湛江2019年4次冰雹双偏振雷达产品应用分析

利用MICAPS高空地面资料和湛江S波段双偏振雷达资料对2019年3月6日、4月12日共4次雹暴云团造成的降雹天气过程进行分析。结果表明：1)4次过程均出现高悬强回波、三体散射长钉等降雹强风暴基本雷达特征；2)双偏振雷达基本参量的冰雹识别通常以高水平基本反射率Z_H、低的差分反射率Z_DR、协相关系数CC作为冰雹主要识别判据。3)4次雹暴云团在入流缺口处有明显的Z_DR环和Z_DR柱。成熟的雹暴云团强回波区对应Z_DR为趋近于0 dB的低值区，低于0.95的CC与趋近于0 (°)/km或为缺测的K_DP。4次过程中降雹前1～2 h,雹胚发展的强回波区域对应Z_DR常有低值窄带区下延接地。     

江淮地区一次冰雹过程的双线偏振雷达观测分析

为了进一步认识冰雹和三体散射的双线偏振雷达观测特征,提高业务预警能力和奠定基于双线偏振雷达的地面降雹识别基础,利用南京双线偏振雷达观测资料,统计分析了2019年3月20日冰雹过程发展、成熟和降雹阶段的观测特征及微物理过程。结果表明:(1)雹暴在成熟阶段具有高悬的强回波中心和较高的顶高,强回波中心差分反射率Z_DR<-0.5 dB,相关系数(ρ_hv)约为0.9,由于冰雹后向散射相位的影响,该区域比差分相位(KDP)呈现负值,指示了该区域有冰雹存在,并被相态分类算法(HCA)正确识别;(2)降雹阶段,高层反射率因子减小,强回波中心下降到地面附近,融化层以下ρ_hv增大,指示高层下落的冰相粒子整体尺寸减小;HCA识别到冰雹开始减少时,地面观测到冰雹;(3)三体散射的反射率因子(Z_H)、ρ_hv和反射率因子标准差(SD(Z_H))概率密度分布与北美三体散射比较接近;Z_DR分布更偏向于负值区域,差分相位标准差(SD(φDP))分布范围大约是北美结...     

贵州北部一次冰雹天气的双偏振特征分析

该文利用务川C波段双偏振雷达和常规资料分析了2021年3月30日贵州西北部一次冰雹天气的成因和偏振参量特征。研究表明,当日贵州处于低层气旋性切变和高层强正涡度平流区域内,贵州东北部有中等到强的垂直风切变,且发现干舌与地面辐合线相交处有利于激发强烈的上升气流。强回波成熟阶段,最大水平反射率因子达到70 dBz,并出现钩状回波、三体散射长钉、有界弱回波区和回波悬垂现象。偏振参量分析表明,此次过程出现冰雹时,Z_H值在60 dBz以上,Z_DR值较低在-2～1.75 dB,对于湿冰雹Z_DR值偏高在3～6 dB,K_DP值在0 dB左右,伴有强降水时K_DP值较大在2～6°/km, CC值较低在0.85～0.93。在湿球0℃高度以上出现了伴随强上升气流的Z_DR柱和K_DP柱。三体散射长钉在Z_DR和CC图中有很好的体现,且CC图中还出现非均匀波束充塞现象。     

基于多源探测资料的“4.12”非典型冰雹特征分析

针对2020年4月12日发生在江苏苏州的一次大范围雷暴大风、局部伴有冰雹的强对流天气过程,基于常州S波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达、湖州和青浦的单偏振雷达以及再分析资料,详细分析了此次过程的天气背景,不稳定机制、抬升条件和雷达回波及双偏振雷达参量演变特征,并结合双雷达风场反演技术分析超级单体的动力结构及云物理机制。结果表明此次过程发生在高空冷涡南掉、横槽南摆,上下层强烈不稳定的环流背景下,地面有辐合线提供了触发条件。苏南地面附近至600 hPa为θ_se随高度减小的对流不稳定层和0~6 km强烈的垂直风向切变分别为此次过程提供强热力和动力不稳定条件。此次降雹天气过程,雷达回波强度超过50 dBZ,有明显的三体散射、气旋式辐合、高层回波悬垂和强风暴顶辐散等特征;但是VIL和ET都很小,呈现非典型冰雹特征。双线偏振雷达各偏振参量(差分反射率Z_DR、差分相移率K_DP和相关系数CC)也都反映出冰雹云的典型特征:在Z_H大、Z_DR小、CC小的区域出现冰雹,Z_DR值通常为-1.0~0.2 dB,CC值普遍小于0.85。上述双偏振参量特征在强对流短时临近预报和冰雹识别方面具有很强的应用潜力。利用双雷达风场反演技术对降雹时段研究,发现1~5 km各层高度的风垂直切变、辐合的存在,有利于超级单体的发展和加强。双雷达能较好地反演雷暴大风的三维风场精细结构,有助于加深对冰雹云结构的认识进而提高冰雹等强对流天气的预报预警能力。      

