pore-lining chlorite enhanced the reservoir quality. The best reservoir is thicker sandstone bodies that are medium to coarse-grained, well-sorted sandstone with low primary ductile grains with a minor amount of calcite cement. The present study shows several diagenetic stages in the Es₁ Member, but the overall reservoir quality is preserved.     

查干凹陷早白垩世碎屑岩储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

在对大量薄片和岩心观察分析基础上,结合扫描电镜和全岩分析、 X衍射粘土分析、 包裹体测温等手段,对查干凹陷碎屑岩储层的成岩作用和孔隙演化进行了研究。结果表明: 研究区碎屑岩储层主要为低成分成熟度、 低结构成熟度的长石岩屑砂岩,成岩作用呈现“强压实、 强胶结、 弱交代、 弱溶蚀“的“两强两弱”特征;成岩阶段主要处于中成岩A期,局部达中成岩B期至晚成岩期。两期胶结主要发生在苏二早期和乌兰苏海时期,中浅层（<2 500 m）较低孔隙度主要由于强压实和早期致密胶结所致;较高孔隙度是由于原生孔隙保存较好,长石及碳酸盐胶结物的溶蚀作用导致孔隙度增大。深层碎屑岩储层（>2 500 m）较低孔隙度除压实作用外,碳酸盐致密胶结是主因;较高孔隙度则为早期酸性溶蚀叠加晚期碱性溶蚀产生次生孔隙为主。晚期碱性溶蚀发生在油气充注之后,为无效溶孔。     

贵州紫云上石炭统叶状藻礁灰岩胶结物特征

贵州紫云县猴场镇扁平村的上石炭统叶状藻礁及其周边灰岩中广泛发育大量的各类胶结物。通过对胶结物的形态、结构和阴极发光特征以及胶结物间的接触关系的研究,可以确定成岩作用的先后并识别成岩环境。浅海海底同生成岩阶段大的孔隙中形成等厚环边针状胶结物、葡萄状胶结物,小的孔隙里形成微晶胶结物。早成岩阶段形成微亮晶和斑块状亮晶方解石胶结物和放射纤维扇状胶结物,表生成岩阶段的溶蚀作用和胶结作用强烈,胶结物类型有斑块状或等粒的方解石胶结物和等厚环壁柱状胶结物,等厚环壁柱状胶结物在所有胶结物中体积是较大的。早期胶结作用使叶状藻礁灰岩孔隙度大为降低。中、晚成岩阶段,孔隙被等厚环壁刃状胶结物和晶簇或斑块状亮晶方解石所充填,有些先成的胶结物被热液改造。后生作用阶段发生的主要是构造破裂作用,其中少数裂隙被红褐色含Fe2O3微晶层和晶体粉砂及渗流豆粒充填。叶状藻礁灰岩的孔隙在晚成岩阶段前或中被胶结而之后没有创造出大且连通的孔隙,是它没能成为油气储集层的原因之一。     

准噶尔盆地玛北地区三叠系百口泉组储层成岩作用及孔隙演化

以岩心观察和铸体薄片鉴定为基础,结合扫描电镜以及测井和录井等资料综合分析,对准噶尔盆地玛北地区三叠系百口泉组储层的岩石学及物性特征、成岩作用及孔隙演化规律进行了研究。研究结果显示:研究区砂砾岩储层成分成熟度和结构成熟度均较低,孔隙类型主要为粒间溶蚀孔,储层物性较差,属于低孔低渗储层;储层埋藏较深,成岩作用复杂,成岩演化阶段主要处于晚成岩B期,经历了压实作用、胶结作用、溶蚀作用等多种成岩作用。压实作用为造成储层原生孔隙减少的主要因素,储层原始孔隙因压实作用损失平均达19.5%;其次为胶结作用,造成孔隙度减少平均为7.2%;而易溶组分发生的溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙则有效地改善了储层的物性。研究区溶蚀作用增加的孔隙度约为5.2%,溶蚀作用形成的次生孔隙发育带成为研究区低孔低渗背景下发育的优质储层富集带。