湘东北一次降雹超级单体过程的双偏振雷达回波特征

利用S波段双偏振雷达资料和多种观测资料,对2021年5月10日湖南长沙的大冰雹超级单体风暴过程进行分析,结果表明：(1)此次过程发生在低层暖平流主导下,高能量、有利的对流不稳定条件以及湿球0℃(WBZ)高度明显低于0℃层高度为大冰雹超级单体风暴的形成和维持提供了有利条件。(2)强中心(水平反射率因子Z_h≥60 dBz)面积和最大水平反射率因子明显增大、垂直累积液态水含量跃增和质心高度发展到冰雹有效增长层,可作为大冰雹形成发展的依据。(3)差分反射率因子(Z_dr)柱、相关系数(CC)、差分相移率(K_dp)演变可为冰雹的云物理特征变化提供重要参考。Z_dr柱(≥1 dB)的出现对应上升气流区,扩展至WBZ以上,Z_dr柱的发展和维持表明其携带的过冷雨滴为冰雹发展和维持提供了雹胚;Z_dr洞(<0 dB)对应下沉气流区扩展至近地面,结合小CC和Kdp“空洞”对应干的大冰雹。(4)构建的超级单体风暴降雹阶段不同仰角的双偏振监测识别模型显示,强雹暴回波离开雷达一侧存...     

基于S波段双偏振雷达的成都初春冰雹特征分析

为更好地开展成都冰雹天气的监测预报预警工作,利用成都S波段双偏振雷达探测资料,结合区域自动气象站以及常规观测资料,对成都初春冰雹的双偏振参量特征进行研究,重点分析冰雹云的精细结构,并与同年初春发生的短时强降水进行对比分析。结果表明：在高低空急流耦合形成强上升运动的动力条件下,高层冷平流结合地面冷空气共同触发了成都“3·16”冰雹天气。发展成熟的冰雹云,其中心反射率因子(Z_H)超过70 dBZ且存在明显的悬垂强回波,差分反射率(Z_DR)和相关系数(Correlation Coefficient,CC)分别集中在-2～1 dB和0.8～0.95,并伴有差分相移率(K_DP)空洞和云体前侧的CC谷结构,同时在强上升气流附近存在典型的Z_DR柱。伴随上升运动减弱,冰雹云前侧出现随距离递减的Z_DR大值区,相反CC则呈现递增趋势。相较冰雹云,强降水对流云的Z_H较小,而Z_DR、CC明显偏大,且其前侧未出现悬垂强回波及明显的Z_DR柱...     

南京地区一次强降水超级单体过程的双偏振雷达观测分析

基于南京信息工程大学C波段双偏振雷达观测数据,结合探空和地面实况资料,对2016年7月7日发生在南京地区的一次强降水超级单体过程进行双偏振雷达变量特征分析。结果表明：(1)当后向传播和多单体合并造成02—03时出现129.2 mm·h^-1极端强降水时,最强回波Z_H约60 dBZ,差分反射率因子Z_DR达5 dB,差分相位常数K_DP超过8 (°)·km^-1。K_DP大值区与地面上小时雨强极大值中心存在较好的对应关系。反射率因子Z_H、差分反射率因子Z_DR、差分相位常数K_DP与小时雨强也有显著的正相关。(2)强降水超级单体发展旺盛阶段,垂直运动明显增强,上升气流活跃,冰雹和霰占的比例高,-20°C以上存在深厚的混合相态区,闪电的频次和强度明显增强,分钟雨强增大。相关系数小值区ρ_HV以及Z_DR弧超前于超级单体1个体扫发生,并可以指示超级单体底层上升气流区的位置...     

双线偏振雷达在广州“3.19”降雹过程中的应用分析

针对2016年3月19日发生在广州北部的从化和花都地区的一次冰雹过程,基于广州S波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达和花都风廓线雷达以及NCEP再分析资料,详细分析此次过程的天气背景和雷达回波及雷达参量演变特征。结果表明,在此次冰雹过程中,回波强度普遍大于50 dBz,回波顶高在10 km以上,有明显的三体散射、气旋式辐合、高层回波悬垂和强风暴顶辐散等特征。双线偏振雷达各偏振参量（反射率因子Z_DR、单位差分传播相移K_DP和相关系数ρ_HV）反映出冰雹云的典型特征:在基本反射率大、Z_DR小、ρ_HV小的区域出现冰雹,Z_DR值通常为-1.0~0.2,ρ_HV值普遍为0.7~0.9;ρ_HV和Z_DR在低仰角的表现比高仰角更有效;K_DP有一定指示意义,但判别效果不明显。采用的双线偏振雷达算法产品识别粒子相态结果容易出现空报现象。      

偏振雷达观测强对流雹暴云

根据偏振雷达原理,用C波段双线偏振天气雷达观测得到4例强对流雹暴演变过程的水平反射率ZH(dBZ)和差分反射率ZDR(dB)垂直剖面RHI定量回波资料,分析了这些雹云不同演变阶段的回波参量和偏振特性的关系,说明ZH、ZDR双参量对判别降雹有着明显优势,用雨滴谱的ZH-ZDR分布边界关系对这些雹云回波进行判别降雹分析,给出我国用偏振雷达观测和识别冰雹的研究结果。     

C波段双偏振多普勒天气雷达资料分析及在定量估计降水中的应用研究

基于南京信息工程大学C波段双线偏振多普勒天气雷达(NUIST-CDP)的观测资料,结合南京龙王山SA天气雷达数据、南京信息工程大学大气综合观测基地的OTT Parsivel雨滴谱仪数据、南京市地面雨量计数据,分析NUIST-CDP探测资料的质量及定量降水估计(QPE)精度情况。将NUIST-CDP与SA雷达的回波强度数据进行了对比,发现NUIST-CDP回波强度偏弱;将滴谱仪上方NUIST-CDP测量的反射率因子Z_H、差分反射率因子Z_DR与滴谱仪数据对比,雷达参量Z_H、Z_DR与滴谱仪数据变化趋势一致,但整体略偏小;比较差分传播相移率K_DP与Z_H的变化情况,由差分传播相移Φ_DP经最小二乘法计算得到的K_DP与Z_H数据一致性很好。利用南京地区2015年夏季(5—8月)收集的滴谱数据计算偏振雷达参数,拟合测雨方程,进行两次降水过程个例的QPE分析,并与南京地区雨量计数据进行了对比。结果表明:R(K_DP)测雨精度最高,R(K_DP,Z_DR)次之,使用偏振参量能明显提高降雨估算精度;R(Z_H)、R(Z_H,Z_DR)方法测雨反演结果低于地面雨量计雨量值,且低于SA雷达反演结果。      

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

<正>The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth’s climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

全球贸易隐含碳变化及其影响分析

基于最新的GTAP8 (Global Trade Analysis Project）数据库,使用投入产出法,分析了2004年到2007年全球贸易变化下南北集团贸易隐含碳变化及对全球碳排放的影响。结果显示,随着发展中国家进出口规模扩张,全球贸易隐含碳流向的重心逐渐向发展中国家转移。2004年到2007年,发达国家高端设备制造业和服务业出口以及发展中国家资源、能源密集型行业及中低端制造业出口的趋势加强,该过程的生产转移导致全球碳排放增长4.15亿t,占研究时段全球贸易隐含碳增量的63%。未来发展中国家的出口隐含碳比重还将进一步提高。贸易变化带来的南北集团隐含碳流动变化对全球应对气候变化行动的影响日益突出,发达国家对此负有重要责任。     

Analysis of Atmospheric Boundary Layer Height Characteristics over the Arctic Ocean Using the Aircraft and GPS Soundings

正ERRATUM to: Atmospheric and Oceanic Science Letters, 4(2011), 124-130 On page 126 of the printed edition (Issue 2, Volume 4), Fig. 2 was a wrong figure because the contact author made mistake giving the wrong one. The corrected edition has been updated on our website. The editorial office is sincerely sorry for any     

Index to Vol.31

正AN Junling;see LI Ying et al.;(5),1221—1232AN Junling;see QU Yu et al.;(4),787-800AN Junling;see WANG Feng et al.;(6),1331-1342Ania POLOMSKA-HARLICK;see Jieshun ZHU et al.;(4),743-754Baek-Min KIM;see Seong-Joong KIM et al.;(4),863-878BAI Tao;see LI Gang et al.;(1),66-84BAO Qing;see YANG Jing et al.;(5),1147—1156BEI Naifang;     

Information for Contributors

正Journal of Meteorological Research is an international academic journal in atmospheric sciences edited and published by Acta Meteorologica Sinica Press,sponsored by the Chinese Meteorological Society.It has been acting as a bridge of academic exchange between Chinese and foreign meteorologists and aiming at introduction of the current advancements in atmospheric sciences in China.The journal columns include Articles.Note and Correspondence,and research letters.Contributions from all over the world are welcome.